Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/h₁es-

This Proto-Indo-European entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

Etymology

    Probably related to *h₁eh₁s- (“to sit”). According to the EIEC, the root *h₁es- may have originally meant "to sit" before eventually coming to mean "to be." For a semantic relationship between the meanings "to be" and "to sit," the EIEC compares Spanish ser (“to be”), which has forms deriving from Latin esse (“to be”) and from Latin sedeō (“to sit”).[1]

    Root

    *h₁es- (imperfective)[2][3][4][5]

    1. to be

    Derived terms

    Terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *h₁es- (70 c, 0 e)

    Derived terms

    • *h₁és-ti ~ *h₁s-énti (athematic root present)[2]
    • *h₁s-sḱé-ti[3]
      • Proto-Anatolian:
        • Palaic: [script needed] (iska, 2sg.impv.)
      • Proto-Hellenic:
      • Proto-Italic:
        • Old Latin: escit (3sg.fut.)
      • Proto-Tocharian:
        • Tocharian B: skente (3pl.)[6]
    • *h₁s-ónt-s (active participle)
    • *h₁és-u-s ~ *h₁s-éw-s (or only created in Proto-Indo-Iranian)
    • (perhaps) *h₁su-
    • (perhaps) *h₁s-dʰló-

    Descendants

    • Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Has-

    References

    1. ^ Mallory, J. P., Adams, D. Q., editors (1997), “*h₁ēs-”, in Encyclopedia of Indo-European Culture, London, Chicago: Fitzroy Dearborn Publishers, page 522
    2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 Ringe, Donald (2006), From Proto-Indo-European to Proto-Germanic (A Linguistic History of English; 1)‎[1], Oxford: Oxford University Press, →ISBN
    3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 Rix, Helmut, editor (2001), “1.*h₁es-”, in Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben [Lexicon of Indo-European Verbs] (in German), 2nd edition, Wiesbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag, →ISBN, pages 241-242
    4. ^ Wodtko, Dagmar S.; Irslinger, Britta; Schneider, Carolin (2008), Nomina im indogermanischen Lexikon [Nouns in the Indo-European Lexicon] (in German), Heidelberg: Universitätsverlag Winter, pages 235-238
    5. ^ Mallory, J. P., Adams, D. Q., editors (1997), “*h₁es-”, in Encyclopedia of Indo-European Culture, London, Chicago: Fitzroy Dearborn Publishers, page 53
    6. ^ Malzahn, Melanie (2010), The Tocharian Verbal System, Leiden: Brill, page 691
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