ler
Translingual
Symbol
ler
Basque
Alternative forms
- lerra, leher
Etymology
From Proto-Basque *le(h)eR.
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /ler/ [ler]
- Rhymes: -er
- Hyphenation: ler
Noun
ler inan
Declension
| indefinite | singular | plural | proximal plural | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| absolutive | ler | lerra | lerrak | lerrok |
| ergative | lerrek | lerrak | lerrek | lerrok |
| dative | lerri | lerrari | lerrei | lerroi |
| genitive | lerren | lerraren | lerren | lerron |
| comitative | lerrekin | lerrarekin | lerrekin | lerrokin |
| causative | lerrengatik | lerrarengatik | lerrengatik | lerrongatik |
| benefactive | lerrentzat | lerrarentzat | lerrentzat | lerrontzat |
| instrumental | lerrez | lerraz | lerrez | lerrotaz |
| innesive | lerretan | lerrean | lerretan | lerrotan |
| locative | lerretako | lerreko | lerretako | lerrotako |
| allative | lerretara | lerrera | lerretara | lerrotara |
| terminative | lerretaraino | lerreraino | lerretaraino | lerrotaraino |
| directive | lerretarantz | lerrerantz | lerretarantz | lerrotarantz |
| destinative | lerretarako | lerrerako | lerretarako | lerrotarako |
| ablative | lerretatik | lerretik | lerretatik | lerrotatik |
| partitive | lerrik | — | — | — |
| prolative | lertzat | — | — | — |
Further reading
- “ler”, in Euskaltzaindiaren Hiztegia [Dictionary of the Basque Academy] (in Basque), Euskaltzaindia [Royal Academy of the Basque Language]
- “ler”, in Orotariko Euskal Hiztegia [General Basque Dictionary], Euskaltzaindia, 1987–2005
Danish
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /leːˀr/, [ˈleˀɐ̯], [ˈleɐ̯ˀ]
Etymology 1
From Old Danish leer, from Old Norse leir, from Proto-Germanic *laizą, cognate with Norwegian leire, Swedish lera. Probably from the Indo-European root *h₂leyH- (“to smear”).
Noun
ler n (singular definite leret, not used in plural form)
Declension
| neuter gender |
singular | |
|---|---|---|
| indefinite | definite | |
| nominative | ler | leret |
| genitive | lers | lerets |
Derived terms
See also
- “ler” in Den Danske Ordbog
- ler on the Danish Wikipedia.Wikipedia da
Etymology 2
See the etymology of the corresponding lemma form.
Verb
ler
- present tense of le
Galician
Etymology
Inherited from Old Galician-Portuguese leer, from Latin legere. Compare Portuguese ler.
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /ˈleɾ/ [ˈleɾ]
- Rhymes: -eɾ
- Hyphenation: ler
Verb
ler (first-person singular present leo, first-person singular preterite lín, past participle lido)
ler (first-person singular present leio, first-person singular preterite lim or li, past participle lido, reintegrationist norm)
- to read
Conjugation
| Singular | Plural | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| First-person (eu) |
Second-person (ti) |
Third-person (el / ela / Vde.) |
First-person (nós) |
Second-person (vós) |
Third-person (eles / elas / Vdes.) | |
| Infinitive | ||||||
| Impersonal | ler | |||||
| Personal | ler | leres | ler | lermos | lerdes | leren |
| Gerund | ||||||
| lendo | ||||||
| Past participle | ||||||
| Masculine | lido | lidos | ||||
| Feminine | lida | lidas | ||||
| Indicative | ||||||
| Present | leo | les | le | lemos | ledes | len |
| Imperfect | lía | lías | lía | liamos | liades | lían |
| Preterite | lín | liches | leu | lin | lestes | leron |
| Pluperfect | lera | leras | lera | leramos | lerades | leran |
| Future | lerei | lerás | lerá | leremos | leredes | lerán |
| Conditional | lería | lerías | lería | leriamos | leriades | lerían |
| Subjunctive | ||||||
| Present | lea | leas | lea | leamos | leades | lean |
| Imperfect | lese | leses | lese | lésemos | lésedes | lesen |
| Future | ler | leres | ler | lermos | lerdes | leren |
| Imperative | ||||||
| Affirmative | le | lea | leamos | lede | lean | |
| Negative (non) | non leas | non lea | non leamos | non leades | non lean | |
1Less recommended.
Related terms
References
- Seoane, Ernesto Xosé González; Granja, María Álvarez de la; Agrelo, Ana Isabel Boullón (2006–2022), “leer”, in Dicionario de Dicionarios do galego medieval [Dictionary of dictionaries of Medieval Galician] (in Galician), Santiago de Compostela: Instituto da Lingua Galega
- Barreiro, Xavier Varela; Guinovart, Xavier Gómez (2006–2018), “leer”, in Corpus Xelmírez: corpus lingüístico da Galicia medieval [Corpus Xelmírez: linguistic corpus of Medieval Galicia] (in Galician), Santiago de Compostela: Instituto da Lingua Galega
- Antón Luís Santamarina Fernández, editor (2006–2013), “ler”, in Dicionario de Dicionarios da lingua galega [Dictionary of Dictionaries of the Galician language] (in Galician), Santiago de Compostela: Instituto da Lingua Galega
- Antón Luís Santamarina Fernández, Ernesto Xosé González Seoane, María Álvarez de la Granja, editors (2003–2018), “ler”, in Tesouro informatizado da lingua galega (in Galician), Santiago de Compostela: Instituto da Lingua Galega
- Rosario Álvarez Blanco, editor (2014–2024), “ler”, in Tesouro do léxico patrimonial galego e portugués (in Galician), Santiago de Compostela: Instituto da Lingua Galega, →ISSN
Further reading
- “ler”, in Dicionario da Real Academia Galega (in Galician), A Coruña: Royal Galician Academy, 2012–2026
- “ler”, in Dicionário Estraviz de galego (in Galician), 2014–2026
Japanese
Etymology
(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium. Particularly: “whence r?”)
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): [ɾa̠ː]
Suffix
ler • (-rā)
- alternative form of er (ā)
Derived terms
Mirandese
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /ˈleɾ/ [ˈleɾ]
- Rhymes: -eɾ
- Syllabification: ler
Verb
ler (first-person singular present leio, first-person singular preterite li, past participle lido)
Conjugation
| infinitive | ler | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| gerund | lendo | ||||||
| past participle | masculine | feminine | |||||
| singular | lido | lida | |||||
| plural | lidos | lidas | |||||
| singular | plural | ||||||
| 1st person | 2nd person | 3rd person | 1st person | 2nd person | 3rd person | ||
| personal non-finite | you | tu | el/eilha | nós | bós | eilhes/eilhas | |
| infinitive | ler | leres | ler | lermos | lerdes | léren | |
| indicative | you | tu | el/eilha | nós | bós | eilhes/eilhas | |
| present | leio | leis, leies | lei | lemos | ledes | léien, len | |
| imperfect | lie | lies | lie | liemos | liedes | lien | |
| preterite | li | liste | liu | limos | listes | lírun | |
| pluperfect | lira | liras | lira | líramos | lírades | líran | |
| future | lerei | lerás | lerá | leremos | lereis | leran | |
| conditional | lerie | leries | lerie | leriemos | leriedes | lerien | |
| subjunctive | you | tu | el/eilha | nós | bós | eilhes/eilhas | |
| present | leia | leias | leia | léiamos | léiades | léian | |
| imperfect | lisse | lisses | lisse | líssemos | líssedes | líssen | |
| future | lir | lires | lir | lirmos | lirdes | líren | |
| imperative | you | tu | el/eilha | nós | bós | eilhes/eilhas | |
| affirmative | — | lei | — | — | lede | — | |
References
- Alberto Gómez Bautista (2013) El mirandés: contexto y procesos de formación de palabras (Thesis)[1] (in Spanish), Madrid: Department of Romance Studies, Complutense Univesity of Madrid, page 502
Norwegian Bokmål
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /leːr/
- Rhymes: -eːr
Verb
ler
- present of le
Norwegian Nynorsk
Verb
ler
- present of le
Old Galician-Portuguese
Alternative forms
- lez (likely a misspelling)
Etymology
Unknown. Likely from Proto-Celtic *liros.
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /ˈleɾ/
Noun
ler m (plural lers)
- sea, beach, shore
- 13th century, Cancioneiro da Biblioteca Nacional, Nuno Fernandes Torneol, B 645: Vi eu mia madr'andar (facsimile)
- Foy eu madre veer / As barcas eno lez (sic) / E moirome damor
- I went, mother, to see / the boats at the shore, / and I'm dying of love.
- 13th century, Cancioneiro da Biblioteca Nacional, Nuno Fernandes Torneol, B 645: Vi eu mia madr'andar (facsimile)
Usage notes
- Do not confuse with leer (“to read”).
Old Irish
Etymology
From Proto-Celtic *liros, either borrowed from an unknown substrate language or from Proto-Indo-European *leyH-.[1] Cognate with Welsh llŷr.
Alternatively, from Proto-Celtic *ɸlīros, from Proto-Indo-European *pleh₁-.
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /ˈl̠ʲeɾ/
Noun
ler m or n (genitive lir)
Inflection
As a masculine noun meaning "sea, ocean":
| singular | dual | plural | |
|---|---|---|---|
| nominative | ler | lerL | lirL |
| vocative | lir | lerL | liruH |
| accusative | lerN | lerL | liruH |
| genitive | lirL | ler | lerN |
| dative | liurL | leraib | leraib |
- H = triggers aspiration
- L = triggers lenition
- N = triggers nasalization
As a neuter noun meaning "a lot, large number, multitude":
| singular | dual | plural | |
|---|---|---|---|
| nominative | lerN | lerN | lerL, lera |
| vocative | lerN | lerN | lerL, lera |
| accusative | lerN | lerN | lerL, lera |
| genitive | lirL | ler | lerN |
| dative | liurL | leraib | leraib |
- H = triggers aspiration
- L = triggers lenition
- N = triggers nasalization
Descendants
Mutation
| radical | lenition | nasalization |
|---|---|---|
| ler also ller in h-prothesis environments |
ler pronounced with /lʲ-/ |
ler also ller |
Note: Certain mutated forms of some words can never occur in Old Irish.
All possible mutated forms are displayed for convenience.
References
- ^ Matasović, Ranko (2009), “*liro-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 9), Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, page 241
Further reading
- (sea, ocean): Gregory Toner, Sharon Arbuthnot, Máire Ní Mhaonaigh, Marie-Luise Theuerkauf, Dagmar Wodtko, editors (2019), “1 ler”, in eDIL: Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language
- (a lot, multitude): Gregory Toner, Sharon Arbuthnot, Máire Ní Mhaonaigh, Marie-Luise Theuerkauf, Dagmar Wodtko, editors (2019), “2 ler”, in eDIL: Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language
Portuguese
Etymology
Inherited from Old Galician-Portuguese leer, from Latin legere (“to read”). Compare Galician ler and Spanish leer.
Pronunciation
- (Brazil) IPA(key): /ˈle(ʁ)/ [ˈle(h)]
- (São Paulo) IPA(key): /ˈle(ɾ)/
- (Rio de Janeiro) IPA(key): /ˈle(ʁ)/ [ˈle(χ)]
- (Caipira) IPA(key): /ˈle(ɻ)/
- (Portugal) IPA(key): /ˈleɾ/
- (Southern Portugal) IPA(key): /ˈle.ɾi/
Verb
ler (first-person singular present leio, first-person singular preterite li, past participle lido)
- to read (to look at and interpret written information)
- to read (to speak aloud written information)
- (computing) to read (to fetch data from)
- (reflexive, of text) to read (to be interpreted or read in a particular way)
Conjugation
| Singular | Plural | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| First-person (eu) |
Second-person (tu) |
Third-person (ele / ela / você) |
First-person (nós) |
Second-person (vós) |
Third-person (eles / elas / vocês) | |
| Infinitive | ||||||
| Impersonal | ler | |||||
| Personal | ler | leres | ler | lermos | lerdes | lerem |
| Gerund | ||||||
| lendo | ||||||
| Past participle | ||||||
| Masculine | lido | lidos | ||||
| Feminine | lida | lidas | ||||
| Indicative | ||||||
| Present | leio | lês | lê | lemos | ledes | leem, lêem1 |
| Imperfect | lia | lias | lia | líamos | líeis | liam |
| Preterite | li | leste | leu | lemos | lestes | leram |
| Pluperfect | lera | leras | lera | lêramos | lêreis | leram |
| Future | lerei | lerás | lerá | leremos | lereis | lerão |
| Conditional | leria | lerias | leria | leríamos | leríeis | leriam |
| Subjunctive | ||||||
| Present | leia | leias | leia | leiamos | leiais | leiam |
| Imperfect | lesse | lesses | lesse | lêssemos | lêsseis | lessem |
| Future | ler | leres | ler | lermos | lerdes | lerem |
| Imperative | ||||||
| Affirmative | lê | leia | leiamos | lede | leiam | |
| Negative (não) | não leias | não leia | não leiamos | não leiais | não leiam | |
1Superseded.
Quotations
For quotations using this term, see Citations:ler.
Derived terms
Related terms
Descendants
Further reading
- “ler”, in Dicionário Priberam da Língua Portuguesa (in Portuguese), Lisbon: Priberam, 2008–2026
Romansh
Etymology 1
From Latin legō, legere.
Verb
ler
Alternative forms
Etymology 2
Verb
ler
Serbo-Croatian
Etymology
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /lêːr/
- Hyphenation: ler
Noun
lȇr m inan (Cyrillic spelling ле̑р)
Declension
| singular | plural | |
|---|---|---|
| nominative | ler | leri |
| genitive | lera | lera |
| dative | leru | lerima |
| accusative | ler | lere |
| vocative | lere | leri |
| locative | leru | lerima |
| instrumental | lerom | lerima |
References
- “ler”, in Hrvatski jezični portal [Croatian language portal] (in Serbo-Croatian), 2006–2026
Swedish
Noun
ler c
- clay; contraction of lera, in the expression ler och långhalm
Verb
ler
- present indicative of le