-s

• IPA^(key): /s/ (after a voiceless consonant sound /p, t, k, f, θ/)
• IPA^(key): /z/ (after a vowel sound or a voiced consonant sound /m, n, ŋ, b, d, ɡ, v, ð, l, ɹ/)
• IPA^(key): /ɪz/ (after a sibilant consonant sound /s, z, ʃ, ʒ, tʃ, dʒ/—usually written -es)
  • (weak vowel merger) IPA^(key): /əz/
• Homophones: -'s, 's

Inherited from Middle English -s, -es, from Old English -as, nominative-accusative plural ending of masculine a-stem (i.e. strong) declension nouns, from Proto-West Germanic *-ōs, from Proto-Germanic *-ōs, *‑ōz, from Proto-Indo-European *-es, *-oes (plural endings). The spread of this ending in later Middle English was once argued to have been the result of Anglo-Norman influence; however, -as was already the most common Old English plural marker (used in approximately 40% of Old English nouns), and was initially more common in the North of England where French influence was weakest, only later gradually spreading south, replacing the usual southern plural ending -en. Cognate with Scots -s (plural ending), Saterland Frisian -s (plural ending), West Frisian -s (plural ending), Dutch -s (plural ending), Low German -s (plural ending), Danish -er (plural ending), Swedish -r, -ar, -or (plural ending), Icelandic -ar (plural ending), Gothic -𐍉𐍃 (-ōs, nominative plural ending of a-stem masculine nouns). Not directly related to German -er (plural ending) which has a different origin.

-s

2. Used to form regular plurals of nouns.

   one computer → five computers; Kennedy → Kennedys; hanger-on → hangers-on; lapful → lapfuls; cul-de-sac → cul-de-sacs; standby → standbys; push-up → push-ups; gin and tonic → gin and tonics; pair → pairs; beef → beefs

4. Used to form many pluralia tantum (nouns that are almost or entirely without singular forms).

   shorts

   sunglasses

6. When appended to a number ending in at least one 0, expresses a range of numbers which share the digits before some or (usually) all of the 0s; frequently used for decades, centuries and temperatures.

   We often look back on the 1960s [the years from 1960 to 1969] with rose-tinted glasses.

   The Industrial Revolution went into full-swing during the 1800s [the years from 1800 to 1899 – but see usage notes].

   The temperature today will be in the low 30s.

   He placed in the 200s in the end.

   • 2022 March 25, Sandee LaMotte, “Dangerous chemicals found in food wrappers at major fast-food restaurants and grocery chains, report says”, in CNN‎^[1]:

     High indicators of PFAS (in the 500s) were also found in a Chick-fil-A sandwich wrapper and in fiber bowls at Cava, a Mediterranean restaurant chain.
     Indicator levels in the 300s and 400s were found in a bag of cookies at Arby’s, bamboo paper plates at Stop & Shop, and in a bag for both cookies and French toast sticks at Burger King.
     Levels of PFAS indicators in the 200s were found in a Sweetgreen paper bag for focaccia, additional items at Cava, and in bags for french fries, cookies and Chicken McNuggets at McDonald’s.

• (regular plurals): In semi-formal or formal contexts, where the plurality of a noun depends on some unknown aspect of the sentence, the s may be parenthesised: "The winner(s) will be invited to a prize ceremony."
• (number): Decades formed with -s are usually pronounced as if they were written as two separate numbers. For example, 1970s is read as nineteen-seventies, as if it were written as 19 70s, not as *nineteen-hundred seventies or *one thousand nine hundred and seventies.
• (number): When the number before the -s ends in more than one zero, there is ambiguity about the range of numbers that is meant. For example, 1800s could mean "the years from 1800 to 1899; the entire 19th century" or "the years from 1800 to 1809; the first decade of the 19th century". The intended meaning can usually be derived from context.

The translations below are a guide only. See individual words for precise translations.

From Middle English -(e)s (third-person singular ending), from Northumbrian Old English -es, -as (third-person singular endings). Gradually replaced the older -eth, from Old English -(e)þ, -aþ, during the Middle English and Early Modern English periods.

It is predominantly believed that -(e)s is identical to the Old English second-person singular ending -es, -est (cf. archaic Modern English -est, as in thou singest). The use for the third-person singular would have been caused by speakers of Old Norse who switched to speaking English and confounded the endings due to analogy with their native tongue. In Old Norse, the second and third person singular indicative forms were identical (e.g. þú masar, hann masar; þú þekkir, hann þekkir; etc.).

An alternative theory sees the shift from /θ/ in -eth to /s/ (later /z/) in -(e)s as a mere phonetic simplification due to the frequency of the ending, but the objection to this is that no such development can be observed anywhere else in English. Nevertheless the relative similarity in sound between both forms may have facilitated the spread of -es.

-s

2. Used to form the third-person singular indicative present tense of verbs.

   to eat → he eats

3. (nonstandard, dialectal) Used in various other indicative present tenses

   I likes what I likes

• As in modern nonstandard varieties, the -s suffix can be used to mark the third-person plural in Early Modern English. However, it is less common than the modern standard zero ending, and is frequently only found in restricted contexts; for instance, Shakespeare only uses it where a plural subject has "singular" semantics.^[1]

From Middle English -es, from Old English -es, the masculine and neuter genitive singular ending of strong nouns. More at -'s.

-s

2. Used in the formation of certain English adverbs.

   ‎forward + ‎-s → ‎forwards

   ‎downward + ‎-s → ‎downwards

   ‎alway + ‎-s → ‎always

   ‎sometime + ‎-s → ‎sometimes

   ‎betime + ‎-s → ‎betimes

   ‎while + ‎-s → ‎whiles

   ‎betide + ‎-s → ‎betides

   ‎toward + ‎-s → ‎towards

   ‎beside + ‎-s → ‎besides

   ‎evening + ‎-s → ‎evenings

   ‎unaware + ‎-s → ‎unawares

   ‎Sunday + ‎-s → ‎Sundays

   ‎night + ‎-s → ‎nights

• -st

A variant spelling of -'s, partly an archaism, partly by dropping the apostrophe.

• -'s (on pronouns; now nonstandard)
• -es (obsolete)

-s

2. (on pronouns) Possessive marker, indicating that an object belongs to the word bearing the marker.

   hers; its; ones (now one’s); theirs

   (neopronouns): eirs; hirs; pers; thons; xyrs; zirs

4. (on nouns, now nonstandard) Alternative form of -'s.

   devils doorbell; dogs-bane; St. Marys; (obsolete) kings

• In most cases where -s is found nowadays as a possessive case marker, it is a simple misspelling of -'s. However, possessive determiners derived from personal pronouns use -s (e.g., its, not it's). The same is true of pronouns derived from possessive determiners (e.g., theirs, not their's). The possessive form of who takes -se (whose, not who's).
• Bare -s is used in some business names that derive from possessive family names, e.g., Barclays and Harrods, but compare Sainsbury’s; compare Wikipedia's article on possessives in business names. In speech, /z/ (or /s/) is sometimes added to business names which have neither -s nor -'s in writing, resulting in s-forms.
• Sometimes used in place names; e.g., Harpers Ferry (formerly spelled “Harper’s Ferry”), Queens County (note that the former name of County Laois was officially “Queen’s County”, however, the apostrophe-less spelling is well-attested).

Modern sense in slang [circa 1936]. According to OED, a colloquial clipping of the hypocoristic diminutive suffix -sy. As AHD writes, -sy itself usually being informal, ironic and/or jocular, and possibly a combination of -s (“plural marker”) and conflation of -y as adjectival with its sense as a diminutive suffix (e.g., puppy, kitty), the latter notion probably from Scots.

-s

2. (informal, colloquial, sometimes humorous) Hypocoristic suffix

   Babs; moms; pops; homes; toots

• -sies

Derived from 's.

-s (clitic)

2. (Internet slang, informal) Alternative spelling of 's.

   whats he talking about

Unsorted:

Inherited from Dutch -st.

-s (plural -ste)

1. appended to the stem of a verb, this suffix yields a verbal noun

   ‎dien + ‎-s → ‎diens

Inherited from Dutch -s (a suffix for forming plurals).

-s

1. Used to form regular plurals of nouns that end in certain suffixes or syllables, such as -el, -er, -en, -em, -eur, -aar, -aard, diminutive -ie, etc.

   ‎redakteur + ‎-s → ‎redakteurs

2. Used to form irregular plurals of many other nouns, chiefly of foreign origin.

   ‎ateljee + ‎-s → ‎ateljees

Inherited from Dutch -s, from the genitive case of Dutch masculine and neuter nouns and adjectives, Middle Dutch -s, -es, from Old Dutch -es, -is, from Proto-Germanic *-as, *-is.

-s

1. Used to form the partitive form of the adjective

   nuut → iets nuuts

   groot → niks groots nie

Inherited from Dutch -s, from earlier -sch, from Middle Dutch -sch, from Old Dutch -isc, from Proto-West Germanic *-isk, from Proto-Germanic *-iskaz, from Proto-Indo-European *-iskos.

-s

2. Used to form adjectives of characteristic from nouns.

   ‎winter (“winter”) + ‎-s → ‎winters (“wintery”)

   ‎spel (“game”) + ‎-s → ‎speels (“playful”)

3. Used to form adjectives or language names from place names.

   ‎Engeland (“England”) + ‎-s → ‎Engels (“English”)

   ‎Finland (“Finland”) + ‎-s → ‎Fins (“Finnish”)

Possibly akin to Old Armenian -իչ (-ičʻ), both reconstructible to a tentative Proto-Indo-European *-ikʷyo-s, from Proto-Indo-European * kʷey- (“to gather”),^[1][2] whence also Ancient Greek ποιέω (poiéō, “to do”), Sanskrit चिनोति (cinóti, “to arrange, pile up”).

-s

2. Forms agent nouns.

   Synonym: -ar

• Becomes -ës after consonants.
• When attached to o- or ua-stem verbs the stem and the suffix merge into -ues in the modern standard, following Gheg practice, while traditionally made -onjës following Tosk practice.
• Similarly, when attached to e- or ye-stem verbs they give rise to -yes in Gheg and the modern standard, while -enjës in Tosk and the old standard.

• Newmark, L.; Hubbard, P.; Prifti, P. (1982), Standard Albanian: a reference grammar for students, Stanford University Press, →ISBN, § 3.4.1 A, page 164

Inherited from Old Catalan -s, from Latin -os, -es (accusative plural).

• IPA^(key): (Central, Balearic, Valencia) [s]

-s

1. Used to form the regular plurals of most masculine nouns and adjectives.

   Coordinate term: -es

   ‎cap + ‎-s → ‎caps

   ‎fred + ‎-s → ‎freds

Borrowed from English -s (“plural suffix”).

-s

1. (Hong Kong Cantonese, neologism, humorous or sarcastic, rare, written only) Used to emphasise that there are multiple instances of the noun

   有車s有樓s／有车s有楼s [Cantonese]  ―  jau⁵ ce¹ jau⁵ lau^4-2 [Jyutping]  ―  to own cars and flats

May be repeated to further emphasise the number of instances of the noun.

有樓sss／有楼sss [Cantonese]  ―  jau⁵ lau^4-2 [Jyutping]  ―  to own many flatsss

• Victor Chan Haw Fung (1999), Hong Kong English and the Internet (Unpublished MA dissertation), page 40: “Some of these words have plural forms like leng luis in (example 13).”

• IPA^(key): [ s]

-s

1. alternative form of -si

Inherited from Old Norse -s, originally the genitive singular ending of a-stem nouns. Cognate with Swedish -s.

-s

1. Used to form genitive/possessive phrases, attached to the last word in a noun phrase.

   Danmarks dronning ― the Queen of Denmark

   Københavns snefald ― snowfall in Copenhagen

Unknown. Not present in Old Dutch, which used -a from Proto-Germanic *-ōz as the plural ending. Possibly spread from Middle Low German -s, -es, from Old Saxon -os, -as, from Proto-Germanic *-ōs. Further etymology is unknown, but cognate with Old English -as (English -s).

-s pl

1. Used to form regular plurals of nouns that end in certain suffixes or syllables, such as -el, -er, -en, -em, -eur, -aar, -aard, diminutive -je, etc.

   ‎bodem + ‎-s → ‎bodems

2. Used to form irregular plurals of many other nouns, chiefly of foreign origin.

   ‎telefoon + ‎-s → ‎telefoons

• Nouns ending in unstressed -e generally have a plural in -s and one in -n (ziekte > ziektes, ziekten). Individual words, however, allow just one of the two ways.
• Most words of Latin origin ending in -um are pluralized with the suffix -s (museum > museums) or by replacing -um with -a (> musea). The latter tends to be preferred in formal style.

From the genitive case of masculine and neuter nouns and adjectives, Middle Dutch -s, -es, from Old Dutch -es, -is, from Proto-Germanic *-as, *-is.

-s

1. (archaic, except in fixed expressions) Used to form the genitive case of (strong) masculine and neuter nouns.

   tijd → de tand des tijds

2. Used to form the genitive case of proper nouns and some pronouns.

   Pieter → Pieters jas

   iemand → iemands jas

3. Used to form the partitive form of the adjective

   lief → iets liefs

From earlier -sch, from Middle Dutch -sch, from Old Dutch -isc, from Proto-West Germanic *-isk, from Proto-Germanic *-iskaz (from which also -isch via German), from Proto-Indo-European *-iskos.

-s

1. Used to form adjectives of characteristic from nouns or verbs.

   ‎winter (“winter”) + ‎-s → ‎winters (“wintery”)

   ‎spelen (“to play”) + ‎-s → ‎speels (“playful”)

2. Used to form adjectives or language names from names of nations or countries.

   ‎Engeland (“England”) + ‎-s → ‎Engels (“English”)

   ‎Finland (“Finland”) + ‎-s → ‎Fins (“Finnish”)

Developed from the use of genitive suffix -s to form adverbial phrases of time or modality.

-s

1. Used to form some adverbs

   ‎ander (“other”) + ‎-s → ‎anders (“otherwise”)

   ‎zelf (“self”) + ‎-s → ‎zelfs (“even”)

   ‎maandag (“Monday”) + ‎-s → ‎'s maandags (“on Monday”)

   ‎willend (“wanting”) + ‎-s → ‎willens (“intentionally”)

The adverbial/adjectival -s combines with other suffixes like:

• -lijk → -lijks
• -je → -jes
• -ling → -lings
• -waarts

From earlier forms such as -sz, -se, -sen; all ultimately from the patronymic use of zoon with a connecting genitival interfix -s-. Bare -s as a patronymic may also represent an underlying patronymic use of dochter, as in the name Neeltje Jansdochter, which could reduce to Neeltje Jans by simple elision of -dochter. This etymology is incomplete. You can help Wiktionary by elaborating on the origins of this term.

-s

1. Used to form patronymic surnames.

• -sz, -se, -sse, -sen, -ssen

More at the pages of the various alternative forms listed above, such as -sen.

Inherited from Proto-Finnic *-isa. Related to Finnish -isa, Ingrian -isa, Votic -sa.

-s (genitive -sa, partitive -sat, comparative -sam, superlative kõige -sam)

1. creates adjectives from nouns

   ‎au (“honour”) + ‎-s → ‎aus (“honest”)

   ‎ilu (“beauty”) + ‎-s → ‎ilus (“beautiful”)

   ‎lõbu (“pleasure”) + ‎-s → ‎lõbus (“fun”)

Declension of -s (ÕS type 2/õpik, no gradation)
		singular	plural
nominative		-s	-sad
accusative	nom.
	gen.	-sa
genitive			-sate
partitive		-sat	-said
illative		-sasse	-satesse -saisse
inessive		-sas	-sates -sais
elative		-sast	-satest -saist
allative		-sale	-satele -saile
adessive		-sal	-satel -sail
ablative		-salt	-satelt -sailt
translative		-saks	-sateks -saiks
terminative		-sani	-sateni
essive		-sana	-satena
abessive		-sata	-sateta
comitative		-saga	-satega

From Proto-Finnic *-nci.

-s (genitive -nda, partitive -ndat)

1. forms ordinal numbers from cardinal numbers

   ‎kolm (“three”) + ‎-s → ‎kolmas (“third”)

   ‎kuus (“six”) + ‎-s → ‎kuues (“sixth”)

Declension of -s (ÕS type 2/õpik, no gradation)
		singular	plural
nominative		-s	-ndad
accusative	nom.
	gen.	-nda
genitive			-ndate
partitive		-ndat	-ndaid
illative		-ndasse	-ndatesse -ndaisse
inessive		-ndas	-ndates -ndais
elative		-ndast	-ndatest -ndaist
allative		-ndale	-ndatele -ndaile
adessive		-ndal	-ndatel -ndail
ablative		-ndalt	-ndatelt -ndailt
translative		-ndaks	-ndateks -ndaiks
terminative		-ndani	-ndateni
essive		-ndana	-ndatena
abessive		-ndata	-ndateta
comitative		-ndaga	-ndatega

Contracted from the second-person singular pronoun sa, sä (sinä in modern standard language), but no longer tied to being used in second-person.

-s (enclitic particle, informal or familiar)

1. Makes commands or requests more persuasive.
   1. Appended to a second-person imperative to give a command or request a slightly rude or impatient tone—the tone may vary depending on the verb and other particles used.

      Kuules nyt! (addressing one person. quite an established expression of frustration, speaker very impatient) ― Now do listen!

      Kuulkaas nyt! (addressing many people, same tone as above) ― Now do listen!

      Tees nämä tehtävät. (addressing one person, tone less impatient) ― Go do these tasks.

   2. Appended to a second-person imperative with the particle -pa/-pä to give a command or request a slightly more persuasive or inspiring tone.

      Laitapas lautaset pöytään. ― Hey, go put the plates on the table.

   3. Appended to the impersonal indicative present form to soften the command or request or to make it more persuasive.

      Tehdääs tämä huomenna. ― Let's go do this tomorrow.

2. Softens questions.
   1. Softens questions, such as when the speaker expects the person addressed to know the answer.

      Mikäs se Suomen pääkaupunki olikaan? ― What was Finland's capital again?

      Kukas heistä olikaan sinun lapsesi? ― Which of them was your child again?

      Eikös Saara opiskele oikeustieteitä? ― Saara studies law, doesn't she?

   2. Appended to an interrogative suffix -ko/-kö in order to bring the conversation partner or a person outside the conversation, talked about, emotionally closer to the #speaker, or to create familiarity into the conversation; also to express that closeness or familiarity—translation in English tends to vary; in some cases corresponds to tag questions.

      Jaksatkos sinä? ― You sure you can make it?

• When directly attached to forms ending in -n (e.g. impersonal/passive forms), the -n is dropped (e.g. miten → mites).
• When attached to imperative forms, the gemination is often ignored, unless another enclitic is also used before -s, like with -pas. Thus laitas /lɑi̯tɑs/, but laitapas /lɑi̯tɑpːɑs/. It may resurface before a vowel, however: laitas auto /lɑi̯tɑs(ː) ɑuto/

From Proto-Finnic *-s, from Proto-Finno-Permic *-kse (compare Erzya and Moksha -кс (-ks, nominalizing suffix)).

-s

1. Forms some nouns.

   ‎jalka (“foot”) + ‎-s → ‎jalas (“runner, skid”)

   ‎liha (“meat”) + ‎-s → ‎lihas (“muscle”)

2. Forms fractional numbers from ordinal numbers.

   ‎kolmas + ‎-s → ‎kolmannes

• (fraction): Usually used when the numerator is one (one third, one fourth, etc.) See the usage notes under osa for more.

From Proto-Finnic *-nci, from Proto-Uralic *-mte.

-s

1. Forms ordinal numbers from cardinal numbers, or ordinal pronouns.

   ‎moni + ‎-s → ‎mones

Added to the genitive singular (weak grade) stem.

From Proto-Finnic *-s, from Proto-Uralic *-s (compare Erzya -с (-s) in эйс (ejs, “into”)). Sometimes considered a reduction of *-kse (translative ending): *-kse > *-ks > *-s.

-s

1. Forms lative adverbs.

   ‎ala- (“below, down, lower”) + ‎-s → ‎alas (“down”)

From apocope of the final vowel of -ssa, -ssä.

-s

1. (case suffix, colloquial or dialectal) alternative form of -ssa (inessive)

Inherited from Middle French -s, from Old French -s, from Latin -os, -es (accusative plural).

• Silent, except in liaison environments, when it may be pronounced /z‿/. This liaison is usual in adjectives, but fairly rare in nouns.
• Irregularly pronounced /s/ in tous (“all”) when used as a pronoun.

• Audio (liaison):

  (file)

-s

1. Used to form the regular plurals of most nouns and adjectives.

   ‎homme + ‎-s → ‎hommes

   ‎bon + ‎-s → ‎bons

2. Used to form the irregular plurals of a few nouns and adjectives in -au, -eu (which regularly add -x) and in -al (which regularly make -aux).

   ‎landau + ‎-s → ‎landaus

   ‎bleu + ‎-s → ‎bleus

   ‎carnaval + ‎-s → ‎carnavals

In modern French, usage of -s for plurals of most nouns and adjectives whose singulars end in -al, -au, -eu is proscribed in favor of -x, despite -s being an option in old French.

Inherited from Middle French -s, from Old French -s, from Latin -es, -is (second-person singular).

The spread of this suffix to the first-person singular started out from Old French verbs whose stems happened to end in a sibilant, most notably the regular conjugation in -ir, e.g., je fenis, tu fenis (from Vulgar Latin fin-isc-o, fin-isc-is). In later Old French, final /s/ was only pronounced in liaison and in pausa. This weakened the distinction in those verbs which had originally had -s in the second-person only, but by analogy now began to take it in the first-person as well. The grammarians later on standardised the usage, prescribing -s in some cases and rejecting it in others.

• Silent, except in liaison environments, when it may be pronounced /z‿/. This liaison is optional after full vowels (as in tu dois). After silent -e- (as in tu aimes) it is rare and often discouraged.

-s

1. Used to form the second-person singular of most verb conjugations.
2. Used to form the first-person singular of some verb conjugations.

• -x

• Audio (Germany (Berlin)):

  (file)

Inherited from Middle High German -es, from Old High German [Term?].

• -es
• -ens (proper nouns ending with a sibilant consonant; dated)
• -' (proper nouns ending with a sibilant consonant)
• -'s (common nouns; now proscribed)
• -'s (proper nouns; correct in certain cases, but often seen as a misspelling)

-s

1. used to form the genitive singular of most masculine nouns, neuter nouns, and proper nouns of all genders

The formation of the strong genitive singular (in -s, -es, or no ending) may be of some difficulty both for learners and native speakers.

Only one form is possible in some nouns:

• Nouns in unstressed -as, -es,- is, -os, -us remain unchanged (except those in -nis, which make -nisses).
• Other nouns in -s, -ß, -x, -z take -es.
• Nouns ending in a vowel or in unstressed -el, -em, -en, -er, -or, -um take -s. (Only those in a diphthong or in -h allow -es, alternatively.)
• Nouns forming their plural in -s take the same ending also in the genitive singular. (Apparent exceptions will generally have an alternative plural in -e.)

Otherwise, both forms are usually correct, but certain tendencies can be observed:

• The es-form is strongly preferred in a number of frequently used monosyllables, to the degree that the s-form may even sound odd. No hard rule can be given to identify these nouns; they include e.g. Land, Mann, Weg, etc.
• The es-form is also preferred, for euphonic reasons, in words ending in certain clusters like -pf, -sch, -st.
• Most other monosyllables have no clear preference.
• The s-form is usually preferred in polysyllables, regardless of their being simple or compound and regardless also of stress patterns.

Note, finally, that there is a fairly strong tendency for proper nouns (used with the article) and for newer or less common loanwords to remain unchanged in the genitive singular.

Probably derived from the genitive -s (etymology 1), but developed into a noun-forming suffix in German Low German and Central German dialects.

-s m

1. used to form nouns from verb stems

   ‎klacken + ‎-s → ‎Klacks

   ‎schnappen + ‎-s → ‎Schnaps

Borrowed from Middle Low German [Term?]. Reinforced by the fact that French and English also use -s as a plural suffix.

• -'s (now proscribed)
• -ens (family names ending with a sibilant consonant)

-s

1. Used to form the plurals of some nouns.
2. Used to form the plurals of personal names, particularly family names.

• The plural ending -s is most typical of loanwords (as in Schals, Parfüms, Videos), though there is a tendency for naturalised loanwords to switch to -e or -en (compare Generäle, Lifte, Pizzen with older Generals, Lifts, Pizzas). Conversely, -s is also used in a certain number of native words (as in Fräuleins, Mädels, Uhus). Moreover, it is the most productive plural marker in contemporary German, typically used to pluralise initialisms (LKWs), neologisms (Honks), and words that do not otherwise have a common plural form (Streits).

Derived from the genitive -s (etymology 1), originally as an adverbial genitive (compare e.g. eines Tages).

-s

1. Used to form adverbs from nouns:

   ‎der Tag (“the day”) + ‎-s → ‎tags (“in the daytime”)

   ‎die Nacht (“the night”) + ‎-s → ‎nachts (“by night”)

   ‎der Anfang (“the beginning”) + ‎-s → ‎anfangs (“initially”)

2. Sometimes used to form adverbs from adjectives:

   ‎bereit (“ready”) + ‎-s → ‎bereits (“already”)

   ‎link (“left”) + ‎-s → ‎links (“on the left”)

• -s-

Presumably can be traced back to a Proto-Uralic *-ć suffix.^[1]

• IPA^(key): [ʃ]

• Audio:

  (file)

-s

1. (adjective-forming suffix) Added to a noun to form an adjective meaning "having something, a quality"; sometimes referred to as ornative.

   ‎só (“salt”) + ‎-s → ‎sós (“salty”)

2. (noun-forming suffix) Added to a noun to form an occupation or a collective noun.

   ‎hajó (“ship”) + ‎-s → ‎hajós (“sailor”)

3. (number-forming suffix) Added to a cardinal number to form a digit or figure, cf. the relevant template.

   ‎nulla (“zero”) + ‎-s → ‎nullás (“the digit or figure 0”)

4. (frequentative suffix, obsolete) Forms verbs with repetitive meaning. In today's Hungarian language, it is completely obsolete, and its old derivatives are also obscured, e.g. olvas (“to read”), keres (“to seek”), futos (“to run around”).

• (all senses) Variants:

  -s is added to words ending in a vowel. Final -a changes to -á-. Final -e changes to -é-.

  -os is added to some back-vowel words ending in a consonant

  -as is added to other back-vowel words ending in a consonant

  -es is added to unrounded (and some rounded) front-vowel words ending in a consonant

  -ös is added to most rounded front-vowel words ending in a consonant

• Appendix:Hungarian suffixes

Inherited from Old Norse -s, originally the genitive singular ending of a-stem nouns and adjectives.

-s

2. genitive singular ending of most strong masculine nouns

   Synonym: -ar

   ‎fiskur m (“fish”) + ‎-s → ‎fisks

   ‎jökull m (“glacier”) + ‎-s → ‎jökuls

   ‎svefn m (“sleep”) + ‎-s → ‎svefns

4. genitive singular ending of a few strong feminine nouns

   ‎hús n (“house”) + ‎-s → ‎húss

   ‎vitni n (“witness”) + ‎-s → ‎vitnis

6. genitive singular masculine/neuter strong of -ur (most adjectives)

   ‎góður (“good”) + ‎-s → ‎góðs

   ‎latur (“lazy”) + ‎-s → ‎lats

Inherited from Proto-Finnic *-ssa. Cognates include Finnish -ssa and Estonian -s.

• (Ala-Laukaa) IPA^(key): /-sːɑ/, [-s̠ːɑ], /-sːæ/, [-s̠ːæ]
• (Soikkola) IPA^(key): /-s/, [-ʃ]

-s

1. Used to form the inessive case; in, inside

• May trigger vowel elongation of the preceding vowel.

Possessive forms of -s
possessor	singular	plural
1st person	-ssaan	-ssamme
2nd person	-ssaas	-ssanne
3rd person	-ssaa	-ssasse

From Proto-Finnic *-nci, from Proto-Uralic *-mte. Cognates include Finnish -s and Estonian -s.

• (Ala-Laukaa) IPA^(key): /-s/, [-s̠]
• (Soikkola) IPA^(key): /-s/, [-ʃ]

-s

1. Used to form ordinal numbers from cardinal numbers; -th

Declension of -s (type 2/kolmas, no gradation)
	singular	plural
nominative	-s	-nnet
genitive	-nnen	-nsiin
partitive	-ttä	-nsiä
illative	-ntee	-nsii
inessive	-nnees	-nsiis
elative	-nnest	-nsist
allative	-nnelle	-nsille
adessive	-nneel	-nsiil
ablative	-nnelt	-nsilt
translative	-nneks	-nsiks
essive	-ntennä, -nteen	-nsiinnä, -nsiin
exessive1)	-nnent	-nsint
1) obsolete *) the accusative corresponds with either the genitive (sg) or nominative (pl) **) the comitative is formed by adding the suffix -ka? or -kä? to the genitive.

Inherited from Proto-Finnic *-ci, from Proto-Uralic *-ti. Cognates include Finnish -si.

• (Ala-Laukaa) IPA^(key): /-s/, [-s̠]
• (Soikkola) IPA^(key): /-s/, [-ʃ]

-s

1. (obsolete) Used to mark the possession of the second person singular; thy, your
   • 1936, D. I. Efimov, Lukukirja: Inkeroisia alkușkouluja vart (ensimäine osa), Leningrad: Riikin Ucebno-pedagogiceskoi Izdateljstva, page 7:

     Niin mamallees i saoki.

     Just say so to your mother.

• May trigger vowel elongation of the preceding vowel.

Possessive forms of -s
possessor	singular	plural
1st person	-n	-mme
2nd person	-s	-nne
3rd person	-V	-sse

Inherited from Proto-Finnic *-s. Cognates include Finnish -s.

• (Ala-Laukaa) IPA^(key): /-s/, [-s̠]
• (Soikkola) IPA^(key): /-s/, [-ʃ]

-s

1. (no longer productive) Used to form nouns from other nouns

   ‎ohja (“rein”) + ‎-s → ‎ohjas (“rein”)

(back-vocalic) Declension of -s (type 2/petos, no gradation) singular plural nominative -s -kset genitive -ksen -ksiin partitive -sta, -st -ksia illative -ksee -ksii inessive -ksees -ksiis elative -ksest -ksist allative -kselle -ksille adessive -kseel -ksiil ablative -kselt -ksilt translative -kseks -ksiks essive -ksenna, -kseen -ksinna, -ksiin exessive1) -ksent -ksint 1) obsolete *) the accusative corresponds with either the genitive (sg) or nominative (pl) **) the comitative is formed by adding the suffix -ka? or -kä? to the genitive.

(front-vocalic) Declension of -s (type 2/petos, no gradation) singular plural nominative -s -kset genitive -ksen -ksiin partitive -stä, -st -ksiä illative -ksee -ksii inessive -ksees -ksiis elative -ksest -ksist allative -kselle -ksille adessive -kseel -ksiil ablative -kselt -ksilt translative -kseks -ksiks essive -ksennä, -kseen -ksinnä, -ksiin exessive1) -ksent -ksint 1) obsolete *) the accusative corresponds with either the genitive (sg) or nominative (pl) **) the comitative is formed by adding the suffix -ka? or -kä? to the genitive.

• V. I. Junus (1936), Iƶoran Keelen Grammatikka‎^[2], Leningrad: Riikin Ucebno-pedagogiceskoi Izdateljstva, page 43

Inherited from Proto-Finnic *-ci, from Proto-Uralic *-ti. Cognates include Finnish -si.

• IPA^(key): /s/

-s

1. Used to mark the possession of the second person; thy, your

   jalka (“leg”) → jalkas (“your leg(s)”)

• P. M. Zaykov (1999), Грамматика Карельского языка (фонетика и морфология) [Grammar of the Karelian language (phonetics and morphology)], →ISBN, page 47

Derived from Proto-Slavic *sь.

• IPA^(key): /s/

-s

1. attached to pronouns with an indefinite meaning; some-

   ‎chto (“who”) + ‎-s → ‎chtos (“someone”)

Inherited from Proto-Indo-European *-s. Cognate with Ancient Greek -ς (-s).

-s

1. suffix marking the nominative singular form of non-neuter nouns and adjectives in declensions other than the first.

The suffix appears most obviously in the third declension, as in urbs. Stem-final consonants are often modified or deleted before the suffix: for example, ‎lēg- (“law”) + ‎-s → ‎lēx (“law”, nominative singular) and ‎dent- (“tooth”) + ‎-s → ‎dēns (“tooth”, nominative singular). Etymologically, the Latin third declension includes both original consonant-stem nouns and i-stem nouns, but these two classes are not consistently distinguished in the nominative singular. Many nominative forms that originally ended in *-is were shortened by syncope or analogy (e.g. *ǵénh₁tis > gēns), while some nominative forms of original consonant-stem nouns had -is added by analogy (e.g. *ḱwṓ and *h₂yéwHō were replaced in Latin with canis and iuvenis, respectively). The ending -s usually does not appear in the nominative singular of n-stem, r-stem, or l-stem nouns. Most non-neuter n-stems instead drop the -n- and take the ending -ō̆ in the nominative singular (such as homō̆, hominis or carō̆, carnis); a smaller set end in -n in the nominative singular (as in tībīcen, tībīcinis); -s appears only in a handful of exceptional nouns such as canis, iuvenis, sanguī̆s. R-stem and l-stem nouns (such as āctor, cōnsul) normally have nominative singular forms ending in -r or -l respectively. Latin nominative singular forms that end in -ns, -rs or -ls are derived by consonant cluster simplification from stems ending in -t(i)- or -d(i)- (e.g. mōns, montis; pars, partis; puls, pultis).

Second declension non-neuter nominative singular forms originally ended in the suffix -s preceded by the Indo-European thematic vowel *-o-. Because of vowel reduction, Proto-Italic *-os developed regularly to Classical Latin -us, which is often interpreted as a nominative suffix of its own (an example of rebracketing) rather than a sequence of stem-final vowel + -s. Likewise, in the fourth declension and fifth declension, -s is always preceded by the characteristic vowels of these declensions (-u- and -ē- respectively), with the result that -us and -ēs are frequently regarded as nominative singular suffixes for these declensions.

The suffix -s generally appears only on non-neuter nominative/vocative forms, but it is found in the neuter nominative/vocative/accusative singular of third declension adjectives "of one termination". From an etymological perspective, third-declension neuter nouns such as genus, generis that end in -s in the nominative singular alternating with -r- in oblique forms do not end in this suffix: rather, they are derived from stems that originally ended in the consonant *s (which was changed to -r- by rhotacism when followed by a suffix starting with a vowel).

Inherited from Middle Low German -es, from Old Saxon -es, the masculine and neuter genitive singular ending of strong nouns.

-s

1. (archaic) Used to form the genitive case of (strong) masculine and neuter nouns.
2. (rare) Used to form the genitive case of proper nouns.
3. Used to form the partitive form of the adjective

   groot → wat groots

4. Used to form adverbs

   Nacht → nachts

-s

1. his, hers, theirs

• -ish, -sh

From Old Irish -sa (first person singular) and -su (second person singular).

-s

1. -self (emphatic)

• Added to prepositional pronouns (ending in a broad consonant) to add emphasis:
  • Used in first-person singular: (e.g., lhiams).
  • Used in second-person singular: (e.g., orts).

• -yn
• -syn

-s

1. alternative form of -es (plural suffix)

-s

1. alternative form of -es (genitive suffix)

-s

1. alternative form of -es (adverbial suffix)

-s

1. habitual verb suffix
   1. in verbal nouns: -er
   2. in adjectival verbs, indicates that the subject is not singular

• Nora Deering; Helga H. Delisle (1976), Mohawk: A teaching grammar (preliminary version), Quebec: Manitou College, page 439

From English -s.

-s

1. Used to form plurals of nouns; -s.

Inherited from Proto-Samic *-s.

-s

2. Forms nouns indicating a material.
4. Forms collective numbers from ordinal numbers, indicating a group.

   ‎golbma (“three”) + ‎-s → ‎golmmas (“trio; group of three”)

• This suffix triggers the weak grade on a preceding stressed syllable in the nominative singular and essive, and the strong grade in the other forms.

Odd, no gradation
Nominative	-s
Genitive	-sa
	Singular	Plural
Nominative	-s	-sat
Accusative	-sa	-siid
Genitive	-sa	-siid
Illative	-sii	-siidda
Locative	-sis	-siin
Comitative	-siin	-siiguin
Essive	-sin
Possessive forms Singular Dual Plural 1st person -san -seamẹ -seamẹt 2nd person -sat -seattẹ -seattẹt 3rd person -sis -seaskkạ -seasẹt

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)

-s

1. Forms adverbs of manner from adjectives.

   ‎buorre (“good”) + ‎-s → ‎būres (“well”)

• This suffix triggers the weak grade on a preceding stressed syllable.

Inherited from Proto-Samic *-ksë. Cognate with the Finnish translative ending -ksi.

-s

1. Forms adverbs indicating direction or a span of time.

   ‎davvi (“north”) + ‎-s → ‎davás (“northwards”)

   ‎dálvi (“winter”) + ‎-s → ‎dálvvás (“for the winter”)

• This suffix triggers the weak grade on a preceding stressed syllable.

From a merger of two older case endings:

• Inessive, Proto-Samic *-snē. Cognate with Finnish -ssa.
• Elative, Proto-Samic *-stē. Cognate with Finnish -sta.

-s

1. The ending of the locative singular case.

• This suffix triggers the weak grade on a preceding stressed syllable.

When possessive suffixes are attached, the suffix reverts to its earlier form -st- (for even-syllable stems) or -stti- (for odd-syllable stems).

From Danish -s, from Old Norse -sk, a grammaticalisation of Proto-Germanic *sek (reflexive pronoun).

-s

1. Used to form the passive voice of verbs.

From Danish -s, from Old Norse -s, originally the genitive singular ending of a-stem nouns.

-s

1. Used to form genitive/possessive phrases, attached to the last word in a noun phrase.

If the last word already ends with a sibilant, only an apostrophe (-') is added. It is incorrect to use an apostrophe before the s.

Inherited from Proto-Algonquian *-ehs. Cognate to Plains Cree -is.

• IPA^(key): /s/

-s

1. Diminutive suffix for small animals
2. Affective suffix for kinship terms

• The Ojibwe People's Dictionary https://ojibwe.lib.umn.edu/word-part/s-final

From Proto-West Germanic *-issju, *-ussju, from Proto-Germanic *-isjō, *-usjō.

• IPA^(key): /s/

-s

1. (often affects the value or quality of preceding consonants, may or may not cause i-mutation) Feminine noun suffix forming nouns from adjectives and verbs

   ‎milde (“gentle, mild”) + ‎-s → ‎milts (“mercy”) (earlier milds)

   ‎līþe (“gentle, limber”) + ‎-s → ‎liss (“grace”) (earlier liþs)

   ‎cweþan (“to say, speak”) + ‎-s → ‎cwiss (“a saying”) (earlier cwiþs)

Strong ō-stem:

• -z (for most words that do not end in -e)

-s

1. indicates a nominative singular of a masculine noun or adjective
2. indicates an oblique plural of a masculine noun or adjective
3. indicates a (nominative or oblique) plural of a feminine noun or adjective

• Middle French: -s
  • French: -s

-s

1. (no longer productive) Forms nouns from verbs, indicating the activity of the verb

• Campbell, L. (1985). The Pipil Language of El Salvador. Mouton De Gruyter. p.49

• (Portugal, Northeast Brazil, Rio de Janeiro) IPA^(key): /ʃ/
• (Central-South Brazil) IPA^(key): /s/

• -es (after certain consonants and nasal vowels)

-s (non-lemma form of noun-forming suffix or adjective-forming suffix)

1. used to form the regular plural of nouns and adjectives, especially those that end in vowels
   • 2007, J. K. Rowling, translated by Lia Wyler, Harry Potter e as Relíquias da Morte [Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows] (Harry Potter; 7), Rio de Janeiro: Rocco, →ISBN, page 308:

     Você notou os cabelos dela, são negros e brilhantes e macios...

     Did you notice her hair, it's dark and bright and soft...

-s vs. -es vs. non-use:

• After l ([ɫ] [l], [w]), -s is used and the l is replaced with i ([j]): pastel → pastéis, capital → capitais,
  • A scattering of exceptions have or allow -es after l, the most common being mal → males
  • After stressed il, -s is used and the l is dropped: hostil → hostis, canil → canis
  • After unstressed il, the ending becomes -eis: réptil → répteis, projétil → projéteis
  • In sporadic and strongly proscribed Brazilian usage, the same rules are applied to words that end in a vowel + u or o ([w]): degrau → * degrais, troféu → * troféis
• After s:
  • -es if the word is stressed in the last syllable: convés → conveses, anis → anises
  • not used otherwise: status → status, íris → íris
• after m, -s is used and the m becomes n; this is an orthographic process, since in both cases the final consonant marks vowel nasalisation: dom → dons
• after n, either, but -es is more common in dialects where it is produced as /n/ rather than vowel nasalisation: hífen → hifens or hífenes
• after r and z, -es is used
• after vowels and semivowels, -s is used
  • the plural of words ending in -ão can be -ões (by far the most common), -ãos (usually masculines with a feminine in -ã) or -ães (only a handful of words)
• loanwords usually follow the same rules: mouse → mouses, ópera → óperas
  • in recent English loanwords ending in r, and occasionally in loans from other languages, -s is used: player → players
  • unadapted loanwords ending in unusual consonants usually take -s or no morpheme: ankh → ankhs, flood → floods, spam → spam or spams
  • rarely, and often alongside a regular form, the plural from the original language is used: campus → campi (also campus), mafioso → mafiosi (more commonly mafiosos), gol → gols (very rarely goles or gois)
  • after x, Hellenisms and Latinisms are usually unchanged (following the rule for words ending in s), but sometimes have -es and the x becomes c (/s/), especially in Brazilian Portuguese: tórax → tórax, clímax → clímax or clímaces
• more often than not, surnames do not take an extra morpheme in the plural; when they do, they are usually Portuguese surnames with recognisable Portuguese morphemes: o Ferreira → os Ferreira or os Ferreiras
• names of peoples that do not contain Portuguese endings usually do not take the plural morpheme: polaco → polacos; ashanti → ashanti or ashantis (less common)

In informal varieties of Brazilian Portuguese, a noun phrase may take a single plural marker, usually in the article. For example, “the big houses” may be as casa grande where standard Portuguese requires as casas grandes. This usage is very widespread, however, it is proscribed and generally regarded as unacceptable in formal contexts and in serious writing.

In some words that end in O and have a stressed /o/ in the penult, the stressed vowel becomes /ɔ/ in the plural. See Category:Portuguese nouns with metaphony.

Colloquial Brazilian Portuguese allows /j/ to be added before /s/ in words stressed in their final syllables. This is blocked by morpheme boundaries, such that nós (“we”) may be pronounced /nɔjs/, but nós (“knots”) can only be pronounced as /nɔs/. vocês and colloquial forms cês and ocês are an exception to this rule, and can be pronounced /voˈsejs/. Note that this process is usually avoided in formal speech.

-s

1. (Brazil, slang) used to form slangier forms of certain words

   ‎foi mal (“sorry”) + ‎-s → ‎foi mals (“soz”)

   ‎grande coisa (“big deal”) + ‎-s → ‎grandes coisa (“biggie”)

   ‎valeu (“thank you”) + ‎-s → ‎valeus (“thanks”)

• -si (after consonants)
• -sh

-s

1. Evidential suffix, second-hand information. Indicates that the speaker has not directly experienced the information at hand; hearsay

   Qusqumantas kanki. ― (They say that) you are from Cusco.

   Inisqa qayna ñañantas watukusqan. ― Inez visited her sister yesterday (so I heard).

• -m/-mi

Derived from the Latin accusative plural endings (-ās, -ōs, -ēs).

-s

1. Used to form the regular plural of nouns and adjectives which end in vowels.

   ‎amigo (“friend”) + ‎-s → ‎amigos (“friends”)

   ‎cocina (“kitchen”) + ‎-s → ‎cocinas (“kitchens”)

• IPA^(key): /s/

Inherited from Old Swedish -s, from Old Norse -s, originally the genitive singular ending of a-stem nouns. Cognate with Danish -s. The frequent use of the suffix in written and modern colloquial Swedish is possibly the result of foreign influence, either Latin or Middle Low German.

-s (clitic)

1. Used to form genitive phrases, attached to the last word in a noun phrase.

• -s-

Inherited from Old Norse -sk, a grammaticalisation of Proto-Germanic *sek (reflexive pronoun).

-s

1. (productive) Used to form the passive voice of verbs.

   Bilen kör. ― The car drives.

   Bilen körs. ― The car is (being) driven.

   Bilen körde. ― The car drove.

   Bilen kördes. ― The car was (being) driven.

   Bilen har kört. ― The car has driven. (For illustration. Would sound a bit odd in most contexts, like in English.)

   Bilen har körts. ― The car has been driven.

   Grisen äter. ― The pig eats.

   Grisen äts. ― The pig is (being) eaten.

   • 1995, Peter Grönvall, Maria Rådsten, Nanne Grönvall, “Det vackraste [The Most Beautiful Thing ["thing" from being nominalized]]”‎^[3]performed by Cecilia Vennersten:

     Det är en rikedom att få älska och att älskas.

     It is a great wealth to get to love and to be loved.

2. (chiefly unproductive) Used to form the middle (reflexive and reciprocal) voice of verbs.

   Jag mötte honom. ― I met him.

   Vi möttes. ― We met up. (literally, “We met each other.”)

   Han slog mig. ― He hit me.

   Vi slogs. ― We fought. (literally, “We hit each other.”)

3. (by extension) Used with certain transitive verbs, but without an object, to indicate a habitual or natural action.

   Var försiktig! Hästen sparkas. ― Be careful! The horse kicks [has a disposition to kick].

   Hunden bits. ― The dog bites [habitually].

   Han knuffas mycket. ― He pushes people a lot.

• Until the middle of the 20th century, the variant suffix -es was used to mark the present passive of all -er verbs of the second and fourth conjugations. This usage is mostly considered archaic today, but -es is still used for -er verbs whose stems end in s.
• See also vara (“be”), which forms a passive voice for states or completed actions.
• Verbs with the suffix -s that are not passive (including those in 2 and 3 above) are called deponent verbs. In such cases, the passive reading is often also possible. For example, vi slogs might also mean “we were hit” and hunden bits might mean “the dog is bitten”. However, such readings would be unintuitive unless suggested by the context.

Mostly from English -s.

-s

1. (chiefly colloquial, often proscribed) Used to form the plural form of some words, mostly loanwords

   ‎partner + ‎-s → ‎partners

   ‎fan + ‎-s → ‎fans

   ‎taco + ‎-s → ‎tacos

• -sar

Originally from Old Swedish -s, a genitive suffix. Many of the examples are later analogically derived from each other.

-s

1. Used to derive some adverbs from nouns or adjectives

   ‎söndag (“Sunday”) + ‎-s → ‎i söndags (“last Sunday”)

2. (colloquial) Used to form an adverbial participle from a present participle in -ande, -ende

   ‎skrattande (“laughing”) + ‎-s → ‎skrattandes

   Hon gick bort skrattandes. ― She went away laughing.

• -as, -se, -es

-s in Elof Hellquist, Svensk etymologisk ordbok (1st ed., 1922)

Possibly from English -s.

• (Standard Tagalog) IPA^(key): /s/ [s]

-s (Baybayin spelling ᜐ᜔)

1. (slang, generally humorous) suffix added in slang, especially in place of reduplication

   ‎pwede + ‎-s → ‎pweds

• Tagalog terms suffixed with -s

  alaws

  amats

  arats

  bagets

  balswals

  bopols

  carps

  dabarkads

  daks

  deds

  dehins

  deliks

  dyologs

  ebs

  echas

  elibs

  ermats

  erpats

  etits

  gets

  gibuts

  gumps

  japorms

  jebs

  juts

  kebs

  kitakits

  kuys

  lods

  manyakis

  mangjombags

  mars

  naks

  ogags

  oks

  olats

  ows

  peksman

  petiks

  peyups

  pics

  pots

  puweds

  sags

  saks

  scoobs

  sharks

  tambs

  timbs

  tobalats

  tomguts

  tong-its

  tongpats

  was

  xerex

• Zorc, R. David; San Miguel, Rachel (1993), Tagalog Slang Dictionary‎^[4], Manila: De La Salle University Press, →ISBN

Borrowed from English -s.

• (North Wales) IPA^(key): /s/
• (South Wales) IPA^(key): /s/, /z/

-s

1. Used to form plural nouns.

   Synonyms: -aid, -aint, -au, -ed, -edd, -en, -i, -iaid, -iau, -ion, -od, -oedd, -on, -ydd, -yr, -ys

   ‎bàth (“bath”) + ‎-s → ‎baths (“baths”)

   ‎tomato (“tomato”) + ‎-s → ‎tomatos (“tomatoes”)

   ‎gwdihŵ (“owl”) + ‎-s → ‎gwdihŵs (“owls”)

Ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *só (“that”).

• IPA^(key): /s/

-s

1. (literary, otherwise obsolete) him, her, it, them

   Nis gwelais erioed.

   I never saw him/her/it/them.

   Dyna ymadrodd nas clywir yn aml.

   That is a phrase which is not often heard.

   (literally, “There is a phrase which one does not hear [it] often.”)

   Nid yw iaith yn fyw onis defnyddir.

   The language is not alive unless it is used. (literally, “…unless one uses it.”)

   • 1588, Y Beibl cyssegr-lan, 1 Corinthians 2:7,8:

     Eithr yr ydym ni yn llefaru doethineb Duw mewn dirgelwch, sef y ddoethineb guddiedig, yr hon a ragordeiniodd Duw cyn yr oesoedd i’n gogoniant ni: yr hon nid adnabu neb o dywysogion y byd hwn: oherwydd pes adwaenasent, ni chroeshoeliasent Arglwydd y gogoniant.

     But we speak the wisdom of God in a mystery, even the hidden wisdom, which God ordained before the world unto our glory: which none of the princes of this world knew: for had they known it, they would not have crucified the Lord of glory.

• Found only in formal language after certain vowel-final preverbal particles, such as ni, na, oni and pe. After other vowel-final preverbal particles, such as fe, a and y, singular 'i and plural 'u are used instead.

• os (“if”)

• R. J. Thomas, G. A. Bevan, P. J. Donovan, A. Hawke, et al., editors (1950–present), “-s”, in Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru Online (in Welsh), University of Wales Centre for Advanced Welsh & Celtic Studies