ti

See also: Appendix:Variations of "ti"

Translingual

Etymology

Clipping of English Tigrinya.

Symbol

ti

  1. (international standards) ISO 639-1 language code for Tigrinya.

See also

  • Wiktionary’s coverage of Tigrinya terms

English

Pronunciation

  • IPA(key): /tiː/
  • Audio (US):(file)
  • Rhymes: -iː
  • Homophones: T, te, tea, tee

Etymology 1

Coined by English music educator Sarah Anna Glover in 1812 as an alteration of si for her solmization, made so that every note of solfège would begin with a different letter, from Middle English si (seventh degree or note of Guido of Arezzo's hexachordal scales), Italian si in the solmization of Guido of Arezzo, from the initials of Latin Sāncte Iohannēs (Saint John (the Baptist)) in the lyrics of the scale-ascending hymn Ut queant laxis by Paulus Deacon.

Noun

ti (plural tis)

  1. (music) A syllable used in solfège to represent the seventh note of a major scale.
Synonyms
  • (music): si
Translations

Etymology 2

From a Polynesian language, related to Hawaiian .

Alternative forms

Noun

ti (plural tis)

  1. A good luck plant (Cordyline fruticosa), an evergreen shrub.

See also

Anagrams

Abinomn

Noun

ti

  1. taro

Albanian

Etymology

Inherited from Proto-Albanian *tū, from Proto-Indo-European *túh₂; modern accusative ty is from Proto-Albanian Proto-Albanian *twā from emphatic *tu̯ḗm, clitic is from clitic *te, and ablative teje is from locative *toí + -je from meje (see unë).

Pronunciation

  • IPA(key): [ti]

Pronoun

ti (accusative ty, dative ty, ablative teje)

  1. you (singular)

Declension

Forms of ti (2nd person singular)
nominative ti
ablative teje
full form clitic
accusative ty
dative ty
possessive adjective possessive pronoun
yt yti

See also

Albanian personal pronouns
singular plural
1st person unë ne
2nd person ti ju
3rd person m ai ata
f ajo ato

Ao

Etymology

Ao numbers (edit)
80
 ←  7 8 9  → 
    Cardinal: ti

Unknown. No apparent connection to the usual Sino-Tibetan word for "eight", *pV-rjat, can be phonetically substantiated.

Pronunciation

  • (Chungli) IPA(key): /ti˥/, [ti˥]

Numeral

ti

  1. (Chungli) eight

Further reading

  • Bruhn, Daniel Wayne (2014), A Phonological Reconstruction of Proto-Central Naga[1], Berkeley: University of California, page 53
  • Gowda, K. S. Gurubasave (1985), Ao-English-Hindi Dictionary, Mysore: Central Institute of Indian Languages, page 37
  • Clark, Mary M. (1893), Ao Naga grammar with illustrative phrases and vocabulary, Molung: Assam Secretariat Printing Office, page 44

Aromanian

Etymology

Inherited from Latin , accusative of . Compare Romanian te.

Pronoun

ti (unstressed accusative and reflexive form of tu)

  1. (direct object) you

Asturian

Pronunciation

  • IPA(key): /ˈti/ [ˈt̪i]

Interjection

ti

  1. interjection used to call goats

Bahnar

Etymology

Inherited from Proto-Bahnaric *tiː, from Proto-Mon-Khmer *t₁iiʔ. Cognate with Pacoh ati, Khmer ដៃ (day), Bolyu ti⁵⁵, Riang [Lang] tiʔ¹.

Pronunciation

  • IPA(key): /tiː/

Noun

ti

  1. hand

Breton

Etymology

From Middle Breton ty, from Proto-Brythonic *tɨɣ, from Proto-Celtic *tegos, from Proto-Indo-European *(s)teg-.

Noun

ti m (plural tiez or tier)

  1. house

References

  • Cornillet, Gérard (2017), “ti”, in Geriadur galleg brezhoneg, dictionnaire français breton[2] (in French), page 1272

Byangsi

Noun

ti

  1. water

References

  • Yasuhiko Nagano, Randy J. LaPolla, New Research on Zhangzhung and Related Himalayan Languages (2001)
  • Tibeto-Himalayan Languages of Uttarkhand (1989), section Chaudangsi-Byangsi, page 161:

Chaudangsi

Noun

ti

  1. water

References

  • Tibeto-Himalayan Languages of Uttarkhand (1989), section Chaudangsi-Byangsi, page 161:

Choctaw

Etymology

Borrowed from English tea.

Pronunciation

  • IPA(key): /tiː(ʔ)/
  • Transcription: tii'

Noun

(alienable)

  1. tea

Chuukese

Etymology

Borrowed from English tea.

Noun

ti

  1. tea

Cornish

Etymology 1

From Middle Cornish tye, from Old Cornish tof, from Proto-Celtic *tungeti (to swear an oath)

Alternative forms

Noun

ti m (plural tiow)

  1. oath, vow
    Synonym: li

Verb

ti (irregular)

  1. to swear, vow
    Synonyms: kossya, lia, mollethi
Conjugation
Conjugation of ti
singular plural impersonal
first second third first second third
indicative present/future tov tedh te ten towgh tons ter
preterite tes tesys tos tesen tesowgh tosons tos
imperfect ten tes te ten tewgh tens tes
pluperfect tosen toses tosa tosen tosewgh tosens tosys
subjunctive present/future tylliv tylli tollo tyllyn tyllowgh tollons toller
imperfect tollen tolles tolla tollen tollewgh tollens tollys
imperative to teses tes tewgh tens
non-finites present participle ow ti verbal adjective tes

Etymology 2

From to (roof, noun) +‎ -i.

Verb

ti

  1. to roof

Etymology 3

Borrowed from English tee.

Noun

ti ?

  1. (sports) tee

Mutation

Mutation of ti
radical soft aspirate hard mixed
ti di thi unchanged unchanged

Note: Certain mutated forms of some words can never occur in standard Cornish.
All possible mutated forms are displayed for convenience.

Corsican

Etymology

Inherited from Latin te. Cognates include Italian te, ti and French te.

Pronoun

ti

  1. thee, you (singular; both direct and indirect object)

See also

Corsican personal pronouns
nominative dative accusative disjunctive
singular 1st person eiu mi
2nd person ti
3rd person m ellu li u, l' ellu
f ella a, l' ella
plural 1st person noi ci noi
2nd person voi vi voi
3rd person m elli li i, l' elli
f elle e, l' elle

References

Czech

Etymology

Inflected form of ten or ty.

Pronunciation

  • IPA(key): [ˈcɪ]
  • Audio:(file)

Pronoun

ti

  1. they, those
    Kde jsou Pavel s Ivanou? Ti přijdou později.Where are Pavel and Ivana? Those two will come later.
  2. to you
    Dávám ti to na opravu.I give it to you to repair.

Synonyms

Danish

Danish numbers (edit)
100
[a], [b] ←  1  ←  9 10 11  →  20  → 
1[a], [b]
    Cardinal: ti
    Ordinal: tiende

Pronunciation

  • IPA(key): /tiːˀ/, [ˈtˢiˀ]

Etymology 1

Inherited from Old Norse tíu, from Proto-Germanic *tehun, cognate with Norwegian ti, Swedish tio, English ten, German zehn. The word goes back to Proto-Indo-European *déḱm̥ (ten), which is also the source of Latin decem, Ancient Greek δέκα (déka).

Numeral

ti

  1. ten
Derived terms
  • selvtiende
  • tiende
  • tital
  • titusinder
  • tiøre
  • tiår, tiårig, tiårs

Etymology 2

See the etymology of the corresponding lemma form.

Verb

ti

  1. imperative of tie

Darmiya

Noun

ti

  1. water

References

  • A Descriptive Grammar of Darma: An Endangered Tibeto-Burman Language (2007)

Dogrib

Etymology

Inherited from Proto-Athabaskan *tuˑ.

Noun

ti

  1. water
  2. liquid
  3. lake

References

  • Tłįįchǫ yati Enįhtł'è (1996; published by the Dogrib Divisional Board of Education, Dogrib Language Centre)
  • Thomas Sebeok, Native Languages of the Americas, volume 1, page 292: [Howren] notes u > i in Dogrib (ti 'water', Hare-Bearlake tu; this shift occurs also in Ingalik and Tanaina in Alaska)

Fala

Etymology

Inherited from Old Galician-Portuguese ti, from Latin tibi.

Pronoun

ti

  1. Second person singular prepositional pronoun; you

See also

Fala personal pronouns
nominative dative accusative disjunctive
singular first person ei me, -mi mi
second person te, -ti ti
third
person
m el le, -li uLV, oM el
f ela a ela
plural first
person
common nos musL
nusLV
nos, -nusM
nos
m noshotrusM noshotrusM
f noshotrasM noshotrasM
second
person
common vos vusLV
vos, -vusM
vos
m voshotrusM voshotrusM
f voshotrasM voshotrasM
third
person
m elis le, -li usLV, osM elis
f elas as elas
third person reflexive se, -si

Dialects:  L Lagarteiru   M Mañegu   V Valverdeñu

References

  • Valeš, Miroslav (2021), Diccionariu de A Fala: lagarteiru, mañegu, valverdeñu (web)[3], 2nd edition, Minde, Portugal: CIDLeS, published 2022, →ISBN, page 268

Fijian

Noun

ti

  1. tea

Finnish

Etymology 1

Pronunciation

As tiistai.

Noun

ti

  1. abbreviation of tiistai (Tuesday)

Etymology 2

    Borrowed from English dit.

    Pronunciation

    • IPA(key): /ˈti/, [ˈt̪i]
    • Rhymes: -i
    • Syllabification(key): ti
    • Hyphenation(key): ti

    Noun

    ti

    1. dit (spoken representation of a dot in radio and telegraph Morse code)
    Declension
    • not inflected
    Synonyms
    Derived terms
    See also

    French

    Etymology

    From est-il (literally is it?). Compare Canadian French tu.

    Pronunciation

    Particle

    ti

    1. (dated, colloquial) question marker

    Friulian

    Etymology

    Inherited from Latin , accusative singular of . As an indirect object, in part from Latin tibi, dative singular of , through a Vulgar Latin *ti.

    Pronoun

    ti (second person direct object, indirect object)

    1. (direct object) you
    2. (indirect object) to you
    3. (reflexive pronoun) yourself

    Galician

    Alternative forms

    Etymology

    Inherited from Old Galician-Portuguese tu, ti; from Latin . The accusative is from Latin ; one dative form, used after a preposition, from tibi; the other dative form, from metanalysis of the contractions of te + article.

    Pronunciation

    • IPA(key): /ˈti/ [ˈt̪i]
    • Rhymes: -i
    • Hyphenation: ti

    Pronoun

    ti (after a preposition ti, accusative te, dative che)

    1. you (singular)
      Synonyms: vós, vostede, Vde.

    See also

    Galician personal pronouns
    number person nominative
    (subject)
    accusative
    (direct object)
    dative
    (indirect object)
    prepositional prepositional
    with con
    non-declining
    singular first eu me min comigo
    second ti te che ti contigo vostede
    third m el o (lo, no) lle el con el
    f ela a (la, na) ela con ela
    plural first nós
    nosoutros m
    nosoutras f
    nos nós connosco
    second vós
    vosoutros m
    vosoutras f
    vos vós convosco vostedes
    third m eles os (los, nos) lles eles con eles
    f elas as (las, nas) elas con elas
    reflexive third /
    indefinite
    se si consigo

    References

    Haitian Creole

    Etymology

    Derived from French petit (little).

    Pronunciation

    Adjective

    ti

    1. little

    Hanunoo

    Pronunciation

    • IPA(key): /ˈti/ [ˈti]
    • Rhymes: -i
    • Syllabification: ti

    Article

    ti (Hanunoo spelling ᜦᜲ)

    1. the one; that which
      mayad ti tawothe person is good
      Sintay ti mayad?
      Who is the one who is good?
      ti mga daotthe (things which are) bad

    See also

    Further reading

    • Conklin, Harold C. (1953), Hanunóo-English Vocabulary (University of California Publications in Linguistics), volume 9, London, England: University of California Press, →OCLC, page 273

    Hausa

    Etymology

    Borrowed from English tea.

    Pronunciation

    • IPA(key): /tîː/
      • (Standard Kano Hausa) IPA(key): [tîː]

    Noun

     m (possessed form tîn)

    1. tea
      Synonym: shayi

    Hungarian

    Pronunciation

    • IPA(key): [ˈti]
    • Audio:(file)
    • Rhymes: -ti

    Etymology 1

    Inherited from Proto-Uralic *te. Compare Finnish te.

    Pronoun

    ti

    1. (personal) you guys, y'all, you all, you (second-person plural, nominative, informal form)
    Declension
    Declension of ti
    nominative ti
    accusative titeket
    dative nektek
    instrumental veletek
    causal-final értetek
    inessive bennetek
    superessive rajtatok
    adessive nálatok
    illative belétek
    sublative rátok
    allative hozzátok
    elative belőletek
    delative rólatok
    ablative tőletek
    Coordinate terms
    Hungarian personal pronouns
    singular plural
    1st person én mi
    2nd person familiar te ti
    polite, unfamiliar maga maguk
    formal ön önök
    3rd person ő ők
    Derived terms

    Note: In all these forms, ti is optional and only serves for emphasis.

    Etymology 2

    (This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)

    Noun

    ti (plural tik)

    1. si, a syllable used in solfège to represent the seventh note of a major scale
      Coordinate terms: , , mi, , szó,
    2. dot (the short mark, one of the two symbols used in Morse code)
    Declension

    Its inflected forms are uncommon.

    Inflection (stem in long/high vowel, front unrounded harmony)
    singular plural
    nominative ti tik
    accusative tit tiket
    dative tinek tiknek
    instrumental tivel tikkel
    causal-final tiért tikért
    translative tivé tikké
    terminative tiig tikig
    essive-formal tiként tikként
    essive-modal tiül
    inessive tiben tikben
    superessive tin tiken
    adessive tinél tiknél
    illative tibe tikbe
    sublative tire tikre
    allative tihez tikhez
    elative tiből tikből
    delative tiről tikről
    ablative titől tiktől
    non-attributive
    possessive – singular
    tié tiké
    non-attributive
    possessive – plural
    tiéi tikéi
    Possessive forms of ti
    possessor single possession multiple possessions
    1st person sing. tim tijeim (or tiim)
    2nd person sing. tid tijeid (or tiid)
    3rd person sing. tije tijei (or tii)
    1st person plural tink tijeink (or tiink)
    2nd person plural titek tijeitek (or tiitek)
    3rd person plural tijük tijeik (or tiik)

    or (to reinforce the distinction from the inflection of the personal pronoun)

    Inflection (stem in long/high vowel, front unrounded harmony)
    singular plural
    nominative ti ti-k
    accusative ti-t ti-ket
    dative ti-nek ti-knek
    instrumental ti-vel ti-kkel
    causal-final ti-ért ti-kért
    translative ti-vé ti-kké
    terminative ti-ig ti-kig
    essive-formal ti-ként ti-kként
    essive-modal ti-ül
    inessive ti-ben ti-kben
    superessive ti-n ti-ken
    adessive ti-nél ti-knél
    illative ti-be ti-kbe
    sublative ti-re ti-kre
    allative ti-hez ti-khez
    elative ti-ből ti-kből
    delative ti-ről ti-kről
    ablative ti-től ti-ktől
    non-attributive
    possessive – singular
    ti-é ti-ké
    non-attributive
    possessive – plural
    ti-éi ti-kéi
    Possessive forms of ti
    possessor single possession multiple possessions
    1st person sing. ti-m ti-jeim (or ti-im)
    2nd person sing. ti-d ti-jeid (or ti-id)
    3rd person sing. ti-je ti-jei (or ti-i)
    1st person plural ti-nk ti-jeink (or ti-ink)
    2nd person plural ti-tek ti-jeitek (or ti-itek)
    3rd person plural ti-jük ti-jeik (or ti-ik)

    Further reading

    Further reading

    • (you guys): ti in Géza Bárczi, László Országh, et al., editors, A magyar nyelv értelmező szótára [The Explanatory Dictionary of the Hungarian Language] (ÉrtSz.), Budapest: Akadémiai Kiadó, 1959–1962. Fifth ed., 1992: →ISBN.
    • (ti [solfège sign]): ti in Géza Bárczi, László Országh, et al., editors, A magyar nyelv értelmező szótára [The Explanatory Dictionary of the Hungarian Language] (ÉrtSz.), Budapest: Akadémiai Kiadó, 1959–1962. Fifth ed., 1992: →ISBN.

    Iban

    Pronunciation

    • IPA(key): /tiʔ/

    Conjunction

    ti

    1. which ((relative) who, whom, what)

    Ido

    Pronunciation

    Pronoun

    ti

    1. alternative form of iti (those people, those things)
      Ti esas plu forta, ma ci plu bela.Those guys are stronger, but these guys are prettier.
      Yes, ma me kredas ke ti esas plu bona.Yes, but I think that those (things) are better.

    Indonesian

    Etymology

    Borrowed from English ti, from alteration of si, made so that every note of solfège would begin with a different letter.

    Pronunciation

    Noun

    ti

    1. (music) ti (a syllable used in solfège to represent the seventh note of a major scale)
      Synonym: si

    Isoko

    Alternative forms

    Verb

    ti

    1. (auxiliary) used to express the future tense, will
      Mẹ ti nya.
      I will go.

    Istriot

    Etymology

    Inherited from Latin .

    Pronoun

    ti

    1. you (second-person singular personal pronoun)
      • 1877, Antonio Ive, Canti popolari istriani: raccolti a Rovigno, volume 5, Ermanno Loescher, page 29:
        Ti son la manduleîna inzucherada.
        You are the sugared almond.

    Italian

    Etymology 1

    Derived from Latin (the name of the letter T).

    Pronunciation

    • IPA(key): **/ˈti/*
    • Rhymes: -i
    • Hyphenation:

    Noun

    ti f (invariable)

    1. The name of the Latin script letter T/t.; tee
    See also

    Etymology 2

    Inherited from Latin (accusative of ), from Proto-Indo-European *twé, *te, accusative of *túh₂ (you). As a dative, in part from Latin tibi, dative of , through a Vulgar Latin *ti.

    Alternative forms

    Pronunciation

    • IPA(key): /ti/°
    • Rhymes: -i
    • Hyphenation: ti

    Pronoun

    ti

    1. accusative/dative of tu; you
    2. second-person singular of si; you
    Usage notes
    • Becomes te when followed by a third person direct object clitic (lo, la, li, le, or ne).
    See also
    Italian personal pronouns
    singular plural
    first second second formal / polite5 third first second second formal / polite5 third
    m or f m f m or f m f
    nominative io tu Lei, Ella8 lui, egli8, elli3, 8, esso8 lei, ella8, essa8 noi voi, Voi7 Loro loro
    elli3, 8, ellino4, 8, eglino4, 8, essi8 elle3, 8, elleno4, 8, esse8
    atonic (clitic)11 accusative / dative-reflexive mi, m', -mi, me9 ti, t', -ti, te9 si6, s', -si, se9 ci, c', -ci, ce9 vi, Vi7, v', V'7, -vi, -Vi7, ve9 si, s', -si, se9
    accusative La, -La, L' lo, l', -lo, il4 la, l', -la Le, -Le li, -li le, -le
    dative Le, -Le glie9 Loro10 loro10, gli2, -gli2, glie9
    gli, -gli le, -le, gli2, -gli2
    locative ci, c',
    vi1, v'1
    ci, c',
    vi1, v'1
    partitive ne, n' ne, n'
    tonic12 prepositional-reflexive
    oblique me te Lei lui, esso8 lei, essa8 noi voi, Voi7 Loro loro,
    essi8 elle8, esse8
    1 Formal.
    2 Informal.
    3 Archaic.
    4 Obsolete.
    5 Grammatically third person forms used semantically in the second person as a formal or polite way of addressing someone (with the first letter frequently capitalised as a sign of respect, and to distinguish them from third person subjects). Unlike the singular forms, the plural forms are mostly antiquated terms of formal address in the modern language, and second person plural pronouns are almost always used instead.
    6 Also used as indefinite pronoun meaning “one”, and to form the passive.
    7 Formal (capitalisation optional); in many regions, can refer to just one person (compare with French vous).
    8 Traditional grammars still indicate the forms egli (animate), ella (animate), esso (inanimate), essa (inanimate), essi, esse as the nominative forms of the third person pronouns; outside of very formal or archaizing contexts, all such forms have been replaced by the obliques lui, lei, loro.
    9 Forms used when followed by a third-person direct object proclitic (lo, la, li, le, or ne).
    10 Used after verbs.
    11 Unstressed forms, stand alone forms are found proclitically (except dative loro / Loro), others enclitically (-mi, -ti, etc.).
    12 Disjunctive, emphatic oblique forms used as direct objects placed after verbs, in exclamations, along prepositions (prepositional) and some adverbs (come, quanto, etc.); also used with a to create alternative emphatic dative forms.

    Etymology 3

    Pronunciation

    • IPA(key): /ˈti/°, (traditional) /ˈti/*
    • Rhymes: -i
    • Hyphenation:

    Noun

    ti m (invariable)

    1. (music) ti (note)
    2. (music) B (note and scale)

    Further reading

    Japanese

    Romanization

    ti

    1. The katakana syllable ティ (ti) in Hepburn romanization.
    2. The katakana letter (ti) in Kunrei-shiki romanization.

    Kikuyu

    Particle

    ti

    1. (negation) not[1]
      Gũtema na kanua ti gũtema na rũhiũ
      Cutting with a mouth is not cutting with a knife.

    See also

    References

    1. ^ “ti2” in Benson, T.G. (1964). Kikuyu-English dictionary, p. 446. Oxford: Clarendon Press.

    Kongo

    Noun

    ti

    1. tea

    Ladin

    Etymology

    te +‎ i

    Contraction

    ti

    1. in the (masculine plural)

    Ladino

    Etymology

    Inherited from Old Spanish ti (thee), from Latin tibi, dative of tu.

    Pronoun

    ti (Hebrew spelling טי)[1]

    1. prepositional of tu
      • 1910, Reuben Eliyahu Israel, Traducsion libera de las poezias ebraicas de Roş Aşana i Kipur[4], Craiova: Institutul Grafic, I. Samitca şi D. Baraş, Socieatate in Comandita, →OCLC, page 10:
        Delantre de ti io mi orgolio abato
        I mi corason lo razgo con kevranto¹)
        I suppress my pride before you, and my heart tears it with despair.

    References

    1. ^ ti”, in Trezoro de la Lengua Djudeoespanyola [Treasury of the Judeo-Spanish Language] (in Ladino, Hebrew, and English), Instituto Maale Adumim

    Lai

    Noun

    ti

    1. water

    References

    Laz

    Noun

    ti

    1. Latin spelling of თი (ti)

    Ligurian

    Etymology

    Derived from Latin , accusative of (you), from Proto-Italic *tū (accusative *tē), from Proto-Indo-European *túh₂, (accusative *twé ~ *te).

    Pronunciation

    Pronoun

    ti

    1. you (singular)

    See also

    Lingala

    Etymology

    Borrowed from Kongo ti.

    Noun

    ti

    1. tea

    Lote

    Noun

    ti

    1. tea

    References

    • Greg Pearson, René van den Berg, Lote grammar sketch (2008)

    Mandarin

    Romanization

    ti

    1. nonstandard spelling of
    2. nonstandard spelling of
    3. nonstandard spelling of
    4. nonstandard spelling of

    Usage notes

    • Transcriptions of Mandarin into the Latin script often do not distinguish between the critical tonal differences employed in the Mandarin language, using words such as this one without indication of tone.

    Mara Chin

    Noun

    ti

    1. water

    References

    Marshallese

    Etymology

    Borrowed from English tea. Doublet of wōja and oja.

    Pronunciation

    Noun

    ti

    1. tea

    Synonyms

    Verb

    ti

    1. to pour in tea

    References

    Mauritian Creole

    Etymology

    Derived from French été (been). Compare Haitian Creole te.

    Pronunciation

    • IPA(key): /t͡si/, /t͡ɕi/

    Verb

    ti (medial form ti)

    1. (auxiliary) Used to indicate past tense.

    Middle English

    Determiner

    ti

    1. (chiefly Northern) alternative form of þi (thy)

    Mizo

    Verb

    ti (stem II tih)

    1. to do
    2. to say
    3. to think, believe

    Usage notes

    Ti is the usual verb to mark quotations in Mizo.

    Muong

    Etymology

    Inherited from Proto-Vietic *diː ~ tiː (to go, to walk). Cognate with Vietnamese đi.

    Pronunciation

    • IPA(key): /ti¹/

    Verb

    ti

    1. (Mường Bi) to go; to walk
      Da ti no đỉ?
      Where are you going?

    References

    • Nguyễn Văn Khang; Bùi Chỉ; Hoàng Văn Hành (2002), Từ điển Mường - Việt (Muong - Vietnamese dictionary)[5], Hanoi: Nhà xuất bản Văn hoá Dân tộc Hà Nội.

    Northern Kurdish

    Etymology

    Compare dialectal variations tu, çu, çi, from çi (what). Compare Central Kurdish هەچ (heç, any), an abbreviation of هەرچی (herçî, whatever). Loaned into Zazaki as çi.

    Adverb

    Central Kurdish هەچ (heç)

    ti

    1. any, at all
      tikes
      anyone
      Min titišt ne kirî e
      I haven't done anything
      Kes li wir ti ne bû.
      Noone was there.
      (literally, “One wasn't there at all.”)

    Usage notes

    • The original /č/ pronunciation becomes more prevalent in Southern dialects. Most dialects pronounce with an /u/.
    • Dialects under Turkish influence may take it as meaning "not any" in reference to Turkish hiç and yok, but the original sense is "any".
    • The noun may or may not take -ek (a, an) when ti is used.

    Norwegian Bokmål

    Norwegian Bokmål cardinal numbers
     <  9 10 11  > 
        Cardinal : ti
        Ordinal : tiende

    Etymology

    Inherited from Old Norse tíu, from Proto-Germanic *tehun (ten), from Proto-Indo-European *déḱm̥ (ten). Cognate with Icelandic tíu, Faroese tíggju, Swedish tio, Danish ti and English ten.

    Pronunciation

    Numeral

    ti

    1. ten

    Derived terms

    References

    Norwegian Nynorsk

    Norwegian Nynorsk cardinal numbers
     <  9 10 11  > 
        Cardinal : ti
        Ordinal : tiande

    Pronunciation

    • IPA(key): /tiː/
    • Rhymes: -iː
    • Homophones: tee, tid

    Etymology 1

    Inherited from Old Norse tíu, from Proto-Germanic *tehun, from Proto-Indo-European *déḱm̥ (ten).

    Germanic cognates include Norwegian Bokmål and Danish ti, Swedish tio, Icelandic tíu, Faroese tíggju, German zehn, Dutch tien, Saterland Frisian tjoon, English ten, and Gothic 𐍄𐌰𐌹𐌷𐌿𐌽 (taihun). Indo-European cognates include Ancient Greek δέκα (déka), Irish deich, Latin decem, Lithuanian dešimt, Persian ده, Russian десять (desjatʹ), and Sanskrit दश (daśa).

    Numeral

    ti

    1. ten
    Derived terms

    Etymology 2

    Alteration of si, so that every note of the solfège would begin with a different letter.

    Alternative forms

    Noun

    ti m (definite singular ti-en, indefinite plural ti-ar, definite plural ti-ane)

    1. (music) ti, a syllable used in solfège to represent the seventh note of a major scale.
    Coordinate terms

    Etymology 3

    From uti, similarly to tu (out of) and (of). Compare also Dalecarlian Swedish ti (in).

    Preposition

    ti

    1. (dialectal, Trøndelag, Eastern Norway) alternative form of uti
      Itj glømm å rødd ette dæ! Itj lægg att nåkkå søppel ti skauen
      Don’t forget to clean up after you! Don’t leave any rubbish in the forest
    2. (dialectal, Trøndelag, Eastern Norway) alternative form of i
      Dæ æ en vanskele tærræng å fårrå ti
      It is a difficult terrain for travelling in (it)
      E blaidd litt ti boka hass hær om dan å fann mytty rart dær
      I browsed some (pages) in his book the other day, and found a lot of strange (stuff) there

    References

    Anagrams

    Old French

    Pronoun

    ti pl

    1. your (second-person singular possessive pronoun)

    Old Galician-Portuguese

    Etymology

    Inherited from Latin tibi, dative of tu.

    Pronoun

    ti

    1. prepositional of tu
    2. alternative form of te

    References

    Old High German

    Preposition

    ti

    1. alternative form of zi

    Old Spanish

    Etymology

    Inherited from Latin tibi, dative of tu.

    Pronoun

    ti

    1. prepositional of tu
      • c. 1200, Almerich, Fazienda de Ultramar, f. 20v:
        Dixo nr̃o ſẽnor amoyſen ſub aq̃ tu e el pueblo que ſaq̃ſt de egipto ala tierra q̃ iure aabraã á yſaac a iacob ẽ dix ato liñaie la dare trametre mio angel delante ti e detroyra tos eñemigos []
        [Then] Our Lord said to Moses, “Go up from here, you and the people whom you brought out of Egypt, to the land I swore to Abraham, to Isaac and to Jacob when I said ‘I will give it to your descendants.’ I will send my angel before you and he will destroy your enemies. []

    References

    • Ralph Steele Boggs et al. (1946), “ti”, in Tentative Dictionary of Medieval Spanish, volume II, Chapel Hill, page 495

    Pali

    Pali cardinal numbers
     <  2 3 4  > 
        Cardinal : ti
        Ordinal : tatiya

    Alternative forms

    Etymology

    Inherited from Sanskrit त्रि (tri).

    Numeral

    ti

    1. three

    Declension

    Particle

    ti

    1. elided form of iti

    References

    • Pali Text Society (1921–1925), “ti”, in Pali-English Dictionary‎, London: Chipstead

    Pattani

    Noun

    ti

    1. water

    References

    • 1972, Paul Benedict, Sino-Tibetan: A Conspectus, p. 26 (as Manchati)

    Piedmontese

    Pronunciation

    Pronoun

    ti

    1. thee, you

    Pirahã

    Etymology

    Possibly borrowed from Nheengatu se.

    Pronunciation

    • IPA(key): /t͡ʃɪ̀/

    Pronoun

    ti

    1. I (first-person subject pronoun)
    2. me (first-person object pronoun)

    Portuguese

    Etymology 1

    Inherited from Old Galician-Portuguese ti, from Latin tibi, from Proto-Indo-European *tébʰye, dative of *túh₂ (you).

    Pronunciation

    Pronoun

    ti

    1. prepositional of tu
      Dá-los-ei a ti.
      I will give them to you.
    Usage notes

    In everyday parlance, this pronoun is often replaced by tu in many Brazilian dialects that use "tu".

    See also
    Portuguese personal pronouns
    number person nominative
    (subject)
    accusative
    (direct object)
    dative
    (indirect object)
    prepositional prepositional
    with com
    non-declining
    singular first eu me mim comigo
    second tu te ti contigo você
    o senhor m
    a senhora f
    third m ele o (lo, no) lhe ele com ele o mesmo
    f ela a (la, na) ela com ela a mesma
    plural first nós nos nós connosco (Portugal)
    conosco (Brazil)
    a gente
    second vós vos vós convosco
    com vós
    vocês
    os senhores m
    as senhoras f
    third m eles os (los, nos) lhes eles com eles os mesmos
    f elas as (las, nas) elas com elas as mesmas
    reflexive third /
    indefinite
    se si consigo o mesmo etc. (reflexive)

    Etymology 2

    Adjective

    ti (invariable)

    1. (lexicography) initialism of transitivo indireto

    Further reading

    Romansh

    Etymology

    Inherited from Latin .

    Pronoun

    ti

    1. you (singular familiar)

    Sassarese

    Pronunciation

    Etymology 1

    Derived from Latin (the name of the letter T).

    Noun

    ti f (invariable)

    1. The name of the Latin script letter T/t.; tee

    Etymology 2

    Inherited from Latin (accusative of ), from Proto-Indo-European *twé, *te, accusative of *túh₂ (you). As a dative, in part from Latin tibi, dative of , through a Vulgar Latin *ti.

    Alternative forms

    Pronoun

    ti

    1. (reflexive pronoun) yourself
      Cumenti ti ciami?What's your name? (literally, “How do you call yourself?”)
    2. dative of tu: to you
      Abà ti lu digguNow I'll tell you. (literally, “Now I tell it to you”)

    References

    • Rubattu, Antoninu (2006), Dizionario universale della lingua di Sardegna, 2nd edition, Sassari: Edes

    Scots

    Particle

    ti

    1. (Southern Scots) to

    Preposition

    ti

    1. (Southern Scots) to

    Serbo-Croatian

    Etymology 1

    Inherited from Proto-Slavic *ty, from Proto-Balto-Slavic *tūˀ, from Proto-Indo-European *túh₂.

    Pronunciation

    • IPA(key): /tîː/
    • Audio (Central Serbia):(file)

    Pronoun

     ? (Cyrillic spelling ти̑)

    1. (in the singular) you
    Declension
    Declension of ti
    singular plural
    nominative
    genitive tȅbe, te vȃs
    dative tȅbi, ti vȁma, vam
    accusative tȅbe, te vȃs
    vocative
    locative tȅbi vȁma
    instrumental tȍbōm vȁma

    See also

    Serbo-Croatian personal pronouns
    singular plural
    1st person ja mi
    2nd person familiar ti vi
    polite Vi
    3rd person m on oni
    f ona one
    n ono ona

    Etymology 2

    See the etymology of the corresponding lemma form.

    Pronoun

    ti

    1. to you (clitic dative singular of (you))
    2. you (vocative singular of (you))
    3. (emphatic, possessive, dative) your, of yours (clitic dative singular of (you))
      Želiš još?! Gdje ti je granica?!You want more?! Where's your limit?!
      Gdje ti je auto?Where is your car?

    Etymology 3

    See the etymology of the corresponding lemma form.

    Pronoun

    1. masculine nominative plural of taj; those
      Tko su ti ljudi?Who are those people?

    Etymology 4

    Adverb

    ti (Cyrillic spelling ти)

    1. (emphatic, informal) Used to reinforce a statement that is thought to be of interest to the listener, usually referring to oneself or third parties.
      Ja ti radim i vikendom.I work on the weekends as well.
      On ti se odselio još davno.He moved away a long time ago.

    Slovak

    Alternative forms

    Etymology

    Inherited from Proto-Slavic *ti.

    Pronoun

    ti

    1. dative of ty

    Slovene

    Etymology 1

    Inherited from Proto-Slavic *ty, from Proto-Indo-European *túh₂.

    Pronunciation

    • IPA(key): /tíː/

    Pronoun

    1. you (singular); thou
    2. (impersonal) one
    Declension
    Second masculine/first feminine/second neuter declension (a-stem), mixed accent, suppletive, highly irregular
    Stressed ("naglasne") forms
    nominative
    imenovȃlnik
    vȋdva m; vȋdve, vẹ̑dve f or n m; vẹ̑ f or n
    genitive
    rodȋlnik
    tébe vȃju, vȁs vȁs
    dative
    dajȃlnik
    tébi vȃma vȁm
    accusative
    tožȋlnik
    tébe vȃju vȁs
    locative
    mẹ̑stnik
    tébi nȃju, nȁs nȁs
    instrumental
    orọ̑dnik
    tȃbo, tebọ́j vȃma vȃmi
    (vocative)
    (ogȏvorni imenovȃlnik)
    vȋdva m; vȋdve, vẹ̑dve f or n m; vẹ̑ f or n
    Unstressed ("naslonske") forms
    singular dual plural
    genitive
    rodȋlnik
    te vaju, vas vas
    dative
    dajȃlnik
    ti vama vam
    accusative
    tožȋlnik
    ve vaju vas
    Binding ("navezne / predložne") accusative forms
    singular dual plural
    unstressed -te
    stressed tẹ̑

    Noun

     m animacy unspecified

    1. (only used in set phrases) use of familiar personal pronouns instead of polite ones
      S svojo šefico sva prešli na ti.My boss and I have started to use familiar personal pronouns.
    Declension
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    acc=1
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    Third masculine declension (no endings) (singularia tantum)
    nom. sing.
    gen. sing.
    singular
    nominative
    imenovȃlnik
    genitive
    rodȋlnik
    dative
    dajȃlnik
    accusative
    tožȋlnik
    locative
    mẹ̑stnik
    instrumental
    orọ̑dnik
    (vocative)
    (ogȏvorni imenovȃlnik)


    Derived terms

    • biti na ti
    • preiti na ti
    • priti na ti
    • tīkati

    Etymology 2

    see

    Pronunciation 1

    • IPA(key): /tíː/
    Determiner

    ti

    1. nominative dual feminine/neuter of
    2. accusative dual feminine/neuter of
    3. nominative plural masculine of

    Pronunciation 2

    • IPA(key): /tí/
    Determiner

    ti

    1. (stylistical) dative singular feminine of
    2. (stylistical) locative singular feminine of

    Etymology 3

    Borrowed from English ti.

    Pronunciation

    • IPA(key): /tíː/

    Noun

     m inan

    1. (music) ti, si
      Synonym:
    Usage notes

    Name ti is not officially recognized as a synonym of si.[→SSKJ, SP]

    Declension
    The template Template:sl-decl-noun-table3 does not use the parameter(s):
    acc=1
    Please see Module:checkparams for help with this warning.

    Third masculine declension (no endings)
    nom. sing.
    gen. sing.
    singular dual plural
    nominative
    imenovȃlnik
    genitive
    rodȋlnik
    dative
    dajȃlnik
    accusative
    tožȋlnik
    locative
    mẹ̑stnik
    instrumental
    orọ̑dnik
    (vocative)
    (ogȏvorni imenovȃlnik)
    The template Template:sl-decl-noun-table3 does not use the parameter(s):
    acc=1
    Please see Module:checkparams for help with this warning.

    First masculine declension (soft o-stem, inanimate) , -j- infix
    nom. sing.
    gen. sing. tȋja
    singular dual plural
    nominative
    imenovȃlnik
    tȋja tȋji
    genitive
    rodȋlnik
    tȋja tȋjev tȋjev
    dative
    dajȃlnik
    tȋju, tȋji tȋjema tȋjem
    accusative
    tožȋlnik
    tȋja tȋje
    locative
    mẹ̑stnik
    tȋju, tȋji tȋjih tȋjih
    instrumental
    orọ̑dnik
    tȋjem tȋjema tȋji
    (vocative)
    (ogȏvorni imenovȃlnik)
    tȋja tȋji
    • dialectal
    The template Template:sl-decl-noun-table3 does not use the parameter(s):
    acc=1
    Please see Module:checkparams for help with this warning.

    First masculine declension (hard o-stem, inanimate) , -j- infix
    nom. sing.
    gen. sing. tȋja
    singular dual plural
    nominative
    imenovȃlnik
    tȋja tȋji
    genitive
    rodȋlnik
    tȋja tȋjev tȋjev
    dative
    dajȃlnik
    tȋju, tȋji tȋjoma tȋjom
    accusative
    tožȋlnik
    tȋja tȋje
    locative
    mẹ̑stnik
    tȋju, tȋji tȋjih tȋjih
    instrumental
    orọ̑dnik
    tȋjom tȋjoma tȋji
    (vocative)
    (ogȏvorni imenovȃlnik)
    tȋja tȋji

    See also

    Slovene personal pronouns
    singular dual plural
    1st person m jaz midva mi
    f or n medve, midve me
    2nd person
    familiar (tikanje)
    m ti vidva vi
    f or n vedve, vidve ve
    3rd person m on onadva oni
    f ona onedve, onidve one
    n ono onedve, onidve ona
    Polite forms singular (not differentiated in dual and plural)
    polite (vikanje) vi, Vi + 2nd person plural masculine
    very polite (onikanje) oni + 3rd person plural masculine (archaic)
    hyper polite (onokanje) ono + 3rd person singular neuter (obsolete)
    patriarchal (onkanje) on + 3rd person singular masculine (obsolete)

    Further reading

    • ti”, in Slovarji Inštituta za slovenski jezik Frana Ramovša ZRC SAZU, portal Fran
    • ti”, in Termania, Amebis
    • See also the general references

    South Slavey

    Pronunciation

    • IPA(key): [tʰì(ʔ)]
    • Hyphenation: ti

    Noun

    ti (stem -ti-)

    1. Jean Marie River form of tu

    Inflection

    Possessive inflection of ti (-tié)
    singular plural
    1st person setié naxetié
    2nd person netié
    3rd person 1) gitié
    2) metié gotié
    4th person yetié
    reflexive sp. ɂedetié kedetié
    unsp. detié
    reciprocal ɂełetié
    indefinite ɂetié
    areal gotié

    1) Used when the subject is a group of human beings
    and the object is singular.
    2) Used when the previous condition does not apply.

    References

    • Keren Rice (1989), A Grammar of Slave, Berlin, West Germany: Mouton de Gruyter, →ISBN, page 44

    Spanish

    Etymology

    Inherited from Old Spanish ti (te), from Latin tibi, dative of tu.

    Pronunciation

    • IPA(key): /ˈti/ [ˈt̪i]
    • Rhymes: -i
    • Syllabification: ti

    Pronoun

    ti

    1. prepositional of
      ¡Felicidades a ti!Congratulations to you!

    Derived terms

    See also

    Spanish personal pronouns
    Nominative Disjunctive Dative Accusative Comitative
    First-person Singular yo me conmigo
    Plural Masculine1 nosotros nos
    Feminine nosotras
    Second-person Singular Tuteo ti te contigo
    Voseo vos
    Formal2 Masculine1 usted le, se3 lo
    Feminine la
    Plural Familiar4 Masculine1 vosotros os
    Feminine vosotras
    Formal/general2 Masculine1 ustedes les, se3 los
    Feminine las
    Third-person Singular Masculine1 él le, se3 lo
    Feminine ella la
    Neuter ello5 lo
    Plural Masculine1 ellos les, se3 los
    Feminine ellas las
    Reflexive se consigo
    1. Like other masculine words, masculine pronouns can be used when the gender of the subject is unknown or when the subject is plural and of mixed gender.
    2. Treated as if it were third person for purposes of conjugation and reflexivity.
    3. If le or les precedes lo, la, los, or las in a clause, it is replaced with se (e.g. se lo dije instead of *le lo dije).
    4. Used primarily in Spain.
    5. Only used in certain circumstances and rarely as a subject pronoun.

    Further reading

    Sumerian

    Romanization

    ti

    1. romanization of 𒋾

    Tagalog

    Etymology

    Borrowed from English tee, the English name of the letter T / t.

    Pronunciation

    Noun

    ti (Baybayin spelling ᜆᜒ)

    1. the name of the Latin script letter T/t, in the Filipino alphabet
      Synonyms: (in the Abakada alphabet) ta, (in the Abecedario) te

    See also

    Further reading

    • ti”, in Pambansang Diksiyonaryo | Diksiyonaryo.ph, 2018

    Tapayuna

    Etymology

    Inherited from Proto-Northern Jê *ci (bone).

    Pronunciation

    • IPA(key): [ˈt̪i]

    Noun

    ti

    1. bone

    Tiwa

    Etymology

    From Proto-Bodo-Garo *tɯi¹ (water), from Proto-Sino-Tibetan *s-turʔ (water; fluid; liquid; river; to soak; to spit).

    Noun

    ti

    1. water

    References

    • The Bodos in Assam: a socio-cultural study, year 2005-2006 (2007)

    Tok Pisin

    Etymology

    Inherited from English tea.

    Noun

    ti

    1. tea

    Tooro

    Etymology

    Inherited from Common Bantu *tì (say; quote; that, namely).

    Pronunciation

    Adverb

    -ti

    1. like this
      abantu bakora batipeople do this; people work like this
      1. Used to introduce direct speech or writing.
        • 2008, Ekitabu Ekirukwera N'Ebitabu Ebyeetwa Deturokanoniko/Apokurifa [Bible in Runyoro/Rutooro Interconfessional Translation], Bible Society of Uganda, Yohaana 19:19:
          Pilaato yahandiika ekirango, yakita ha musaraba. Kihandiikirweho kiti: “Yesu owa Nazareeti, Omukama w'Abayudaaya.”
          Pilate had a notice prepared and fastened to the cross. It read: Jesus of Nazareth, the king of the Jews.
        • 2008, Ekitabu Ekirukwera N'Ebitabu Ebyeetwa Deturokanoniko/Apokurifa [Bible in Runyoro/Rutooro Interconfessional Translation], Bible Society of Uganda, Yohaana 19:21-22:
          Baanyakatagara abakuru b'Abayudaaya nukwo kugambira Pilaato bati: “Otahandiika oti: ‘Omukama w'Abayudaaya’; baitu handiika oti: ‘Omuntu onu akeeyeta Omukama w'Abayudaaya.’ ” Pilaato yabagarukamu ati: “Eki mpandiikire, nikyo mpandiikire.”
          The chief priests of the Jews protested to Pilate, “Do not write ‘The King of the Jews,’ but that this man claimed to be king of the Jews.” Pilate answered, “What I have written, I have written.”

    Inflection

    See also

    References

    Vayu

    Noun

    ti

    1. water

    References

    • Paul K. Benedict, Sino-Tibetan: A Conspectus (1972, →ISBN, page 26

    Vietnamese

    Alternative forms

    Pronunciation

    Etymology 1

      Sino-Vietnamese word from .

      Noun

      ti

      1. (obsolete) department, division of a ministry
      Synonyms
      Derived terms

      Etymology 2

      Noun

      ti

      1. (colloquial) alternative form of (breast)

      Etymology 3

      Romanization

      ti

      1. Sino-Vietnamese reading of
      Derived terms

      Wancho

      Pronunciation

      • IPA(key): /ti⁵²/

      Noun

      ti

      1. water

      References

      • Robbins Burling, Mankai Wangsu, Wancho Phonology and word list, Linguistics of the Tibeto-Burman Area 21.2 (1998)

      Wastek

      Adverb

      ti

      1. on

      References

      Welsh

      Pronunciation

      • IPA(key): /tiː/
      • Homophones: tu (South Wales), (South Wales)
      • Rhymes: -iː

      Etymology 1

      Inherited from Proto-Brythonic *ti, from Proto-Celtic *tū, from Proto-Indo-European *túh₂.

      Alternative forms

      Pronoun

      ti

      1. you (singular); thou
      Usage notes

      The pronoun ti can be used by itself colloquially where the affirmative second-person singular present tense of the verb ‘to be’ (rwyt) would be expected, e.g. Ti’n edrych yn union fel dy dad (‘You look just like your father’) instead of Rwyt ti’n edrych....

      Mutation

      Mutated forms of ti
      radical soft nasal aspirate
      ti di unchanged thi

      Irregular.

      Note: Certain mutated forms of some words can never occur in standard Welsh.
      All possible mutated forms are displayed for convenience.

      Mutation

      The soft mutation di is used after verb forms ending in a vowel, and as an emphatic after dy (your) (except with dy (bod) when introducing a content clause. The nasal mutation does not occur, and the aspirate mutation is often ignored more so than is the case in normal colloquial language.

      Etymology 2

      Borrowed from English tee.

      Noun

      ti m (plural tiau)

      1. tee

      Mutation

      Mutated forms of ti
      radical soft nasal aspirate
      ti di nhi thi

      Note: Certain mutated forms of some words can never occur in standard Welsh.
      All possible mutated forms are displayed for convenience.

      Etymology 3

      Pronunciation

      • IPA(key): /tiː/

      Noun

      ti f (plural tiau)

      1. The name of the Latin script letter T/t.

      Mutation

      This word cannot be mutated.

      See also

      Western Yugur

      Alternative forms

      • tʃi

      Etymology

      Inherited from Proto-Turkic *tebe (camel).

      Noun

      ti

      1. camel

      References

      • 雷选春 [Lei Xuanchun]; 陈宗振 [Chen Zongzhen] (1985), “ti”, in 西部裕固语简志 [A Brief Description of Western Yugur]‎[7], Beijing: 民族出版社, →OCLC, page 159

      Yoruba

      Pronunciation

      • (high-tone): IPA(key): /tí/
      • (mid-tone): IPA(key): /tī/
      • (low-tone): IPA(key): /tì/

      Etymology 1

      Noun

      1. The name of the Latin script letter T/t.

      See also

      Etymology 2

      Pronoun

      1. (relative) which, who, that
        Synonym: (Oǹdó, Ìkálẹ̀, Ìlàjẹ)
        Adìyẹ mo rà.The chicken that I bought.
      Synonyms

      Etymology 3

      Alternative forms

      • tíì (when following (negation particle))

      Particle

      ti

      1. Marks the relational aspect (see table below). By itself, it may refer to an action that has already occurred, but it implies that the relevance or effect of said action is still ongoing.
        Mo ti ṣe é tán.I have completed it.
        Wọn ò tí ì ka ìwé tí olùkọ́ fún wọn.They have not read the book that the teacher gave them.
      See also
      Aspect markers in Yoruba
      Aspects in Yoruba (Ajani, 2001)
      Realis Irrealis
      Unmarked (Completive) Progressive Relational Anticipative Intentional
      ń ti máa yóò ¹
      Complex aspects
      Backgrounder Inceptive Manifestive Relevant–inceptive Habitual Expective Antecedent completion
      yóò ti ¹ yóò máa ¹ ti máa ti ń máa ń yóò ti máa ¹ ti máa ń
      Explanatory notes (Ajani, 2001)
      Unmarked (Completive)
      The unmarked form of a verb “indicates a completed action”, e.g. mo lọ sí ilé-ìwé (“I went to school”), though with stative verbs like mọ́ (to know) and (to exist), the action is expressed without particularization, e.g., as “a statement of a general character or universal truth” (Ogunbọwale, 1970), or without any notion of past tense. Take for example, oorú mú (“it is hot”) and mo ní ilé (“I have a house”).
      Progressive
      Termed the incompletive by Ajani (2001), this describes an action in progress, “either in the present or before the present”. The sentence wọ́n ń ṣiṣẹ́ could be translated as “they are busy working” or “they were busy working”.
      Relational
      This aspect “describes an event or activity that is not complete, with reference to an ongoing event”. Though it may represent an action that has already taken place, the suggestion is that the relevance or effect of said action is still ongoing. The sentence ẹ ti jẹun translates to “you have eaten” or “you ate” — Ajani (2001) notes that “although the activity of eating has taken place sometime before the moment of speech, its effect is still being felt and is still considered incomplete with reference to [an]other activity or event at the moment of utterance”. Previous studies have inaccurately characterised ti as a marker of perfective aspect. Adéwọlé (1991) demonstrates that ti, as a relational marker, can be strung together with other markers to express a sequential relationship between events.
      Wọ́n ò tí ì jí.
      They haven’t woken up.
      Anticipative
      This aspect describes an activity “that is non-existent but likely to take place”, and can be used in “predicting, planning, or speculation”. It can be translated as “will”, “might” or “have plans to”, expressing anticipation of a possible future event or action.
      Intentional
      Like the anticipative, yóò is mainly used to refer to actions in the future, though it differs from máa in that it expresses an intention to do something. It “denotes that the speaker has control over the performance of the activity in question, and has weighed all the options before making the decision”. Note that yóò cannot be used after regular pronouns, the subject must be an emphatic pronoun like èmi or òun.
      Ẹ̀yin yóò wá kí wa lọ́la.
      You intend to come and visit us tomorrow.
      Backgrounder
      Provides “a background to another action that is yet to take place. [] the backgrounder aspect operates within the main clause to provide a background to the event described in the subordinate clause that is introduced by 'kí' (before).”
      Àwa yóò ti lọ kí ẹ tó padà.
      We will have left before you return.
      Inceptive
      Describes “an activity that is yet to begin but which the speaker has decided to embark upon shortly [] There is an anticipation, informed by a decision, to embark upon the process of leaving the place of utterance”. This aspect is somewhat similar to the intentional yóò, but it suggests that the subject of the sentence has made a decision to do something in the near future.
      Èmi yóò máa lọ.
      I will be leaving any time from now.
      Manifestive
      This sequence “describes an activity that would have started prior to another one”. In the manifestive, “the activity is expected to have begun and be ongoing before the second event takes place”. There is also an intention or expectation, by the speaker, to have already started doing something “by the time the subject of the second clause arrives on the scene”.
      A ti máa lọ kí o tó dé.
      We will have left before you arrive.
      Relevant–inceptive
      This “describes an activity that has or had just started but is or was still on-going before another one”. The activity, “though begun prior to the moment of speech, still has relevance and effect at the moment of speech”.
      Wọ́n ti ń sùn kí a tó dé ilé.
      They had already gone to bed and were sleeping before we got home.
      In this sentence, the “act of sleeping carried on into the moment of speech” and “probably was interrupted with the arrival of the persons in the second clause”.
      Habitual
      The habitual aspect in Yoruba “describes an activity that was performed on a regular basis prior to the present or is continually performed on a regular basis. It refers to a habitual event or activity, either in a timeless frame or in a past frame”. It may be analysed as the habitual aspect in the past tense, or without any “specific time frame of reference”.
      Expective
      This “describes an activity that will have begun and still be ongoing before another one takes place”, and may be analysed as a combination of the backgrounder and anticipative aspects. While “the backgrounder deals with an event that would have begun and have been completed before another event, the expective deals with an event that would have begun and would still be ongoing before a second event takes place”. This aspect is similar to the manifestive, but there is a “sense of certainty” that the manifestive lacks.
      Ìwọ yóò ti máa kàwé kí a tó jí.
      You will have been reading before we wake up.
      Antecedent completion
      This aspect “describes an action that used to have been completed, on a regular basis, prior to another activity”, and may be seen as the addition of incompleteness (ń) to the manifestive aspect (ti máa), or relationality (ti) to the habitual aspect (máa ń). While “the manifestive describes an activity that would have started prior to another one, the antecedent completion describes an activity or event that took place regularly before another one over a period of time prior to the moment of utterance”.
      Wọ́n ti máa ń jẹun tán kí a tó lọ.
      They used to have finished eating before we left.
      Tense and aspect in Yoruba (Ogunbọwale, 1970)
      Primary Relational
      Unmarked Habitual Progressive–continuous Fixed beginning Fixed end
      Present–past máa ń
      a máa
      ń
      ń ti ń ti ³
      ti máa ń ⁴
      a ti máa ⁴
      Future yóò ¹
      ó
      máa
      á
      yóò máa ¹
      ó máa
      á máa
      yóò ti máa ¹
      ó ti máa
      á ti máa
      yóò ti ¹
      ó ti
      á ti
      Negative constructions (Adebayo, 2021)
      Primary Relational
      Unmarked Habitual Fixed beginning Fixed end ²
      Present–past  ²  í ⁵
       í máa ⁵
       ń ²
       máa ń ²
       ì ³
       tí ì ³ ⁵
       ì tí ì ³ ⁵
       ti ń ⁴
       ti máa ń ⁴
      Future  níí ²
       yóò ¹
       ó
       yóò máa ¹  yóò tí ì máa ¹ ⁵
       níí tí ì máa ² ⁵
       yóò tí ì ¹ ⁵
       ì
       ì níí
       níí tí ì ⁵
       tí ì níí ⁵
      Footnotes
      1. yóó, yíò and yíó are alternative forms of yóò. Note that if a pronoun comes before yóò, that pronoun must be emphatic.
      2. ò is an alternative form of , often used after personal pronouns.
      3. Treated as representations of the “perfective unmarked” aspect in Bamgboṣe (2000) and completive aspect in Ogunbọwale (1970). This aspect is termed “relational” by Adéwọlé (1991) and Ajani (2010) in their analyses.
      4. According to Ogunbọwale (1970), these are used to “describe a habitual action in the past but one which has ceased to exist”. This is analogous to the aspect of “antecedent completion” in the analysis by Ajani (2010).
      5. kì í and tí ì are sometimes written without spaces: kìí and tíì.
      References
      • Adebayo, T. A. (2021), “Yorùbá Sentential Negative Markers”, in Studies in African Linguistics, volume 50, number 1, →DOI, pages 140–166
      • Adéwọlé, L. O. (1991), “Aspect and Phase Systems in Yoruba”, in Calgary Working Papers in Linguistics, volume 14, pages 1–20
      • Ajani, Timothy Temilọla (2001), Aspect in Yoruba and Nigerian English, University of Florida dissertation
      • Bamgboṣe, Ayọ (2000), A Grammar of Yoruba, Cambridge University Press, →ISBN
      • Ogunbọwale, P. O. (1970), The Essentials of the Yoruba Language, London: University of London Press, →ISBN, →OCLC

      Etymology 4

      Verb

      1. (transitive) to push; to lean on
      2. (transitive) to close; to shut

      Etymology 5

      Verb

      ti

      1. (intransitive) to arrive at

      Etymology 6

      Verb

      1. (intransitive) not be able, cannot
      Derived terms
      • ó tì (no, interjection)

      Etymology 7

      Verb

      1. to feel shame, embarrassment, shyness
        Ojú máa ń nígbà tí mo ń sọ̀rọ̀ nípa ara mi.
        I feel shy whenever I talk about myself.
      Usage notes
      • Ti before a direct object noun.
      • This verb is usually used with ojú (face, eyes) or ara (body) in the following constructions:
        ojú ...for ... to feel shy/embarrassed
        ara ...for the body of ... to shudder
      Derived terms
      • tijú (to show shame, embarrassment)

      References

      • Awoyale, Yiwola (19 December 2008), “tì1”, in Global Yoruba Lexical Database v. 1.0[8] (in Yoruba), volume LDC2008L03, Philadelphia: Linguistic Data Consortium, →DOI, →ISBN

      Zacatepec Chatino

      Etymology 1

      Adjective

      ti

      1. alternative form of lti

      Etymology 2

      Noun

      ti

      1. alternative form of lti

      Etymology 3

      (This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)

      Noun

      ti

      1. day before yesterday