-an

• -ian (euphonic variant, also spelled -aean or -æan)
• -n (when added to a word ending in a)

From Middle English -an, regularly -ain, -ein, -en, from Old French -ain, -ein, or before i, -en (modern French -ain, -en, feminine -aine, -enne), from Latin -ānus (feminine -āna), which forms adjectives of belonging or origin from a noun, being -nus [cognate with Ancient Greek -νος (-nos)] preceded by a vowel, from Proto-Indo-European *-nós. Cognate with English -en. Compare with -in, -ine.

-an

1. Of or pertaining to; an adjectival suffix appended to various words, often nouns, to make an adjective form. (Often added to words of Latin origin, but also used with words of other origins. When a word ends in a, -n is used instead.)

   Synonyms: -al, -ar, -ese, -esque, -ic, -id, -ish, -like, -oid, -ous, -y

   ‎Rome + ‎-an → ‎Roman

2. Appended to nouns to form an agent noun. (When males with a profession are distinguished from females, males are -an, females -(i)enne.)

   ‎comedy + ‎-an → ‎comedian

   ‎history + ‎-an → ‎historian

• n.a., NA, -na, N/A, N.A., n/a, Na, na

-an

1. Postconsonantal form of -ən after the vowels A / I / O / U.

• -han

From Proto-Philippine *-an, from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *-an, from Proto-Austronesian *-an.

• IPA^(key): /an/

-an (verb-forming suffix, inchoative gi- -an, contemplative -an, imperative -i, negative -i)

1. locative trigger verb suffix; to do at, in, on a place

   palitan nako ang tindahan og kendi

   I will buy candy at the store (store is focused.)

   1. directive verb suffix; to do at, towards someone

      gikataw-an niya ang lalaki ― he laughed at the man

   2. partitive verb suffix; to do to a part of something

      gikuhaan niyag gamay ang keyk ― he took a little of the cake.

2. benefactive trigger verb suffix; to do something for someone/something else

   palitan nako ang bata og keyk

   I will buy cake for the child (child is focused.)

   1. causative verb affix; to do because of, due to

      unsay gihilakan nimo? ― What is it you are crying about?

3. (with adjective bases) to consider something as

   lisoran siya mag-Tinagalog ― He finds speaking in Tagalog hard

4. (with noun bases) to put something on someone; to give someone

   serohan ta ka ― I will give you a zero

   sapatosan nako ang bata ― I will put shoes on the child

-an (noun-forming suffix)

1. (added to nouns and verbs) indicates a place where such objects are found, placed, or action done

   Synonyms: -anan, ka- -an

   ‎humay (“rice”) + ‎-an → ‎humayan (“rice paddy”)

   ‎tinda (“to sell”) + ‎-an → ‎tindahan (“store”)

   ‎tuba (“palm toddy”) + ‎-an → ‎tubaan (“place where toddy is sold”)

   ‎basketbol + ‎-an → ‎basketbolan (“basketball court”)

2. (uncommon) indicates an object used as an instrument

   Synonym: pang-

   ‎baid (“to sharpen”) + ‎-an → ‎bairan (“whetstone”)

-an (adjective-forming suffix)

1. (added to nouns) characterized by having something in abundance; -ful

   ‎utok (“brain”) + ‎-an → ‎utokan (“brainy”)

   ‎kuwarta (“money”) + ‎-an → ‎kuwartahan (“rich”)

2. (uncommon, added to adjectives or verbs) characterized by being or doing such; -ly

   Synonyms: -on, -anon

   ‎talaw (“to back off”) + ‎-an → ‎talawan (“cowardly”)

   ‎langas (“moving about a lot”) + ‎-an → ‎langasan (same meaning)

• John U. Wolff (1972), A dictionary of Cebuano Visayan‎^[1] (overall work in Cebuano and English), Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, page 41

From Proto-Philippine *-an, from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *-an, from Proto-Austronesian *-an.

-an

1. a place where a large quantity of the thing meant by the root is put, planted, or can be found

   ‎basura (“trash”) + ‎-an → ‎basurahan (“trash can”)

2. a place where the action expressed by the root is performed

   ‎kawat (“play”) + ‎-an → ‎kawatan (“playground”)

-an

1. (added to possessive nouns) his, hers, its

From Middle High German -en, a merger of various terminations in Old High German reflecting different conjugational patterns, namely -an, -ōn, -en (-ien), and -nen, from Proto-Germanic *-aną, *-ōną, *-janą, *-āną, and *-naną. Cognate with German -en.

-an

1. A suffix of all verbs in their infinitive form.

From Proto-Celtic *-agnos. Cognate with Welsh -an.

-an

1. diminutive suffix

Inherited from Old Czech -ěnín.

• IPA^(key): [ an]

-an m anim (noun-forming suffix, female equivalent -anka)

1. forms nouns, including inhabitant names

• -an in Slovník afixů užívaných v češtině, 2017

Ultimately from Latin -anus.

-an

1. -an; making a noun, describing a person or characteristic

   ‎-an → ‎human

   ‎-an → ‎sopran

2. (organic chemistry) suffix used for acyclic saturated hydrocarbons (methane, ethane, etc.).

• “-an” in Den Danske Ordbog

From earlier -han, -hVn (now dialectal), from Proto-Finnic *-hën, *-sën (passive or reflexive suffix), the same as the third-person singular possessive suffix (see the possessive suffix entry on -Vn). Initial -ta- is from the passive marker *-tta-.

-an (front vowel harmony variant -än, linguistic notation -An)

1. (personal) Forms the impersonal indicative present forms of verbs, appended to the first infinitive.

Attached to the passive verb stem.

See -Vn (illative suffix).

-an (front vowel harmony variant -än, linguistic notation -An)

1. (case suffix) A suffix variant for the illative singular, see -Vn.

   ‎laiva + ‎-an → ‎laivaan

See -Vn (possessive suffix).

-an (front vowel harmony variant -än, linguistic notation -An)

1. (possessive) A variant for the third-person suffix -nsa.

See the usage notes under -Vn and -nsa.

• -na

-an

1. (Pulaar) indicates that the subject is doing the verb for someone or something

   ‎defde (“to cook”) + ‎-an → ‎defande (“to cook for someone”)

• M. Niang (1997), Pulaar-English English-Pulaar Standard Dictionary, New York: Hippocrene Books

From Latin -ānus.

• IPA^(key): /aːn/

-an n (genitive -ans, plural -ane)

1. (organic chemistry) -ane

• Alkan
• -en
• -in
• -yl

• IPA^(key): [ɒn]
• Rhymes: -ɒn

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)

-an

2. (deadjectival adverb-forming suffix) Added to an adjective to create an adverb. However, it cannot be added to adjectives suffixed with -i, -beli, -nyi, -tlan -talan, -atlan.

   ‎pontos (“accurate”) + ‎-an → ‎pontosan (“accurately”)

4. (denumeral and depronominal adverb-forming suffix) Added to a numeral or a pronoun with this sense to create an adverb, expressing the number of people.

   ‎hat (“six”) + ‎-an → ‎hatan (“six people, six of us/you/them”)

   Hatan mentünk moziba. ― Six of us went to the cinema.

   ‎nyolc (“eight”) + ‎-an → ‎nyolcan (“eight people, eight of us/you/them”)

   Nyolcan vannak a szobában. ― There are eight people in the room.

   ‎hány (“how many”) + ‎-an → ‎hányan (“how many (of us/you/them)”)

   ‎néhány (“some, a few”) + ‎-an → ‎néhányan (“some (of us/you/them)”)

   ‎sok (“many”) + ‎-an → ‎sokan (“many (of us/you/them)”)

   Sokan vannak a meghívottak, de kevesen a választottak. ― For many are called, but few are chosen.

   ‎millió (“million”) + ‎-an → ‎millióan (“a million (of us/you/them)”)

• (deadjectival adverb-forming suffix) Variants:

  -n is added to words ending in a vowel. Final -a changes to -á-. Final -e changes to -é-.

  -an is added to most back-vowel words ending in a consonant

  -on is added to some back-vowel words ending in a consonant

  -en is added to front-vowel words ending in a consonant, as well as some front-vowel words ending in a vowel. Their original word-final vowel may be lost (e.g. könnyű) or supplemented with a consonant (e.g. bő, hű).

• (denumeral and depronominal adverb-forming suffix) Variants:

  -n is added to some (very few) words ending in a vowel. Final -a changes to -á-. Final -e changes to -é-.

  -an is added to back-vowel words ending in a consonant

  -en is added to front-vowel words ending in a consonant, as well as some front-vowel words ending in a vowel. Their original word-final vowel may be lost (e.g. kettő).

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)

-an

2. (verb-forming suffix) Added to a stem ― often an onomatopoeia ― to form a verb expressing an instantaneous action.

   kattan (“to click, to make one clicking sound”)

   robban (“to explode”)

• (verb-forming suffix) Variants:

  -on is added to some back-vowel words

  -an is added to back-vowel words

  -en is added to front-vowel words

• Appendix:Hungarian suffixes

• (suffix of the adverb of number): Rounds, Carol. Hungarian: an Essential Grammar. London / New York: Routledge. 2001. →ISBN. Preview at Google Books, p. 189 (p. 204 in the PDF)

• (Standard Indonesian) IPA^(key): /ˈan/ [ˈan]
• Rhymes: -an
• Syllabification: -an

From Malay -an, from Proto-Malayic *-an, from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *-an, from Proto-Austronesian *-an.

-an

1. added to a noun
   1. suffix for collectivity

      ‎laut (“sea”) + ‎-an → ‎lautan (“ocean”)

   2. suffix for place

      ‎pangkal (“origin”) + ‎-an → ‎pangkalan (“base”)

   3. suffix for value

      ‎ribu (“thousand”) + ‎-an → ‎ribuan

   4. suffix for measurement result; -s

      ‎kilo (“kilo”) + ‎-an → ‎kiloan

   5. (colloquial) -s; suffix for quantity (about value)

      ‎ratus (“hundred”) + ‎-an → ‎ratusan (“hundreds”)

   6. -ly, specifying time intervals, having the sense of "occurring at such intervals"

      ‎hari (“day”) + ‎-an → ‎harian (“daily”)

2. added to a verb to create a noun
   1. suffix for object

      ‎makan (“to eat”) + ‎-an → ‎makanan (“food”)

   2. suffix for place

      ‎kubur (“to bury”) + ‎-an → ‎kuburan (“grave”)

   3. suffix for result

      ‎didik (“to educate”) + ‎-an → ‎didikan

   4. suffix for tool

      ‎timbang (“to weigh”) + ‎-an → ‎timbangan (“balance”)

   5. suffix for way or method

      ‎pimpin (“to lead”) + ‎-an → ‎pimpinan (“leader”)

3. added to an adjective to create a noun
   1. suffix for having property

      ‎asin (“salty”) + ‎-an → ‎asinan (“pickle”)

   2. (colloquial) suffix for intensity (quality or quantity)

      ‎tinggi (“high”) + ‎-an → ‎tinggian (“higher”)

4. suffix for similarity

Semantic loan from Javanese -ꦲꦤ꧀ (-an).

-an

1. verb-forming
   1. (colloquial) to use of [base]

      ‎sepeda (“bicycle”) + ‎-an → ‎sepedaan (“to ride a bicycle”)

   2. (colloquial) to hold or to have [base]

      ‎selamat (“safe”) + ‎-an → ‎selamatan (“to celebrate with offerings to the spirits to assure safety”)

      ‎rujak (“a kind of salad”) + ‎-an → ‎rujakan (“to have rujak to be eaten or made”)

   3. (colloquial) to do as indicated by the [base]

      ‎sendiri (“alone”) + ‎-an → ‎sendirian (“by oneself”)

2. noun-forming
   1. (colloquial) the location of [base]

      ‎sekolah (“school”) + ‎-an → ‎sekolahan (“school complex”)

   2. (colloquial) the cost of [base]

      ‎becak (“rickshaw”) + ‎-an → ‎becakan (“rickshaw fare”)

   3. (colloquial) [base]-usage

      ‎sepeda (“bicycle”) + ‎-an → ‎sepedaan (“bicycle-riding”)

   4. (colloquial) event of [base]

      ‎selamat (“safe”) + ‎-an → ‎selamatan (“celebration with offerings to the spirits to assure safety”)

      ‎rujak (“a kind of salad”) + ‎-an → ‎rujakan (“rujak eating or production”)

      ‎susu (“milk”) + ‎-an → ‎susuan (“breast-feeding period”)

Semantic loan from Javanese -ꦲꦼꦤ꧀ (-en).

-an

1. (colloquial) suffering of [base]

   ‎koreng (“ulcer”) + ‎-an → ‎korengan (“serious infection disease”)

   ‎uban (“grey hair”) + ‎-an → ‎ubanan (“grey haired condition”)

• Badan Pengembangan dan Pembinaan Bahasa (2017), Tata Bahasa Baku Bahasa Indonesia [Standard Grammar of Indonesian Language]‎^[2] (in Indonesian), 4 edition, Jakarta: Kementerian Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan, →ISBN, archived from the original on 13 June 2022
• James N. Sneddon (2010), Indonesian : a comprehensive grammar, 2 edition, London: Roultedge, →ISBN, →OCLC

From Old Irish -on, -an, -en.^[1]

-an

1. forms verbal nouns

• Stenson, Nancy (2020), Modern Irish: A Comprehensive Grammar, London: Routledge, →ISBN, page 117

-an

1. Rōmaji transcription of あん

• -nan

From Proto-Philippine *-an, from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *-an, from Proto-Austronesian *-an. Compare Tagalog -an Central Bikol -an, Cebuano -an.

• IPA^(key): /an/

-an

1. object trigger: to do something to a person or a thing

   Buklatan me ining lata. ― (You) open this can (can is focused).)

2. object trigger: to cause something to become; to make; because; due

   Begalan neng Julia ing pamamasa. ― Julia slowed down her reading. (reading is focused.)

3. directional trigger: to do something in the direction of

   Salubungan ke I Reniel. ― I'm going to meet Reniel. (Reniel is focused).)

4. benefactive trigger: to do something for

   Panagan keng pamangan I Simon. ― I'll leave some food for Simon. (food is focused).)

5. object trigger: (with root word reduplication) to do something occasionally, at random, a little, a bit, now and then or here and there

   Wawasan-wasan koreng pinggan. ― I'm washing the plates. (The plates is focused).)

6. directional trigger: (with root word reduplication) to do something in the direction of, occasionally, at random, a little, a bit, now and then or here and there

   Susopan-sopan neng Eli I Kate. ― Eli helped Kate a bit. (Kate is focused).)

7. object trigger: to perform the action of the verb on something

   Esusulatanan ing libru. ― Don't write anything on the book.

-an

1. Forms locative nouns indicating places where a significant object referred to by the root is placed, planted, or commonly found.

   ‎tambay (“idle”) + ‎-an → ‎tambayan (“place to hangout”)

   ‎basura (“trash”) + ‎-an → ‎basuran (“trash can”)

2. Forms Locative nouns for places where the root's action occurs

   ‎pagawa (“create”) + ‎-an → ‎pagawaan (“workshop”)

   ‎sake (“ride”) + ‎-an → ‎sakayan (“station, car, vehicle...”)

3. Forms nouns for periods when the root's action is collectively performed.

   ‎libang (“hobby”) + ‎-an → ‎libangan (“entertainment”)

   ‎pilub (“entry, class, work”) + ‎-an → ‎piluban (“school time, school year”)

4. Forms nouns indicating a tool or an object that is used to perform what is meant by the root

   ‎oras (“time”) + ‎-an → ‎orasan (“clock, watch”)

   ‎timbang (“weight”) + ‎-an → ‎timbangan (“weighing scale”)

5. Forms nouns signifying reciprocal or joint performance of the action expressed by the root

   ‎terak (“dance”) + ‎-an → ‎terakan (“dancing together”)

   ‎dalit (“sing”) + ‎-an → ‎dalitan (“singing together”)

6. Used to create a diminutive, pretensive, or imitative form of something (used with reduplication of root word)

   ‎bale (“house”) + ‎-an → ‎bale-balayan (“toy house”)

   ‎biasa (“knowledge”) + ‎-an → ‎biasa-biasan (“know-it-all”)

   ‎baril (“gun”) + ‎-an → ‎baril-barilan (“toy gun”)

-an

1. (appended to numbers) Used to indicate groups.

   ‎Adua (“two”) + ‎-an → ‎aduaan (“in twos, two at a time”)

   ‎Atlu (“three”) + ‎-an → ‎atluan (“in groups of three, three at a time”)

• Phoneme change can occur by adding /n/.

  ‎Samasan + ‎-an → ‎samasnan

  ‎kabiasa + ‎-an → ‎kabiasnan

  ‎Kutang + ‎-an → ‎kutnan

• Sometimes, the final vowel of the root word disappears when the suffix is added.

  ‎dakap + ‎-an → ‎dakpan

  ‎takap + ‎-an → ‎takpan

  ‎talan + ‎-an → ‎talnan

• Due to allophony, /d/ turns into /r/ when inserted before -an.

  ‎lugud + ‎-an → ‎luguran

  ‎bakud + ‎-an → ‎bakuran

  ‎bayad + ‎-an → ‎bayaran

• ka- -an
• ma- -an
• pa- -an
• a- -an

From Proto-Malayic *-an, from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *-an, from Proto-Austronesian *-an.

• IPA^(key): /-an/
  • (after consonant) IPA^(key): [-an]^{[n 1]}
  • (after [u]) IPA^(key): [-wan]
  • (after [i]) IPA^(key): [-jan]
  • (after non-[i] or [u] vowel) IPA^(key): [-ʔan]
• Hyphenation: -an

-an (Jawi spelling after consonant or [i] ـن, Jawi spelling after [u] ـان, Jawi spelling after non-[i] or [u] vowel ـاءن)

1. Suffix for collectivity
2. Suffix for similarity
3. Suffix for object
4. Suffix for place
5. Suffix for instrument

   ‎bangun (“to wake up, to get up”) + ‎-an → ‎bangunan (“building”)

• Indonesian: -an

Borrowed from English -ant, from Middle English -ant, -aunt, partly from Old French -ant, from Latin -āns; and partly (in adjectival derivations) continuing Middle English -ant, a variant of -and, -end, from Old English -ende (present participle ending).

• (English-based) IPA^(key): [-ən]
• (spelling-based) IPA^(key): [-an]
• Hyphenation: -an

-an (Jawi spelling ـن)

1. (no longer productive) -ant

   militan ― militant

From Old Irish -án, from Primitive Irish -ᚐᚌᚅᚔ (-agni).

-an m

1. alternative form of -ane

-an

1. alternative form of -ene

-an

1. Used to form stative verbs from nouns

-an

1. be in a state or condition

• waaban
• aawan

• -aa
• -izi

• The Ojibwe People's Dictionary https://ojibwe.lib.umn.edu/word-part/an-final

-an

1. A suffix denoting the plural of an inanimate noun
2. A suffix denoting the obviative form of an animate noun
3. A suffix denoting the second-person singular imperative of a transitive inanimate verb (vti)

As the suffix denoting the second-person singular imperative form, -an also acts as the class marker for unmarked (-am theme) transitive inanimate verbs (vti).

• -n
• -iin
• -oon
• -wan
• -yan

• IPA^(key): /ɑn/

From Proto-Germanic *-aną and Proto-Germanic *-janą.

-an

1. (verbal suffix) used to form the infinitive of most strong, class 1 weak, and preterite-present verbs (exceptions are verbs like flēon (“to flee”))

   singan ― to sing

   niman ― to take

• Verbs formed with this suffix from nominal suffixes that included back vowels underwent i-umlaut. Thus, dōm + -an is not *dōman, but dēman, and fōda + -an is not *fōdan, but fēdan.

• Middle English: -en, -e, -yn (especially Norfolk), -n (after vowels)
  • English: -en (obsolete)
  • → Middle Scots: -en, -in (literary, under Chaucerian influence)

From Proto-West Germanic *-anā, from Proto-Germanic *-anē.

• -ane

-an

1. Forms adverbs with ablative direction.

   ēastan ― from the east

   westan ― from the west

Inherited from Proto-West Germanic *-an, from a conflation of several Proto-Germanic n-stem suffixes: *-anų (accusative singular), *-aniz (genitive singular, nominative/vocative plural) and *-anunz (accusative plural).

Supplanted Proto-West Germanic *-ōn during the prehistory of Old English except for in relic forms such as ēastron and foldu.

-an

1. Forms the accusative, genitive, and dative singular and nominative and accusative plural of n-stem nouns

   beran ― bear, bear's, bears

• Middle English: -en
  • English: -en (mostly unproductive)
  • Middle Scots: -n, -en, -in (unproductive, in e.g. ene and owsyn)
    • Scots: -n, -en (unproductive, in e.g. een and ousen)

Weak:

-an

1. alternative form of -on (strong plural past indicative suffix)

-an

1. Forms the following inflections of weak adjectives:
   1. Masculine and feminine accusative, genitive, dative, and instrumental singular
   2. Neuter genitive, dative, and instrumental singular
   3. Masculine, feminine, and neuter nominative and accusative plural

-an

1. (Late Old English) alternative form of -um

• This form appears in late texts either due to reduction of the original -um ending, influence from the n-stem oblique singular and nominative/accusative plural -an, or most likely, a combination of both.

Inherited from Latin -ant.

-an (1st conj.)

1. a suffix indicating the third-person plural indicative present of a verb in -ar

   ‎amar (“to love”) + ‎-an → ‎aman (“[They] love”)

   ‎cantar (“to sing”) + ‎-an → ‎cantan (“[They] sing”)

• Galician: -an
• Portuguese: -am

Presumably from Proto-Germanic *-ōniz.

-an

1. (deverbative suffix) used to derive nouns from class 2 weak verbs

   ‎friða (“to pacify”) + ‎-an → ‎friðan (“pacifying”)

   ‎sanna (“to assert, prove”) + ‎-an → ‎sannan (“assertion, confirmation”)

   ‎synja (“to deny”) + ‎-an → ‎synjan (“denial”)

Inherited from Proto-Norse -ᚨᚾᚨ (-ana), from Proto-Germanic *-anē.

-an

1. forms adverbs with ablative direction

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)

-an

1. strong accusative singular ending of adjectives

From Proto-Germanic *-aną.

-an

1. (verbal suffix) used to form the infinitive of strong verbs (exceptions are a few verbs ending in -ian like biddian or liggian)

   drinkan (“to drink”)

   hwerƀan (“to travel”)

Inherited from Sanskrit -अन्ति (-anti).

• IPA^(key): /-an/

-an

1. third person plural suffix

• -íin (with e-ending verb stems)
• -óon (with a-ending verb stems)
• -en (Biori)
• -éen (with e-ending verb stems, Biori)
• -áan (with a-ending verb stems, Biori)

• Henrik Liljegren; Naseem Haider (2011), “-an”, in Palula Vocabulary (FLI Language and Culture Series; 7)‎^[3], Islamabad, Pakistan: Forum for Language Initiatives, →ISBN

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium. Particularly: “Latin -ānus?”)

• IPA^(key): /an/
• Rhymes: -an
• Syllabification: -an

-an m

1. (chemistry) -ate, used to form names of derivates of oxyacids whose name ends with -owy (-ic)

   ‎chlor (“chlorine”) + ‎-an → ‎chloran (“chlorate”)

2. forms people

   ‎młody + ‎-an → ‎młodzian

Inanimate declension:

Animate declension:

• -an in Polish dictionaries at PWN

• IPA^(key): /an/

Borrowed from Latin -anus. Doublet of -ân

-an m or n (feminine singular -ană, masculine plural -ani, feminine/neuter plural -ane)

1. Forms adjectives and nouns describing things and characteristics of a city, region, or country; -an

   ‎Australia (“Australia”) + ‎-an → ‎australian (“Australian”)

   ‎America (“America”) + ‎-an → ‎american (“American”)

For the countries that end in -ia, the plural form of the suffix is -ieni when masculine and -iene when feminine/neuter.

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)

-an m or n (feminine singular -ană, masculine plural -ani, feminine/neuter plural -ane)

1. Added to nouns and adjectives as an augmentative suffix.

   ‎gras (“fat”) + ‎-an → ‎grăsan (“fatso”)

2. Forms names of male animals.

   ‎gâscă (“goose”) + ‎-an → ‎gâscan (“gander”)

From Middle Irish [Term?], from Old Irish -án.

• IPA^(key): /-an/
• Note the difference with Etymology 2

-an m

1. A masculine suffix used to form nouns meaning a smaller form of something, often used for male given names.

   ‎crùb (“dug”) + ‎-an → ‎crùban (“crouching”)

Originally the Old Irish accusative and vocative plural ending of n-stem nouns. For example Old Irish imbliu, vocative/accusative plural imblenna. Cognate with Irish -anna, Manx -yn.

• IPA^(key): /ən/
• Note the difference with Etymology 1

-an

1. Used to form regular nominatives plural of nouns.

   ‎clach (“stone”) + ‎-an → ‎clachan (“stones”)

• Mark, Colin (2003), The Gaelic–English dictionary, London: Routledge, →ISBN, page 641

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)

-an (Cyrillic spelling -ан)

1. Suffix appended to words to create a masculine noun, usually denoting a (often negative) feature or endearment.

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *-ьnъ.

-an (Cyrillic spelling -ан)

1. Suffix appended to words to create an adjective.

   ‎jad(iti) + ‎-an → ‎jadan (“miserable”)

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *-ěninъ.

• IPA^(key): /an/, [an]

-an m pers

1. suffix used to form masculine demonyms from the names of places (cities, countries, regions)

   ‎Prievidza + ‎-an → ‎Prievidžan (“Prievidza inhabitant”)

   ‎Liptovský Mikuláš + ‎-an → ‎Liptovskomikulášan (“Liptovský Mikuláš inhabitant”)

   ‎Paríž (“Paris”) + ‎-an → ‎Parížan (“Parisian”)

   ‎Rím (“Rome”) + ‎-an → ‎Riman (“Roman”)

   ‎sever (“North”) + ‎-an → ‎severan (“Northerner”)

   ‎ostrov (“island”) + ‎-an → ‎ostrovan (“islander”)

2. suffix used to form agent nouns from verbs, typically denoting a person characterized by excessive or negative behavior

   ‎ožrať sa (“to get drunk”) + ‎-an → ‎ožran (“drunkard”)

   ‎pije (“he drinks”) + ‎-an → ‎pijan (“drunkard; heavy drinker”)

• In Slovak, the formation of masculine demonyms (names of inhabitants) is closely tied to the corresponding adjective ending in -ský or -cký. The choice between -an, -čan, and -šťan follows three primary patterns:
  1. Stems with -ský (where -s- is not part of the stem):

     The suffix -ský is removed and replaced by either -an or -čan. The choice depends usually on the final consonant of the stem, although these are not exact rules:

     1. If the stem ends in a sibilant (s, z, š, ž, c, dz, č, dž), -an is usually preferred (e.g., Praha → pražský → Pražan).
     2. If the stem ends in any other consonant, -čan is the standard choice (e.g., Bratislava → bratislavský → Bratislavčan).

  2. Stems with -ský (where -s- is merged with the stem):

     If the adjective's -sk- cluster is the result of assimilation or reduction (e.g., novoveský from Nová Ves or mestský from mesto), the suffix -šťan is applied.

     Examples: Nová Ves → novoveský → Novovešťan; mesto → mestský (pron. as “meský”) → mešťan.

  3. Stems with -cký:

     The adjectival ending -cký is removed and replaced by the suffix -čan.

     Examples: Maroko → marocký → Maročan; Belgicko → belgický → Belgičan.

• The suffix -an causes the preceding consonant to soften, e.g. Čína → čínsky → Číňan or Čile → čilský → Čiľan, whereas -čan always preserves the original hardness of the stem.
• While these rules cover the vast majority of cases, exceptions exist due to historical development (e.g. Turiec → Turčan, Orava → Oravan).
• The feminine equivalent is formed using the suffix -anka (-an + -ka; e.g., Belgičan → Belgičanka).

From Latin -ant, the third-person plural present active indicative ending of first conjugation verbs. Cognate with Asturian and Catalan -en, French -ent, Italian -ano, Portuguese -am, Romanian -ă.

-an

1. third-person plural present indicative of -ar

From Latin -eant, Latin -ant, and Latin -iant, the third-person plural present active subjunctive endings of second, third, and fourth conjugation verbs, respectively.

-an

1. inflection of -er:
   1. third-person plural present subjunctive
   2. third-person plural imperative
2. inflection of -ir:
   1. third-person plural present subjunctive
   2. third-person plural imperative

• -en

From Old Norse -an.

-an

2. making a noun from a verb, similar to -ing and -ning, having -ningar as the plural.

   ‎predika (“to preach”) + ‎-an → ‎predikan (“a sermon”)

Ultimately from Latin -anus.

-an

2. -an; making a noun, describing a person by belief or nationality

   ‎Tibet + ‎-an → ‎tibetan

   ‎Luther + ‎-an → ‎lutheran

   vegetarian

• -na, na

• -han
• -nan

Inherited from Proto-Philippine *-an, from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *-an, from Proto-Austronesian *-an.

• (Standard Tagalog) IPA^(key): /an/ [ɐn̪]
• Rhymes: -an
• Syllabification: -an

-an (verb-forming suffix, Baybayin spelling ◌ᜈ᜔ or ᜀᜈ᜔)

1. object trigger: to do something to a person or a thing

   Buksan mo ang pinto. ― (You) open the door (door is focused).)

2. object trigger: to cause something to become; to make

   Binagalan ni Sue ang kotse. ― Sue slowed down the car. (The car is focused.)

3. directional trigger: to do something in the (physical or psychological) direction of

   Tinitingnan ko ang manwal. ― I'm looking at the manual. (The manual is focused).)

4. benefactive trigger: to do something for

   Titirhan ko si Roy ng keyk. ― I'll leave some cake for Roy. (Roy is focused).)

5. object trigger: (with root word reduplication) to do something occasionally, at random, a little, a bit, now and then or here and there

   Winawalis-walisan ko ang sahig. ― I'm sweeping the floor a bit. (The floor is focused).)

6. directional trigger: (with root word reduplication) to do something in the (physical or psychological) direction of, occasionally, at random, a little, a bit, now and then or here and there

   Tinutulung-tulungan ni Jessy si Patty. ― Jessy helped Patty a bit. (Patty is focused).)

7. object trigger: to perform the action of the verb on something

   Huwag mong sulatan ang dokumento. ― Don't write anything on the document.

-an (noun-forming suffix, Baybayin spelling ◌ᜈ᜔ or ᜀᜈ᜔)

1. Forms locative nouns expressing where a large quantity of the thing meant by the root is put, planted, or can be found

   ‎aklat (“book”) + ‎-an → ‎aklatan (“library”)

   ‎basura (“trash”) + ‎-an → ‎basurahan (“trash can”)

2. Forms locative nouns where the action expressed by the root is performed

   ‎kain (“eat”) + ‎-an → ‎kainan (“place where people eat e.g. restaurant, café,...”)

3. Forms nouns expressing period in which the action expressed by the root is collectively performed

   ‎ani (“harvest”) + ‎-an → ‎anihan (“harvest time”)

   ‎pasok (“entry, class, work”) + ‎-an → ‎pasukan (“school time, school year”)

4. Forms nouns indicating a tool or an object that is used to perform what is meant by the root

   ‎oras (“time”) + ‎-an → ‎orasan (“clock, watch”)

   ‎timbang (“weight”) + ‎-an → ‎timbangan (“weighing scale”)

5. Forms nouns signifying reciprocal or joint performance of the action expressed by the root

   ‎sayaw (“dance”) + ‎-an → ‎sayawan (“dancing together”)

   ‎kanta (“sing”) + ‎-an → ‎kantahan (“singing together”)

6. Used to create a diminutive, pretensive, or imitative form of something (used with reduplication of root word)

   ‎bahay (“house”) + ‎-an → ‎bahay-bahayan (“toy house”)

   ‎Diyos (“God”) + ‎-an → ‎diyos-diyosan (“false god”)

   ‎baril (“gun”) + ‎-an → ‎baril-barilan (“toy gun”)

-an (adverb-forming suffix, Baybayin spelling ◌ᜈ᜔ or ᜀᜈ᜔)

1. (appended to numbers) Used to indicate groups.

   ‎tatlo (“three”) + ‎-an → ‎tatluhan (“in threes, three at a time”)

   ‎dalawampu (“twenty”) + ‎-an → ‎dalawampuan (“in groups of twenty, twenty at a time”)

• Normally, /h/ is inserted before -an when a root word ending with a vowel is not followed by a glottal stop. In some cases, phoneme change can occur and /h/ becomes /n/.

  ‎ganti + ‎-an → ‎gantihan

  ‎talo + ‎-an → ‎talunan

• Sometimes, the final vowel of the root word disappears when the suffix is added.

  ‎sunod + ‎-an → ‎sundan

  ‎takip + ‎-an → ‎takpan

• Due to allophony, /d/ turns into /r/ when inserted before -an.

  ‎buklod + ‎-an → ‎bukluran

  ‎bakod + ‎-an → ‎bakuran

  ‎bayad + ‎-an → ‎bayaran

• ka- -an

• na, na-

From Ottoman Turkish ـان (-an), from Old Anatolian Turkish [Term?], from Proto-Turkic *-gan.

• IPA^(key): /ˈɑn/

-an

1. Creates participles and relative clauses where
   1. the relativized element is the grammatical subject of the clause

      şarkı söyleyen çocuk ― the child who is singing

      burada satılan bir ürün ― a product which is sold here

   2. the relativized element is the possessor of the grammatical subject of the clause

      bacağı ağrıyan hasta ― a patient whose leg hurts

      şapkası ters duran adam ― a man whose hat is backwards

   3. the relativized element is the possessor of some other element of the clause, and the subject is categorial and indefinite

      koyunlarını kurt kapan köylü ― a villager whose sheep were caught by wolves

      kafasında şapka olan çocuk ― a child who has a hat on their head

2. Creates nouns with the meaning of "the one who ...", "those who ...", "those which ..." etc. when one of the aforementioned conditions apply

   savaşı kaybedenler ― those who lost the war

   trenden inenler ― those who are disembarking the train

3. Combines with the dative suffix and the postpositions kadar, dek or değin to mean until

   ölene kadar ― till I die/he dies

   dönene dek ― till I return/he returns

• For all other relative clauses, see -dık and -acak

• Turkish: A Comprehensive Grammar, 2005, →ISBN

-an

1. Used to indicate someone who is or does something

• IPA^(key): /an/

From Proto-Celtic *-agnos.

-an

1. diminutive suffix, -let

   ‎bwyell (“axe”) + ‎-an → ‎bwyellan (“small axe, hatchet”)

   ‎gwraig (“woman, wife”) + ‎-an → ‎gwreigan (“little woman, little wife”)

   ‎barf (“beard”) + ‎-an → ‎barfan (“little beard, goatee, whiskers”)

2. person or object with characteristics of the root word

   ‎mud (“mute”) + ‎-an → ‎mudan (“mute person”)

   ‎llai (“grey”) + ‎-an → ‎lleian (“nun”)

   ‎crwm (“crooked, curved”) + ‎-an → ‎cryman (“sickle, pruning hook”)

3. used to form pet names

   ‎Gwen + ‎-an → ‎Gwennan

   ‎Dai + ‎-an → ‎Deian

   ‎Elisabeth + ‎-an → ‎Bethan

• -ian

-an

1. verbnoun suffix

-an

1. (colloquial) verb suffix for the third-person future plural

R. J. Thomas, G. A. Bevan, P. J. Donovan, A. Hawke, et al., editors (1950–present), “-an”, in Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru Online (in Welsh), University of Wales Centre for Advanced Welsh & Celtic Studies