-ka

-ka

1. Used to form adverbs from nouns.

   ‎tarte (“gap, interval”) + ‎-ka → ‎tarteka (“intermittently”)

   1. looking for

      ‎ote (“gorse, furze”) + ‎-ka → ‎oteka (“looking for gorse”)

   2. divided in, distributed in

      ‎talde (“group”) + ‎-ka → ‎taldeka (“in groups”)

-ka

1. progressive tense marker

   nuiraka : I am drinking

• Swintha Danielsen, Tania Granadillo, Agreement in two Arawak languages, in The Typology of Semantic Alignment (edited by Mark Donohue, Søren Wichmann) (2008, →ISBN), page 398

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *-ъka.

• IPA^(key): [ ka]

-ka f (noun-forming suffix)

1. appended to words to create a feminine version of a noun, especially a profession, origin, or proper name

   ‎lékař + ‎-ka → ‎lékařka

-ka f or m anim (noun-forming suffix)

1. appended to words to create a diminutive form of a noun

   ‎vlna + ‎-ka → ‎vlnka

• -ka in Slovník afixů užívaných v češtině, 2017

From Proto-Finnic *-ka, from Proto-Uralic *-ka. Originally probably an emphatic particle.

-ka (front vowel harmony variant -kä, linguistic notation -kA) (enclitic particle)

1. functionally a conjunction, suffixed to the negation verb to join two main clauses; and (not) (see eikä)

   ei → eikä

2. (no longer productive) Used for emphasis or for prosodic purposes

   saati → saatikka

3. (no longer productive) Extends monosyllabic stems to avoid words with only a single light syllable.

   jo- → joka, ku- → kuka, mi- → mikä

• This particle is no longer productive.
• In some words the particle may appear as -kka; this is either due to the previous word incurring gemination, or from an earlier -hka (with a preceding -h-).

• -yka (after vowels)

Borrowed from Bulgarian -ка (-ka).

• IPA^(key): /kɑ/
• Always unstressed

-ka

1. forms feminine singular nouns from originally masculine or genderless nouns

   ‎başkan (“president”) + ‎-ka → ‎başkanka (“female president”)

2. forms nouns from other nouns

   ‎kuş (“bird”) + ‎-ka → ‎kuşka (“birdcage”)

• Unlike most suffixes, this suffix is not subject to vowel harmony.

• N. A Baskakov, editor (1972), “-ка”, in Gagauzsko-Russko-Moldavskij Slovarʹ [Gagauz-Russian-Moldovan Dictionary], Moskva: Izdatelʹstvo Sovetskaja Enciklopedija, →ISBN, page 622

From Proto-Finno-Ugric. Compare Finnish -kka.

• IPA^(key): [kɒ]
• Rhymes: -kɒ

-ka

2. (diminutive suffix) Added to a word to express smallness, youth, unimportance, or endearment. When added to present participles, it can also express the instrument or place of the action indicated in the base word.

   ‎cukor (“sugar”) + ‎-ka → ‎cukorka (“candy”)

   ‎asztal (“table”) + ‎-ka → ‎asztalka (“small table”)

   jár (“to walk”) → járó (“walking”) → járóka (“playpen”)

• (diminutive suffix) Variants:

  -ka is added to back-vowel words

  -ke is added to front-vowel words

• -cska
• Appendix:Hungarian suffixes

From Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *ka.

• IPA^(key): /ka/

-ka

1. Second-person absolutive enclitic personal pronoun; you

   Napankan? ― Did you go already?

   Estudianteka. ― You are a student.

2. Fused enclitic with first-person singular agent and second-person singular patient; fuses -ko (“I, my”) and -ka (“you”)

   Ay-ayatenka. ― I love you.

   Estudianteka. ― You are my student.

From Proto-Finnic *-ka. Cognates include Finnish -ka.

• (Ala-Laukaa) IPA^(key): /-kɑ/, [-kɑ]
• (Soikkola) IPA^(key): /-kɑ/, [-kɑ]

-ka (front-vowel variant -kä)

1. Used to turn a clause interrogative.
2. Used after negative verbs to join two verb clauses: neither, nor, and not

• In the interrogative function, when added to verbs, -ka is only used after the consonant -t. Otherwise, the reduced form -k or its alternative form -ko/-kö is used.
• In the joining function, an alternative -k is (rarely) also used.

-ka (front vowel variant -kä)

1. (unproductive) Used in some words to introduce an interrogative aspect.

   ‎Proto-Finnic *mi- + ‎-ka → ‎mikä

   ‎Proto-Finnic *ku- + ‎-ka → ‎kuka

2. (unproductive) Used in some words to introduce a negative aspect.

Akin to dialectal Finnish -kaa and Estonian -ga.

• (Ala-Laukaa) IPA^(key): /-kɑː/, [-kɑː]
• (Soikkola) IPA^(key): /-kɑ/, [-kɑ]

-ka (front vowel variant -kä)

1. (chiefly Ala-Laukaa) Used to form the comitative case when added to a genitive of a noun.

• Ruben E. Nirvi (1971), Inkeroismurteiden Sanakirja, Helsinki: Suomalais-Ugrilainen Seura, page 118

-ka

1. Rōmaji transcription of か

-ka

1. first person singular accusative enclitic

-ka

1. perfective aspect enclitic

   Na-mutung-ka.

   It burned down.

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *-ъka.

• IPA^(key): /ka/

-ka f

1. forms feminine nouns, sometimes diminutive in nature

   ‎bednôrz + ‎-ka → ‎bednôrka

   ‎czãsc + ‎-ka → ‎cząstka

From Proto-Slavic *-ъka.

-ka f

1. added to masculine nouns to form a feminine
2. added to feminine nouns to form a diminutive

From Proto-Germanic *-ukōną.

-ka

1. turns an adjective into a causative verb

   ‎víð + ‎-ka → ‎víðka

   ‎þurr + ‎-ka → ‎þurka

2. turns a noun into a transitive verb

   ‎lit + ‎-ka → ‎litka

• Icelandic: -ka
• Faroese: -ka
• Norwegian Nynorsk: -ka
• Swedish: -ka
• Danish: -ke

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *-ъka.

• IPA^(key): (10^th–15^th CE) /ka/
• IPA^(key): (15^th CE) /ka/

-ka f

1. feminine noun suffix

   ‎ambroże + ‎-ka → ‎ambrożka

• Polish: -ka
• Silesian: -ka

-ka n

1. inflection of -ko:
   1. genitive singular
   2. nominative/vocative plural

-ka

1. Forms nouns from verbs or adjectives

• Campbell, L. (1985). The Pipil Language of El Salvador. Mouton De Gruyter. p.48

Inherited from Old Polish -ka.

• IPA^(key): /ka/

• Audio:

  (file)

• Rhymes: -a
• Syllabification: -ka

-ka f

1. feminine noun suffix

   Synonym: -na

   ‎Azjata + ‎-ka → ‎Azjatka

2. diminutive noun suffix

   ‎część + ‎-ka → ‎cząstka

-ka n

1. inflection of -ko:
   1. genitive singular
   2. nominative/vocative plural

• -ka in Polish dictionaries at PWN

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *-ъka.

-ka (Cyrillic spelling -ка)

1. Suffix appended to words to create a feminine noun, denoting a part, profession, feature, membership, origin, social status, complexion, proper name, abstract noun or animal's name.

• -inka
• -enka
• -ovka

Inherited from Old Polish -ka.

• IPA^(key): /ka/
• Rhymes: -a
• Syllabification: -ka

-ka f

1. forms feminine nouns, sometimes diminutive in nature

   ‎bednŏrz + ‎-ka → ‎bednŏrka

   ‎kość + ‎-ka → ‎kostka

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *-ъka.

• IPA^(key): /ka/, [ka]

-ka

1. denotes that the word is a feminine version of the word it is appended to

   Talian m (“Italian (man)”) + -ka = Talianka f (“Italian (woman)”)

2. sometimes denotes a word as a diminutive

   mucha f (“fly”) + -ka = muška f (“small fly”)

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *-ъka.

• IPA^(key): /ka/

-ka f

1. forms feminine nouns, sometimes diminutive in nature

   ‎bednorz + ‎-ka → ‎bednorka

   ‎jagôda + ‎-ka → ‎jagódka

Cognate with Jiiddu -ké.

-ka (feminine -ta)

1. The masculine definite article; the

• This form is used after the consonants -b, -d, -f, -l, -n, -r, -s and -sh.
• After words ending in -g, -aa, -i, -y and -w, the form -ga is used.

• Puglielli, Annarita; Mansuur, Cabdalla Cumar (2012), “ka”, in Qaamuuska Af-Soomaliga‎^[1], Rome: RomaTrE-Press, →ISBN

-ka

1. alternative form of -ika used in some verbs ending in -ia, in all verbs ending in -e, in conversive verbs ending in -oa, or -ua, in all words ending in -i, and in nouns and adjectives ending in -u

   ‎-sikia (“to hear”) + ‎-ka → ‎-sikika (“to audible”)

   ‎-fungua (“to open”) + ‎-ka → ‎-funguka (“to be opened”)

   ‎shughuli (“occupation, trade”) + ‎-ka → ‎-shughulika (“to be busy”)

• Swahili stative verbs

From Old Norse -ka, from Proto-Germanic *-ukōną, *-ikōną.

-ka

1. (no longer productive) Used to form nouns from adjectives

   ‎hal (“slippery”) + ‎-ka → ‎halka (“slipperiness”)

2. (no longer productive) Used to form verbs from adjectives, nouns or other verbs

   ‎blid (“mild”) + ‎-ka → ‎blidka (“to placate”)

   ‎ja (“a yes”) + ‎-ka → ‎jaka (“to say yes”)

   ‎stöna (“to moan”) + ‎-ka → ‎stånka (“to huff and puff”)

• -ka in Elof Hellquist, Svensk etymologisk ordbok (1st ed., 1922)

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *-ъka.

-ka

1. added to masculine nouns to form a feminine
2. added to feminine nouns to form a diminutive

From kaaz, kaa. Compare Estonian -ga, Ingrian -ka.

• IPA^(key): /-kɑː/
• (Luutsa, Liivtšülä) IPA^(key): [-kɑ]

-ka

1. Forms the comitative case to mean "with" (accompanying, implement, etc.); added to the genitive forms.

This suffix is not subject to vowel harmony.

• IPA^(key): [-ka]

Cognate to Kari'na ka (“to take away, to deprive of”, verb), Trió -ka (privative verbalizer).

• -kkwa (allomorphs)

-ka

2. forms privative transitive verbs from nouns, with a meaning of ‘to deprive of X’, ‘to extract X from’, ‘to X away’: dis-, ex-

This suffix exists in related languages but is rare in spontaneous speech and possibly non-productive in Ye'kwana. When it does occur, it can trigger syllable reduction and in some cases become -kkwa.

From Proto-Cariban *-ka (suffix forming allative postpositions).

-ka

2. forms allative or locative postpositions: to, at

-ka

1. allomorph of -a (nonpast or past imperfective suffix) used for stems with a reducing final syllable that begins with k

• Cáceres, Natalia (2011), “-ka”, in Grammaire Fonctionnelle-Typologique du Ye’kwana‎^[2], Lyon, page 148
• Douglas, Jordan A. G. (2019) A Formal and Semantic Reconstruction of Cariban Postpositions, page 34–36