er

• enPR: ûr, IPA^(key): /ɜː/

• Audio (Southern England):

  (file)

• Rhymes: -ɜː(r)
• Used in non-rhotic dialects. Compare uh.

Mimetic (sound of hesitation)

er

1. (informal) Said when hesitating in speech.

   Synonyms: ah, eh, erm, uh, um

   • 1970, Richard Carpenter, Catweazle, Harmondsworth: Puffin Books, page 11:

     “Er...Feathered Omen, hoot not,” he continued uneasily, “Son of Tanit, hoot not!”

   • 2007 August 24, William Grimes, “Uh, Lead My Rips: No More Bloopers”, in The New York Times‎^[1], archived from the original on 4 January 2013:

     As the years go by, speech reverts to childhood levels of disfluency, with more pauses, more errors, more repeated words, but even the peak years are not great: up to 8 percent of the average person’s word output consists of meaningless fillers and placeholders like um, uh and er.

   • 2012, Linda Miller, Desire and Destiny:

     If he—er—disappears—well, it seems to me that we'd both benefit.

   • 2019 December 10, Yacht Club Games, "Story" (Mona), in Shovel Knight Showdown (version 4.1), Nintendo Switch:

     Liquid Samurai: 'FORMLESS AND INFINITE ARE WE, THE LIQUID SAMURAI. I SERVE MY QUEEN, AS WE HAVE FOR COUNTLESS--' / Mona: 'HEY, I DON'T MEAN TO INTERRUPT, BUT YOU SEEM LIKE YOU'RE MADE OF POWERFUL STUFF. CAN I, ER, STUDY YOU?'

er (third-person singular simple present ers, present participle erring, simple past and past participle erred)

1. (informal, transitive, intransitive) To utter the word er when hesitating in speech.

   Synonyms: ah, eh, um; hem and haw

   um and er

   He ummed and erred his way through the presentation.

er (plural ers)

1. An occurrence of the interjection "er".
   • 2007 August 24, William Grimes, “Uh, Lead My Rips: No More Bloopers”, in The New York Times‎^[2], archived from the original on 4 January 2013:

     Although Shakespeare refers to “hums and ha’s,” sifting through etiquette manuals and public-speaking guides turns up scant evidence of a prohibition against ums, ers and uhs, which are profuse in the first recording of Thomas Edison’s voice, in 1888. Mr. Erard, rather ingeniously, traces the prohibition on um and other speech flaws to the advent of radio in the early 1920s.

er (plural ers)

1. The name of the Cyrillic script letter Р / р.

• 're, RE, Re, Ré, r.e., re, re-

• IPA^(key): /æːr/

• Audio:

  (file)

er (plural erre or ers, diminutive erretjie)

1. The name of the Latin script letter R/r.

From Middle High German ër, from Old High German ër, from Proto-Germanic *iz. Cognate with German er.

er m

1. (personal) he; it

• ea (phonetic spelling)
• a (unstressed form)

From Middle High German ër, from Old High German ër (“he”). Cognate with German er.

• IPA^(key): /eɐ̯/

er

1. he

er

1. contraction of e +‎ ur, literally “in a(n)”
2. contraction of e +‎ ar, literally “in the”

• èar (Sette Comuni)

From Middle High German ër, from Old High German ër, from Proto-West Germanic *iʀ (“he, it”), from Proto-Germanic *iz (“he, she, it, they”). Cognate with German er.

er

1. (Luserna) he, it

• “er” in Cimbrian, Ladin, Mòcheno: Getting to know 3 peoples. 2015. Servizio minoranze linguistiche locali della Provincia autonoma di Trento, Trento, Italy.

Ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *per- (“in front”). See Welsh er.

• IPA^(key): [ɛr]

er

1. for, by, on account of

• erbynn (“by, against”)
• er kov (“in memory of”)
• mos er y bynn (“address”)

From Old Cornish er, from Proto-Celtic *eriros (“eagle”) (compare Breton erer, Welsh eryr, Old Irish irar), from Proto-Indo-European *h₃érō (“large bird”).

• (Revived Middle Cornish) IPA^(key): [ɛːr]
• (Revived Late Cornish) IPA^(key): [eːr]

er m (plural eryon or eres)

1. eagle

• her

From Middle Cornish er, borrowed from Middle English eir, from Anglo-Norman heir, from Latin hērēs.

er m (plural erys)

1. heir

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium. Particularly: “related to arlais? not in GM”)

er m (dual dewer, plural eryow)

1. (anatomy) temple

From Proto-Celtic *sagro-. Cognate with Welsh haer.

er m

1. challenge, defiance, stubbornness, insistence, heresy

See the etymology of the corresponding lemma form.

er

1. soft mutation of ger

• “er” in Cornish Dictionary / Gerlyver Kernewek, Akademi Kernewek.

er

1. every

• IPA^(key): [ˈɛr]

er n (indeclinable)

1. The name of the Latin script letter R/r.

• “er”, in Příruční slovník jazyka českého (in Czech), 1935–1957
• “er”, in Slovník spisovného jazyka českého (in Czech), 1960–1971, 1989

From Old Danish ær, Proto-Germanic *izum, *izud, from Proto-Indo-European *h₁es- (“to be”). The infinitive of the verb (være) is from a different PIE root; the present tense is suppletive.

• IPA^(key): /ɛr/, [ɛɐ̯], [ɛɒ̯̽], but often elided in spontaneous speech.

er

1. present of være

• IPA^(key): /ɛr/, /ər/, /dər/

• Audio:

  (file)

Weak form of der, the unstressed form of daar ("there")

er

1. there (unspecific to distance)
2. pronominal adverb form of het: it; him, her, them

   Ik heb ermee gewerkt.

   I have worked with it/them.

   Je kunt er de bergen boven zien.

   You can see the mountains above it/them.

• Er is an unstressed variety of hier and daar, used when it is not needed to emphasize the specific location relative to the speaker.
• With a preposition, er is used instead of hem, haar, het, ze to create a pronominal adverb. See also Category:Dutch pronominal adverbs.

• Petjo: d'r

From Old Dutch iro, genitive of the personal pronoun (3rd person plural).

er

1. (partitive pronoun) of them, of those (often not translated in English)

   Mijn broer heeft drie kinderen en ik heb er twee.

   My brother has three children and I have two. (literally: two of those)

   Ik zie er geen meer.

   I don't see any more (of them).

• ervan

See Category:Dutch pronominal adverbs

• daar
• hier
• waar

• er zijn

• re

• IPA^(key): /eːɹ/

er

1. third-person singular indicative present of vera

   Hann er skipari.

   He is a captain/skipper.

   Hon er úr Føroyum.

   She is from the Faroe Islands.

   Tað er í ordan.

   It's all right.

Cyrillic		ер

• IPA^(key): /jeɾ/

Inherited from Old Anatolian Turkish یر (yẹr), Proto-Turkic *yẹr. Compare Turkish and Azerbaijani yer.

• yer (dated, pronunciation spelling)
• Er

er (definite accusative eri, plural erlär)

1. the ground

   erä düşmää ― to fall to the ground

   erdän bulduunu idi ― he ate what he took from the ground

2. soil, country, land

   Gagauz Eri ― Gagauz Land

3. earth
4. (astronomy, sometimes capitalized) the Earth

   Synonyms: toprak, dünnää

5. place, location
6. (politics) rank, statue

Inherited from Old Anatolian Turkish ایر (eyer), from Proto-Turkic *ēder. Compare Turkish eyer.

• eer

er (definite accusative eri, plural erlär)

1. saddle

   Synonym: semer

• Baboglu, N. İ.; Baboglu, İ. İ. (1993), “ер”, in Gagauzça-Rusça hem Rusça Gagauzça Şkola Sözlüü [Gagauz-Russian and Russian-Gagauz School Dictionary], Chișinău: Vivat, →ISBN, page 31
• Mavrodi M. F., editor (2019), “er”, in Gagauzça-rusça sözlük: klaslar 1-4, Komrat: Gagauziya M.V. Maruneviç adına Bilim-Aaraştırma merkezi, →ISBN, page 31
• Kopuşçu M. İ., Todorova S. A., Kiräkova T.İ., editors (2019), “er”, in Gagauzça-rusça sözlük: klaslar 5-12, Komrat: Gagauziya M.V. Maruneviç adına Bilim-Aaraştırma merkezi, →ISBN, page 62
• Çebotar, Petri; Dron, Ion (2002), “er”, in Gagauzça-Rusça-Romınca Sözlük [Gagauz-Russian-Romanian Dictionary], Chișinău: Pontos Press, →ISBN, page 238
• N. A Baskakov, editor (1972), “ер”, in Gagauzsko-Russko-Moldavskij Slovarʹ [Gagauz-Russian-Moldovan Dictionary], Moskva: Izdatelʹstvo Sovetskaja Enciklopedija, →ISBN, page 178

From Middle High German ër, from Old High German ër, from Proto-West Germanic *iʀ, from Proto-Germanic *iz. In northern Middle High German and Old High German there also existed forms with initial h-, namely Middle High German hër, Old High German hër, from Proto-Germanic *hiz, whence Central Franconian hä and (from the accusative) Luxembourgish hien. Compare English he. The unusual spelling ih- in the forms ihm, ihn is not related to this. It was introduced in early modern German to distinguish these forms from im, in (when *iem, *ien could have been read as *jem, *jen).

• (standard) IPA^(key): /eːr/, [ʔeːɐ̯], [ʔɛɐ̯]

• Audio:

  (file)

• Audio (Germany (Berlin)):

  (file)

• Audio:

  (file)

• Rhymes: -eːɐ̯
• Homophone: Ehr

• (colloquially in unstressed position) IPA^(key): /ɐ/

er

1. (personal) he

   Wo ist Klaus? Wo ist er? ― Where is Klaus? Where is he?

   Dies ist mein Hund. Er heißt Waldi. ― This is my dog. His name is Waldi.

2. (personal) it (when the grammatical gender of the object/article/thing/animal etc., being referred to, is masculine (der))

   Dort steht ein Baum. Er ist über hundert Jahre alt. ― There stands a tree. It is more than 100 years old.

3. (personal) she (when the grammatical gender of the noun being referred to and designating a female person, is masculine (der))

   Im Frauengefängnis versuchte ein Häftling zu flüchten, aber er kam nicht weit. ― In the women’s prison, an inmate tried to escape, but she didn’t get very far.

4. (colloquial) Used in reference to a computer or other machine when personifying it; it

   Ich habe die Route gerade ins Navi eingegeben, und jetzt sagt er, die Autobahn wäre gesperrt.

   I just put the route into the GPS, and now it says that the highway is closed.

5. (personal, archaic) alternative spelling of Er (you (polite))
   • (Can we date this quote?), Clemens Brentano, Geschichte vom braven Kasperl und dem schönen Annerl (edited). In: 1835, F. W. Gubitz (editor), Jahrbuch des Nützlichen und Unterhaltenden für 1835, p. 171:

     Da fuhr die Alte überraſcht auf und ſprach: Lieber Herr, gehe er doch nach Haus und bete er fein und lege er ſich ſchlafen.

     Then the old woman sprang up, surprised, and said: Dear gentleman, do go home and say your prayers and go to bed.

   • 1837, Brothers Grimm, “Der junge Riese”, in Kinder- und Haus-Märchen, Band 2‎^[3], page 27:

     Da sprach er „Vater, ich sehe wohl, bei ihm werd ich nicht satt, will er mir einen Stab von Eisen verschaffen, der stark ist, und den ich vor meinen Knien nicht zerbrechen kann, so will ich wieder fort gehen.“ Da war der Bauer froh, und spannte seine zwei Pferde vor den Wagen, fuhr zum Schmied, und holte einen Stab so groß und dick, als ihn die zwei Pferde nur fahren konnten.

     Then he said: "Father, I can see that I shall not be able to eat my fill here. If you bring me a strong rod of iron that I cannot break, I shall go away again." Then the farmer was glad, and he harnessed his horses to the wagon, drove to the smithy, and fetched a rod so long and thick that his two horses could barely pull it.

• In contemporary German, the genitive forms of personal pronouns are restricted to formal style and are infrequent even then. They may be used:
  • for the genitive object still found in a handful of verbs: Ich erbarmte mich seiner. – "I had mercy on him". (Colloquially one would either use the dative case, or a prepositional object, or replace the verb with another.)
  • with certain adjectives or prepositions that govern the genitive, such as statt ("instead of, in place of"): Ich kam statt seiner in die Mannschaft. – I joined the team in his place. (This sounds antiquated, for which reason an seiner Statt or an seiner Stelle is preferable.)
• Older forms/spellings include:
  • jm (dative; 16th century), jn (accusative; 16th century) – distinguished from im (“in the, into the”) and in (“in, into”)
  • ihme (dative)

• hatter (hat er; colloquial)

• “er” in Duden online
• “er” in Deutsches Wörterbuch von Jacob und Wilhelm Grimm, 16 vols., Leipzig 1854–1961.
• “er” in Digitales Wörterbuch der deutschen Sprache

• ëyer (Wiesemann spelling system)

From Old High German er, from Proto-Germanic *iz. Displaced the northern Old High German forms with h-, e.g. hē, her (see he).

• IPA^(key): /ˈɛɐ/

er

1. he

• Boll, Piter Kehoma (2021), “er”, in Dicionário Hunsriqueano Riograndense–Português, 3rd edition (overall work in Portuguese), Ivoti: Riograndenser Hunsrickisch

Might be related to Basque era (“way, manner”)

er

1. manner, way

• Villamor, Fernando (2020) A basic dictionary and grammar of the Iberian language

• IPA^(key): /ɛːr/

• Audio:

  (file)

From Old Norse er (“is”, 3rd person singular), analogical leveling of earlier es, from Proto-Germanic *isti, from Proto-Indo-European *h₁ésti.

Use with the 1st person singular is also by analogy with other forms in er-; the Old Norse 1st person singular form was em.

er

1. first-person singular indicative present of vera

   Ég er skemmtilegur.

   I am fun (masculine)

   Hver er ég?

   Who am I?

2. third-person singular indicative present of vera

   Veit einhver hvar pabbi minn er?

   Does anybody know where my dad is?

   Hver er hann?

   Who is he?

From Old Norse er, from Proto-Germanic *iz (“he”), from Proto-Indo-European *ís (“he, that”).

er

1. (relative) which

   Maður er sá, er Jón heitir.

   There is a man who is named John.

   Konan, er hann var að tala við.

   The woman to whom he was talking.

   Þetta er borgin, er hann kom frá.

   This is the city from which he originated.

   Bærinn, er hún ætlar til.

   The town to which she's heading.

2. (archaic) in relations with a demonstrative pronoun (this, that, these) or personal pronoun (I, we, they), which represents the genitive of a relative pronoun

   Það er sú bók, er menn þekkja eigi höfund hennar.

   There is a book whose author people don't know.

er

1. (with an "indexical"; ábendingarorð) of a place, of a time
   • Judges 2:19

     En er dómarinn andaðist, breyttu þeir að nýju verr en feður þeirra, með því að elta aðra guði til þess að þjóna þeim og falla fram fyrir þeim. Þeir létu eigi af gjörðum sínum né þrjóskubreytni sinni.

     But when the judge died, the people returned to ways even more corrupt than those of their ancestors, following other gods and serving and worshiping them. They refused to give up their evil practices and stubborn ways.

   Þar er ég kom.

   There whence I came.

   Þá er myndin var búin.

   When the movie was finished.

• þá er þegar

• Zoëga, Geir T. (1910), “er”, in A Concise Dictionary of Old Icelandic, Oxford: Clarendon Press; also available at the Internet Archive

From Dutch er.

• IPA^(key): /ɛr/, [ɛr]

èr (plural er-er)

1. The name of the Latin script letter R/r.

• ar (Standard Malay)

• (Latin-script letter names) huruf; a, be, ce, de, e, ef, ge, ha, i, je, ka, el, em, en, o, pe, ki, er, es, te, u, ve, we, eks, ye, zet

• “er”, in Kamus Besar Bahasa Indonesia [Great Dictionary of the Indonesian Language] (in Indonesian), Jakarta: Agency for Language Development and Cultivation – Ministry of Education, Culture, Research, and Technology of the Republic of Indonesia, 2016

er m sg

1. (Romanesco, Tuscan) dialectal form of el, whence modern il

• In modern times, the initial e- survives mostly only when the article precedes a word beginning with r- (or more rarely even when the previous word ends in a consonant), such as in e’ resto (“the change”) where a hypothetical **rresto (“change”) would be unacceptable because of its homophony with resto since geminated r’s don't exist in Roman; this is also reflected in the writing where the e- is omitted, as in rcane (“the dog”) If preceding a word starting with l-, the form el—either due to assimilation or lack of rhotacism and subsequent retention of the original-l—might still be used; indeed, forms such as "el letto" and "el lavoro" are rather more common than their rhotacized counterparts.

er

1. present indicative of vara

• ler(ラー) (-rā)

From English -er, forming novel pseudo-Anglicisms.

• IPA^(key): [a̠ː]

er(アー) • (-ā) 

1. (slang) Suffix used for people, especially fans.

• ist(イスト) (-isuto)

• 難波功士 [Koji Nanba] (2006), “〈研究ノート〉“-er”の系譜：サブカルチュラル・アイデンティティの現在 [The History of Neology Using the Suffix ‘-er’ in Japanese: In terms of sub-cultural identities of youths]”, in 関西学院大学社会学部紀要‎^[4], number 100, pages 181–189

er

1. water

• *hēr (unattested, but likely, as aspiration is attested in derived forms such as hērīcius and hērīnāceus, while the base form is attested only a couple of times)

From Proto-Italic *hēr, from Proto-Indo-European *ǵʰḗr (“hedgehog”) (whence also Ancient Greek χήρ (khḗr, “hedgehog”)), a root noun from *ǵʰer- (“to be excited, be bristly”), whence also Ancient Greek χοῖρος (khoîros, “young pig”) and Albanian derr (“pig”) from *ǵʰór-yos.^[1]

• (Classical Latin) IPA^(key): [ˈeːr]
• (modern Italianate Ecclesiastical) IPA^(key): [ˈɛr]

ēr m (genitive ēris); third declension

1. hedgehog

There is some uncertainty as to the exact forms of this word, especially regarding whether the lemma form of this was ēr or ēris, as the forms attested in literature could point to either option. Another form, irim (acc. sing.; found in Plautus, Capt. 184), seems to be a spelling variant.

Third-declension noun.

• ērīcius (“hedgehog; picket”)

• (Classical Latin) IPA^(key): [ˈɛr]
• (modern Italianate Ecclesiastical) IPA^(key): [ˈɛr]

er f (indeclinable)

1. The name of the letter R.

• Multiple Latin names for the letter R, r have been suggested. The most common is er or a syllabic r, although there is some evidence which also supports, as names for the letter, rē, rrr, ər, rə, and even (in the fourth- or fifth-century first Antinoë papyrus, which gives Greek transliterations of the Latin names of the Roman alphabet’s letters) ιρρε (irrhe).

• (Latin-script letter names) littera; ā, bē, cē, dē, ē, ef, gē, hā / *acca, ī, kā, el, em, en, ō, pē, kū, er, es, tē, ū, ix / īx / ex, ȳ / ī graeca / ȳpsīlon, zēta

• “ēr”, in Charlton T. Lewis and Charles Short (1879), A Latin Dictionary, Oxford: Clarendon Press
• “ēr”, in Gaffiot, Félix (1934), Dictionnaire illustré latin-français, Hachette.
• Arthur E. Gordon, The Letter Names of the Latin Alphabet (University of California Press, 1973; volume 9 of University of California Publications: Classical Studies), especially pages 30–31, 42–44, and 63

• IPA^(key): [ɛɾ]

• Audio:

  (file)

er m (invariable)

1. The Latvian name of the Latin script letter R/r.

• Latvian letter names:

  a (A), garais ā (Ā), bē (B), cē (C), čē (Č), dē (D), e (E), garais ē (Ē), ef (F), gā (G), ģē (Ģ), hā (H), i (I), garais ī (Ī), jē (J), kā (K), ķē (Ķ), el (L), eļ (Ļ), em (M), en (N), eņ (Ņ), o (O), pē (P), er (R), es (S), eš (Š), tē (T), u (U), garais ū (Ū), vē (V), zē (Z), žē (Ž)

er

1. alternative spelling of ehr

• IPA^(key): /ɛr/

er m inan

1. The name of the Latin script letter r/R.

• (Latin-script letter names) a, bej, cej, čet, ćej, dej, ej, ět, ef, gej, ha, cha, i, jot, ka, eł, el, em, en, ejn, o, pej, er, ejŕ, es, eš, śej, tej, u, wej, y, zet, žet, źej

Possibly borrowed from English er or is a pronunciation spelling of a in non-rhotic Malay accents.

• IPA^(key): [ə]

er

1. Used to express hesitation; er, uh.

   Synonym: a

   Er, kita tengah ke mana ni?

   Er, where are we going?

er

1. water

• Mambai Language Manual: Ainaro Dialect (2001)

er

1. nonstandard spelling of ēr
2. nonstandard spelling of ér
3. nonstandard spelling of ěr
4. nonstandard spelling of èr

• Transcriptions of Mandarin into the Latin script often do not distinguish between the critical tonal differences employed in the Mandarin language, using words such as this one without indication of tone.

From a conflation of three Old Irish prepositions:

1. ar, air (“for”) (triggering lenition), from Proto-Celtic *ɸare (“in front of”), from Proto-Indo-European *pr̥h₂i. Cognates include Ancient Greek παρά (pará, “beside”) and English fore.
2. for (“on”) (triggering no mutation), from Proto-Celtic *uɸer (“over, on”) (compare Welsh ar, Breton war), from Proto-Indo-European *upér (compare Latin super, Ancient Greek ὑπέρ (hupér), Old English ofer).
3. íar (“after”) (triggering eclipsis), from Proto-Celtic *eɸirom (“after, behind”), from Proto-Indo-European *h₁epi.

Cognates include Irish ar and Scottish Gaelic air.

• IPA^(key): /erʲ/

er

1. on

er

1. third-person singular of er

   on him/it

• ersyn (emphatic)

er

1. unstressed form of dāer

From Old English ǣr, from Proto-West Germanic *airi, from Proto-Germanic *airi.

• IPA^(key): /ɛːr/

er

1. early
2. earlier
3. formerly
4. rather

• erly

• English: ere
• Scots: air
• Yola: ear

• “ēr, adv.”, in MED Online, Ann Arbor, Mich.: University of Michigan, 2007, retrieved 25 May 2020.

er

1. alternative form of hire (“her”, genitive)

er

1. alternative form of hire (“hers”)

er

1. alternative form of hire (“her”, object)

er

1. alternative form of eere (“ear of grain”)

er

1. alternative form of here (“their”)

Inherited from Old High German er, from Proto-Germanic *iz (“he”).

ër

1. (personal) he

• Alemannic German:

  Low Alemannic:

  Alsatian: ar, er, ër

  Badisch: er

  High Alemannic: er, är

  Bernese: är

  Lucerne: aer

  Northeastern: ar

  Walser: är

• Swabian: er, ear

  Swabian Jura: ear

• Bavarian: er
  • Cimbrian: èar, er, ar
  • Mòcheno: er
• Central Franconian:

  Moselle Franconian: er

  • Hunsrik: er, ëyer (Wiesemann spelling system)
• East Central German:

  High Prussian: er

  Silesian East Central German:

  Lower Silesian East Central German: a

  Upper Silesian East Central German: a

  North Moravian: ar

  Thuringian: er

  Central Thuringian: er

  West Thuringian: aa

  Upper Saxon German: är

  Meißnisch: är

  Osterländisch: är

  Erzgebirgisch: aorr

  Lusatian: ar

• German: er

  Berlinerisch: er/ea

• East Franconian: er, ea

  Unterfränkisch: ar

  Hohenlohisch: er

• Rhine Franconian:

  Upper Hessian: er

  Lorraine Franconian: ér, éa

  Palatine German: er

  • Pennsylvania German: er
• Yiddish: ער (er)

• Benecke, Georg Friedrich; Müller, Wilhelm; Zarncke, Friedrich (1863), “ër”, in Mittelhochdeutsches Wörterbuch: mit Benutzung des Nachlasses von Benecke, Stuttgart: S. Hirzel

From Middle High German ër, from Old High German ër, from Proto-West Germanic *iʀ (“he, it”), from Proto-Germanic *iz (“he, she, it, they”). Cognate with German er.

er

1. he, it

• “er” in Cimbrian, Ladin, Mòcheno: Getting to know 3 peoples. 2015. Servizio minoranze linguistiche locali della Provincia autonoma di Trento, Trento, Italy.

• IPA^(key): /eːɾ/, [æːɾ]

er

1. present of være (“to be”)

   Han er ikke hjemme. ― He is not home.

• IPA^(key): /æː(r)/, /eː(r)/

er

1. is, are, am (present of to be) present of vera

   Eg er framand. ― I am a stranger.

2. (auxiliary) be

   Boka er skriven. ― The book is written

   Bøkene er skrivne. ― The books are written.

• “vera” in The Nynorsk Dictionary.
• “er på engelsk”, in DinOrdbok, Nynorsk-engelsk oversettelse, 15 October 2018 (last accessed)

From Proto-West Germanic *airi, from Proto-Germanic *airiz.

ēr

1. before, earlier than

• Middle Dutch: êer
  • Dutch: eer
    • Afrikaans: eer
  • Limburgish: ieër

• “ēr (II)”, in Oudnederlands Woordenboek, 2012

ēr

1. ere, afore

• Middle Dutch: êer
  • Dutch: eer
    • Afrikaans: eer
  • Limburgish: ieër

• “ēr (III)”, in Oudnederlands Woordenboek, 2012

ēr

1. previously, in an earlier period, in a bygone time
2. earlier, before a certain time or period

• Middle Dutch: êer

• “ēr (I)”, in Oudnederlands Woordenboek, 2012

From Proto-West Germanic *airi, from Proto-Germanic *airiz. Cognates include Old English ǣr, Old Saxon ēr and Old Dutch ēr.

• IPA^(key): /ˈeːr/, [ˈɛːr]

ēr

1. earlier, previously

ēr (+ dative)

1. before (of time)

• Saterland Frisian: eer
• West Frisian: ear't

• IPA^(key): /ˈeːr/, [ˈɛːr]

ēr f

1. alternative form of ēre

• Bremmer, Rolf H. (2009), An Introduction to Old Frisian: History, Grammar, Reader, Glossary, Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company, →ISBN

From Proto-West Germanic *airi, from Proto-Germanic *airiz, whence also Old English ær.

• IPA^(key): /eːr/

ēr

1. early

ēr

1. ere, before
2. formerly

ēr

1. before, until

ēr (+ dative)

1. before

From Proto-Germanic *aiz, akin to Old English ār, Old Norse eir.

• IPA^(key): /eːr/

ēr n

1. ore
2. brass

• Middle High German: er
  • Alemannic German: Eer
    • ⇒ Alemannic German: eerig
• ⇒ Old High German: ērīn
  • Middle High German: ērīn
    • German: ehern

From Proto-Germanic *iz (“he”), akin to Gothic 𐌹𐍃 (is, “he”), Latin is (“he”).

• hër (northern)

• IPA^(key): /ɛr/

ër

1. he
   • c. 825, Tatian, Diatessaron, translation, Chapter 13, verse 20.

     […] Bist thu wīzago? inti hër antlingota nein […]

     […] Are you prophet? and he responded no […]

• Middle High German: ër (see there for further descendants)

• Joseph Wright, An Old High German Primer

• es, -'s

From earlier es, from Proto-Germanic *iz (“he; 3rd person personal pronoun”). Cognate with Gothic 𐌹𐍃 (is), Old High German ēr (German er).

er

1. who, which, that
   • verse 76 of the Hávamál (1996 translation by Carolyne Larrington)

     en orðstírr / deyr aldregi / hveim er sér góðan getr

     but the glory of reputation never dies, / for the man who can get himself a good one

er

1. where
2. when

   En er hann dó, grét ǫll verǫldin

   and when he died, the whole world cried.

• Icelandic: er
• Faroese: er
• Old Swedish: ær

• The oldest Icelandic manuscripts from the 12th century still have the older form es, and many poems metrically require the contracted form -s (which is also sporadically present in later manuscripts like the late 13th century Codex Regius). In spite of this, most editors chose never to restore er to es, Finnur Jónsson and the editors of the Skaldic Poetry of the Scandinavian Middle Ages series being important exceptions.

From earlier es, from Proto-Norse ᛁᛊᛏ (ist), from Proto-Germanic *isti, first/third-person singular indicative present of *wesaną. The final -s was replaced by -r due to analogy to the plural forms of the verb.

er

2. third-person singular indicative present of vera

• See above; the same rules apply.

• Icelandic: er
• Faroese: er
• Norwegian:
  • Norwegian Bokmål: er
  • Norwegian Nynorsk: er
• Jamtish: er
• Elfdalian: ir
• Old Swedish: ær
  • Swedish: är
• Danish: er
• Old Gutnish: ier

• Zoëga, Geir T. (1910), “er”, in A Concise Dictionary of Old Icelandic, Oxford: Clarendon Press; also available at the Internet Archive

From Proto-Indo-European *h₂er-/*h₂r̥-. Cognate with Lithuanian ar̃ (“also, if”), Latvian ar (“also”), Ancient Greek ἄρ (ár, “hence, as well as”).

er + (optionally another preposition)

1. until, to, up to

• ergi

er

1. as well as

• er-

• Mažiulis, Vytautas (1988), “er”, in Prūsų kalbos etimologijos žodynas [Etymological dictionary of Old Prussian]‎^[5] (in Lithuanian), volume 1, Vilnius: Mokslas, pages 282-283

• IPA^(key): /ɛːr/

From Proto-West Germanic *airi, whence also Old English ær.

ēr

1. early

ēr

1. before, ere
2. formerly

ēr

1. before

ēr [with dative]

1. before

From Proto-Germanic *aiz, whence also Old English ār.

ēr ?

1. copper, bronze
2. ore

• Middle Low German: ēr

From Proto-Germanic *airuz. Cognate with Old English ār, Old Norse árr, Gothic 𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌿𐍃 (airus).

ēr m

1. messenger, herald

Back-formation from era (“name”).^[1]

• IPA^(key): /ˈɛɾ/
• Rhymes: -ɛɾ
• Hyphenation: er

er (IIa class pluriform, R1 rer, R2 ser, noun form era)

1. named; having a name

• seryba'e

er

1. Used to indicate a specific object noun phrase.

   el mo er a medad ― in the future.

   er a elecha el tutau ― this morning.

   rakket er a tenis ― tennis racket.

• er in Palauan Language Online: Palauan-English Dictionary, at tekinged.com.
• er in Palauan-English Dictionary, at trussel2.com.
• er in Lewis S. Josephs; Edwin G. McManus; Masa-aki Emesiochel (1977), Palauan-English Dictionary, University Press of Hawaii, →ISBN, page 88.

Compare German er.

• IPA^(key): /ɛɐ̯/

er

1. he

Borrowed from Middle Low German ere / eren / here.

er m ?

1. master, gentleman

er

1. alternative form of ar

• Polański, Kazimierz (1971), “er”, in Słownik etymologiczny języka Drzewian połabskich [Etymological Dictionary of the Polabian Drevani Language] (in Polish), number 2 (ďüzd – ľotü), Wrocław; Warszawa etc.: Ossolineum, page 145
• Polański, Kazimierz; James Allen Sehnert (1967), “er”, in Polabian-English Dictionary, The Hague, Paris: Mouton & Co, page 60
• Olesch, Reinhold (1962), “Herr”, in Thesaurus Linguae Dravaenopolabicae [Thesaurus of the Drevani language] (in German), volumes 1: A – O, Cologne, Vienna: Böhlau Verlag, →ISBN, page 237

• IPA^(key): /ˈɛr/

• Audio:

  (file)

• Rhymes: -ɛr
• Syllabification: er

er f

1. genitive plural of era

From Old Turkic erür.

er

1. is, are

From Proto-Turkic *ēr. Cognate to Azerbaijani ər, Turkish er, Turkmen är.

er

1. man

From Proto-Turkic *ẹ̄r. Cognate to Turkish er, Turkmen īr.

er

1. (Dialectal, Mengda, Ejia) early

er

1. morning
2. long time ago

• ergi
• ette
• er-geş (“morning and evening”)

• Tenishev, Edhem (1976), “eř, er”, in Stroj salárskovo jazyká [Grammar of Salar], Moscow, page 326
• 马伟 [Ma Wei]; 朝克 [Chao Ke] (2014), “er”, in 撒拉语366条会话读本 [Salar 366 Conversation Reader]‎^[6], 1^st edition, 社会科学文献出版社 [Social Science Literature Press], →ISBN, page 105
• 马伟 (Ma Wei) (2016), “er, erğine”, in 濒危语言——撒拉语研究 [Endangered Languages ​​- Salar Language Studies], 青海 (Qinghai): 青海师范大学 (Qinghai Normal University), Unpublished finalized project manuscript (国家社会科学基金项目结项稿, 定稿; National Social Science Fund of China), pages 108, 262
• 林莲云 [Lin Lianyun] (1985), “er”, in 撒拉语简志 [A Brief History of Salar]‎^[7], Beijing: 民族出版社: 琴書店, →OCLC, pages 33, 134
• Ma, Chengjun; Han, Lianye; Ma, Weisheng (December 2010), “er”, in 米娜瓦尔 艾比布拉 (Minavar Abibra), editor, 撒维汉词典 (Sāwéihàncídiǎn) [Salar-Uyghur-Chinese dictionary] (in Chinese), 1st edition, Beijing, →ISBN, page 103

From Old Frisian -er, from Proto-West Germanic *iʀ. Cognates include West Frisian er and German er.

• IPA^(key): /ər/

er

1. unstressed form of hie (“he”)

• Marron C. Fort (2015), “er”, in Saterfriesisches Wörterbuch mit einer phonologischen und grammatischen Übersicht, Buske, →ISBN

er

1. (Southern Scots) Second-person simple present form of ti be
2. (Southern Scots) Plural simple present form of ti be
3. (Southern Scots) First-person singular simple present form of an obscure form of ti be

   A'm er so!

   (please add an English translation of this usage example)

Used emphatically. See ir.

er (plural ers)

1. Shetland form of air (“beach”)

• “er, n.⁴”, in The Dictionary of the Scots Language, Edinburgh: Scottish Language Dictionaries, 2004–present, →OCLC.

Contraction of earlier eder, from Old Swedish iþer, idher, from Old Norse iðʀ, from Proto-Germanic *izwiz, dative/accusative of *jūz, from Proto-Indo-European *yúHs.

• IPA^(key): /eːr/

er c (neuter possessive only ert, plural era)

1. you (plural objective case)

   Synonym: (highly formal, archaic) eder

   Ni två är här, så jag ser er

   You [subject] two are here, so I see you [object]

   Det är en ära att få träffa er båda

   It is an honor to [get to] meet you both

2. (possessive) your, yours (possessed by the multiple individuals addressed, of one common-gender thing (or possessed by the single individual addressed if used as a polite pronoun – see (sense 3)))

   Synonyms: (informal) eran, (formal, archaic) eder

   Är det här er(an) boll, pojkar?

   Is this your ball, boys? ["Eran" is common in casual speech]

   Scenen är er, pojkar!

   The stage is yours, boys! ["Eran" would be uncommon here, perhaps due to "är er" sounding more pithy]

   Tro på er själva, pojkar!

   Believe in yourselves, boys! ["Eran" is ungrammatical here]

   Är det här er boll, fröken?

   Is this your [polite] ball, Miss? [Dated – see (sense 3). "Eran" would intuitively defeat the purpose of being polite here by being slightly less proper.]

4. you (second-person singular objective formal) (capitalized Er, rare in contemporary Swedish – see the notes at ni, which mostly also apply here)

   Jag hör er inte, kapten

   I can't hear you [polite], Captain

   Er is likely to still have been perceived as polite here, despite being used "upwards," which is a difference from ni, hence "mostly also apply." A perfectly "safe" polite phrasing would have been, "Jag hör inte kapten" (I can't hear Captain), using a title.

5. (reflexive pronoun) reflexive of ni; compare yourselves

   Identifiera er, pojkar!

   Identify yourselves, boys!

   Ta hand om er, pojkar!

   Take care, boys!

   (literally, “Take care of yourselves, boys!”)

   Låt er inte luras, pojkar!

   Don't be fooled, boys!

   (literally, “Let yourselves not be-fooled, boys!”)

   Para ihop er två och två

   Pair up in twos

   (literally, “Pair together yourselves two and two”)

   Skulle ni vilja lära er (att) jonglera?

   Would you guys like to learn how to juggle?

   (literally, “Would you [plural] want-to learn/teach yourselves to juggle?”)

   Identifiera er, fröken!

   Identify yourself [polite], Miss! [Dated – see (sense 3)]

• See ni for a note on its use as a courteous 2nd person singular.
• Even though er (2) and its archaic form eder is the possessive pronoun, it does have a genitive form ers and eders, which is only used in expressions like ers majestät (“Your Majesty”) and ers höghet (“Your Highness”).

• själv
• själva

• er in Svensk ordbok (SO)
• er in Svenska Akademiens ordlista (SAOL)
• er in Svenska Akademiens ordbok (SAOB)

• -re, re-

• IPA^(key): /ɛɾ/, [æɾ]
• Rhymes: -æɾ

Inherited from Ottoman Turkish ایر, ار, from Old Anatolian Turkish ایر (ẹr), from Proto-Turkic *ẹ̄r (“early”). Related to Old Turkic 𐰼 (er).

er

1. (dialectal) early

   Synonym: erken

2. (Afyonkarahisar) suhur

   Synonym: sahur

• Also found in widespread non-dialectal use in phrases such as er ya da geç ("sooner or later")

Inherited from Ottoman Turkish ار (er), from Old Anatolian Turkish ار (er), from Proto-Turkic *ēr (“man”). Compare Old Turkic 𐰼 (er), Azerbaijani ər.

er (definite accusative eri, plural erler)

1. man, male

   Synonyms: adam, erkek

2. warrior, hero, noble

   Synonyms: yiğit, batur, bahadır, kahraman

3. conscript, private (soldier of the lowest rank of the army)

   Synonym: nefer

4. tribesman
5. a skilled person
6. (now chiefly dialectal, Kars, Rize) husband

   Synonyms: koca, zevç

7. (religion, mysticism) one who displays a lot of religious virtues, and therefore is thought to have reached God's love; saint

   Synonyms: veli, ermiş

8. pawn

   Synonym: piyon

er

1. second-person singular imperative of ermek

• “er”, in Turkish dictionaries, Türk Dil Kurumu
• “er”, in Türkiye'de halk ağzından derleme sözlüğü [Compilation Dictionary of Popular Speech in Turkey] (in Turkish), Ankara: Türk Dil Kurumu, 1963–1982
• Nişanyan, Sevan (2002–), “er”, in Nişanyan Sözlük
• Ayverdi, İlhan (2010), “er”, in Misalli Büyük Türkçe Sözlük, a reviewed and expanded single-volume edition, Istanbul: Kubbealtı Neşriyatı
• XIII. Yüzyılından Beri Türkiye Türkçesiyle Yazılmış Kitaplarından Toplanan Tanıklarıyle Tarama Sözlüğü (Türk Dil Kurumu yayınları; 212)‎^[8] (in Turkish), Ankara: Türk Dil Kurumu, 1963–1977
• Çağbayır, Yaşar (2007), “er”, in Ötüken Türkçe Sözlük (in Turkish), Istanbul: Ötüken Neşriyat, pages 1458-1459

Inherited from Proto-Turkic *ēr.

er (plural erlar)

1. man

   Synonym: erkak

2. husband

   Synonym: zavj

   Antonym: xotin

• er-xotin

• IPA^(key): /ɛr/
• Rhymes: -ɛr

From Middle Welsh yr, from Proto-Brythonic *er, from Proto-Celtic *ɸeri, ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *per- (“in front”). Compare Cornish er (“for, by”), Ancient Greek περί (perí, “about, peri-”), Latin per (“through”).^[1]

er

1. although
   • 2018 September 28, “Cymraeg y Wladfa a Chymraeg Cymru - beth yw'r gwahaniaethau?”, in BBC Cymru Fyw:

     Nid y Sbaeneg (er y byddai hynny'n syniad da hefyd) ond Cymraeg arbennig y Wladfa.

     Not Spanish (although that would also be a good idea) but the particular Welsh of Y Wladfa.

   • 2019 June 13, Llinos Lee, “Y Barri: Mwy na dim ond 'Gavin & Stacey'”, in BBC Cymru Fyw:

     Ges i fy magu yn Y Barri, ac er mod i wedi symud i ffwrdd i'r brifysgol, …

     I was brought up in Barry, and although I moved away for university, …

er (triggers soft mutation)

1. (literary) since

   Synonym: ers

2. (archaic) in spite of, despite

   Synonym: er gwaethaf

3. (archaic) in order to

   Synonyms: er mwyn, i

4. (archaic) for the sake of

   Synonym: er mwyn

5. (obsolete) because of

   Synonyms: achos, o achos, oherwydd, oblegid

6. (obsolete) for, in exchange for

   Synonym: am

7. (obsolete) resulting in
8. (obsolete) through

   Synonyms: trwy, drwy

• In very formal or literary language, er is used when a specific start time is mentioned.

Saif y castell yma er 1284.

The castle has stood here since 1284.

Y mae’r castell yn adfail er pan fu farw’r brenin olaf.

The castle has been a ruin since the last king died.

Ers is used when the beginning of the time period is not mentioned.

Mae’r castell yma ers canrifoedd.

The castle has been here for centuries.

In less formal registers, ers is used in all instances.

• er mwyn (“for the sake of; in order to”)
• er gwaethaf (“despite”)
• ers (“since”)

See the etymology of the corresponding lemma form.

er f (plural eriau)

1. The name of the Latin script letter R/r.

• (Latin-script letter names) llythyren; a, bi, ec, èch, di, èdd, e, èf, èff, èg, eng, aetsh, i / i dot, je, ce, el, èll, em, en, o, pi, ffi, ciw, er, rhi, ès, ti, èth, u / u bedol / u gwpan, fi, w, ecs, y, sèd

er

1. clitic form of hy used before the object or after the verb.