lingkungan

inherited from Malay lingkungan, from Classical Malay lingkungan (“area”). Equivalent to lingkung +‎ -an.

• The sense “environment” is a semantic loan from Dutch omgeving.
• The sense “circle, group” is a semantic loan from Dutch kring. Compare to loanword as Indonesian kring (“subdivision of a parish”).

• (Standard Indonesian) IPA^(key): /liŋˈkuŋan/ [liŋˈku.ŋan]
• Rhymes: -uŋan
• Syllabification: ling‧ku‧ngan

lingkungan (plural lingkungan-lingkungan)

1. environment, environment in general senses

   Synonyms: persekitaran (Malay), alam sekitar (Malay)

2. (computing) environment (the software and/or hardware existing on any particular computer system)
3. area, a particular geographic region

   Synonyms: area, kawasan

4. circle, group

   Synonyms: golongan, kalangan

5. (Catholicism) subdivision of a parish

   Synonym: kring

6. (sociology) ellipsis of lingkungan tetangga (“neighbourhood”)

   Synonyms: ketetanggaan, kejiranan (Malay)

• “lingkungan”, in Kamus Besar Bahasa Indonesia [Great Dictionary of the Indonesian Language] (in Indonesian), Jakarta: Agency for Language Development and Cultivation – Ministry of Education, Culture, Research, and Technology of the Republic of Indonesia, 2016

Affixed lingkung +‎ -an.

lingkungan (plural lingkungan-lingkungan or lingkungan²)

1. sphere
2. limit
3. area
4. radius
5. region
6. spectrum
7. enclosure

• Indonesian: lingkungan

• "lingkungan" in Pusat Rujukan Persuratan Melayu (PRPM) [Malay Literary Reference Centre (PRPM)] (in Malay), Kuala Lumpur: Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka, 2017