-em

• -hna (Gheg)

Related to më, mu, mua (“me”) and im (“my, mine”). -em is the Tosk and Standard Albanian variant of the Gheg personal suffix -na (“I, me”). The suffix -em (“I, me”) indicates the 1st person singular, mediopassive, present (same as Gheg -na). Used the same way as Greek verb suffix "-μαι/-mai" (also 1st pers., sg., mediopassive, indicative, present).

• IPA^(key): /em/, [ɛm]

-em

1. (personal suffix) used to form the 1st person singular present tense of verbs in mediopassive voice (indicative mood).
2. Forms verbs in mediopassive voice from active voice

   active bëj (“I do, make, appear”) + h (mediopassive marker) + -em → mediopassive bëhem (“I become, turn into”)

   active zbeh (“I make white(er), pale(er)”) + -em → mediopassive zbehem (“I'm getting pale(er), white(er)”)

3. Forms mediopassive verbs from adjectives

   adjective shkurt (“short”) + o-stem + h (mediopassive marker) + -em → mediopassive verb shkurtohem (“I become shorter”)

• Standard Albanian/Tosk personal suffixes for verbs:

mediopassive personal suffixes (1st person singular)
	indicative	subjunctive	conditional	optative	admirative
	(dëftore)	(lidhore)	(kushtore)	(dëshirore)	(habitore)
present	-em	(të) -em	(do të) -esha	(u) -sha / -fsha	(u) -am
continuous present	(po) -em	(po të) -em	(po do të) -esha		(po u) -am
imperfect	-esha	(të) -esha			(u) -ësha
continuous imperfect	(po) -esha	(po të) -esha			(po u) -ësha
aorist	(u) -a / (u) -va	-	-	-	-
perfect	j-am (+ participle)	(të) j-em (+ participle)		qof-sha (+ participle)	qenk-am (+ participle)
past perfect I	isha (+ participle)	(të) isha (+ participle)	(do të) isha (+ participle)		qenk-ësha (+ participle)
past perfect II (aorist II)	q-eshë (+ participle)
future I	k-am (për t'u + participle)		(do të) -em
future perfect	k-am (për të qenë + participle)		(do të) j-em (+ participle)

• -hem
• -hna
• -na

• -im, -um

Inherited from English him / 'em.

-em

1. indicates a transitive verb
   • 2008, Miriam Meyerhoff, “7.3 Method”, in Social Lives in Language — Sociolinguistics and Multilingual Speech Communities: Celebrating the Work of Gillian Sankoff‎^[1], →ISBN, page 344:

     Bang i wantem mi faen from mi ovaspen.

     The bank wants me to pay a fine because I am in overdraft.

The suffix to be used is determined by vowel harmony. If the last vowel in the stem is a, e, or o (or a diphthong ending in one of those), then the suffix is -em. Otherwise, use -im or -um.

From Latin -ēmus, the active ending for the first person plural in the Latin second conjugation. The final *-us was lost due to analogy with the Latin second declension (which also ended in -us); had that not been lost, the result would have been *-emos or *-emes. Displaced -āmus, the active ending of the first person plural, which likely would have yielded *-amos or *-ames (or *-am, with loss of the final *-us).

-em

1. Used to form the first person plural present indicative of first and second conjugation verbs

-em

1. (added to possessive nouns) our (exclusive)

-em

1. romanization of -𐌄𐌌

From Middle High German -em, -eme, from Proto-West Germanic *-umē.

• IPA^(key): /əm/

-em

1. masculine and neuter dative suffix, used in most determiners/pronouns and in strong adjectives

Through reduction of the unstressed syllable.

• IPA^(key): /əm/, /ɛm/
• Most or all places are locally pronounced with /əm/, but /ɛm/ is not rarely heard from outsiders.

-em

1. alternative form of -heim (placename suffix)

• Sechtem

Ultimately a backformation from Ancient Greek φώνημα (phṓnēma), whence German Phonem.

• IPA^(key): /ˈeːm/

• Audio:

  (file)

-em n

1. (linguistics) -eme

• IPA^(key): [ɛm]
• Rhymes: -ɛm

-em

2. (personal suffix, indefinite conjugation) Forms the first-person singular present indicative of -ik verbs.

   ‎eszik (“to eat”) + ‎-em → ‎eszem (“I eat, I am eating”)

4. (personal suffix, definite conjugation) Forms the definite first-person singular present indicative of verbs.

   ‎ért (“to understand”) + ‎-em → ‎értem (“I understand [him/her/it]”)

6. (possessive suffix) my (first-person singular, single possession)

   ‎kert (“garden”) + ‎-em → ‎kertem (“my garden”)

• (personal suffix) Variants:

  -ok is added to back-vowel verbs

  -ek is added to unrounded front-vowel verbs

  -ök is added to rounded front-vowel verbs

  -om may be added to back-vowel -ik verbs

  -em may be added to unrounded front-vowel -ik verbs

  -öm may be added to rounded front-vowel -ik verbs

• (personal suffix, definite conjugation) Variants:

  -om is added to back-vowel verbs

  -em is added to unrounded front-vowel verbs

  -öm is added to rounded front-vowel verbs

• (possessive suffix) Variants:

  -m is added to words ending in a vowel. Final -a changes to -á-. Final -e changes to -é-.

  ‎hajó (“boat”) + ‎-m → ‎a hajóm (“my boat”)

  ‎kocsi (“car”) + ‎-m → ‎a kocsim (“my car”)

  ‎palota (“palace”) + ‎-m → ‎a palotám (“my palace”)

  ‎érme (“coin”) + ‎-m → ‎az érmém (“my coin”)

  -am is added to some back-vowel words ending in a consonant

  ‎ház (“house”) + ‎-am → ‎a házam (“my house”)

  -om is added to the other back-vowel words ending in a consonant

  ‎kor (“age”) + ‎-om → ‎a korom (“my age”)

  -em is added to unrounded (and some rounded) front-vowel words ending in a consonant

  ‎kert (“garden”) + ‎-em → ‎a kertem (“my garden”)

  ‎fül (“ear”) + ‎-em → ‎a fülem (“my ear”)

  -öm is added to most rounded front-vowel words ending in a consonant

  ‎öröm (“joy”) + ‎-öm → ‎az örömöm (“my joy”)

(possessive suffix):

-em

2. (noun-forming suffix) Added to a noun or a verb to form a noun. A final single -l may become long -ll-.

   ‎jel (“sign”) + ‎-em → ‎jellem (“character”)

   ‎szél (“wind”) + ‎-em → ‎szellem (“ghost, spirit”)

   ‎illik (“to suit, to be proper”) + ‎-em → ‎illem (“good manners, proper behaviour”)

• (noun-forming suffix) Variants:

  -am is added to back-vowel words

  -em is added to front-vowel words

• Category:Hungarian verb forms
• Category:Hungarian noun forms
• Appendix:Hungarian suffixes

• -ẽ (scribal abbreviation)

• (Classical Latin) IPA^(key): [ẽː]
• (modern Italianate Ecclesiastical) IPA^(key): [em]
• Hyphenation: -em

See -ēs (“suffix forming third-declension feminine abstract nouns”).

-em f

1. accusative singular of -ēs

See the etymology of the corresponding lemma form.

-em

1. first-person singular present active subjunctive of -ō (first conjugation)

See the etymology of the corresponding lemma form.

-em

1. accusative singular of -s

• IPA^(key): /əβ̃/, [eβ̃]

From Proto-Celtic *-mū, from Proto-Indo-European *-mō.^[1]

-em m

1. Forms occupational nouns.

   ‎flaith (“rule”) + ‎-em → ‎flaithem (“ruler”)

   ‎breth (“judgement”) + ‎-em → ‎brithem (“judge”)

   ‎fíach (“debt”) + ‎-em → ‎féchem (“debtor”)

• -am (broad form)

From Proto-Celtic *-īmā, a verbal noun suffix for -ī- verbs in Celtic. Cognate with Welsh -i, from Proto-Brythonic *-iβ̃.

-em f

1. Forms verbal nouns of class A II weak verbs with roots ending in dentals.

   ‎feithid (“to watch over”) + ‎-em → ‎fethem (“watching over”)

   ‎moídid (“to boast”) + ‎-em → ‎moídem (“boasting”)

   ‎ad·gládathar (“to converse with”) + ‎-em → ‎acaldam (“conversation”)

• -am (after a broad consonant)

• Irish: -amh
• Scottish Gaelic: -amh

• -im
• -um

English him, 'em

-em

1. Indicates a transitive verb

The suffix to be used is determined by vowel harmony. If the last vowel in the stem is a, e, or o (or a diphthong ending in one of those), then the suffix is -em. Otherwise, use -im or -um.

• -iem (after k and g in declension types: masculine III; neuter II)

Inherited from Old Polish -em, from Proto-Slavic *-emь/-ъ̀mь/-ь̀mь.

• IPA^(key): /ɛm/

• Audio:

  (file)

• Rhymes: -ɛm
• Syllabification: -em

-em

1. forms the instrumental singular of nouns of declension types: masculine I, II, III, IV, V; neuter I, II, III, IV, V

• Zenon Klemensiewicz; Tadeusz Lehr-Spławiński; Stanisław Urbańczyk (1965), Gramatyka historyczna języka polskiego‎^[2] (in Polish), III edition, Warsaw: Wydawnictwo Naukowe PWN, page 272
• Krystyna Długosz-Kurczabowa; Stanisław Dubisz (2006), Gramatyka historyczna języka polskiego (in Polish), III edition, Warsaw: Publishers of the University of Warsaw, →ISBN, page 204

-em

1. Attaches to the perfective stem to form the first-person singular past tense.

-em

1. An inanimate collective morpheme for a group of things

• IPA^(key): /ɛm/

-em

1. (literary) verb suffix for the first-person plural imperfect/conditional