glie

French

Etymology

From Ancient Greek γλία (glía, “glue”).

Noun

glie f (plural glies)

  1. (anatomy) glia

Italian

Etymology 1

See the etymology of the corresponding lemma form.

Pronunciation

  • IPA(key): /ˈɡli.e/
  • Rhymes: -ie
  • Hyphenation: glì‧e

Noun

glie f

  1. plural of glia

Etymology 2

Probably from alteration of the vowel in gli by analogy to me, te (alternative forms of the pronouns mi, ti used before third-person direct object clitics).[1] The alternation between me, te and mi, ti developed originally because of a phonological process that turned /e/ into /i/ in certain unstressed syllables; subsequently, this alternation apparently was reinterpreted as a morphophonological rule, resulting in general use of the vowel /e/ for the first pronoun in clitic clusters ending in a third-person accusative or partitive pronoun.[2]

Pronunciation

  • IPA(key): */ʎe/
  • Rhymes: -e
  • Hyphenation: glie

Pronoun

glie m sg or f sg or m pl or f pl

  1. alternative form of gli (dative pronoun)
  2. alternative form of le (dative pronoun)
Usage notes
  • Used when followed by a non-reflexive third-person accusative or genitive clitic pronoun (lo, la, li, le, or ne):
    Gliene parlo domani.
    I'll tell you/him/her/them about it tomorrow.
  • Unlike me, te, ce, ve, and se which are always separated by a space from the following clitic, glie is written in one word with the following clitic: glielo, gliela, glieli, gliele, gliene.
See also
Italian personal pronouns
singular plural
first second second formal / polite5 third first second second formal / polite5 third
m or f m f m or f m f
nominative io tu Lei, Ella8 lui, egli8, elli3, 8, esso8 lei, ella8, essa8 noi voi, Voi7 Loro loro
elli3, 8, ellino4, 8, eglino4, 8, essi8 elle3, 8, elleno4, 8, esse8
atonic (clitic)11 accusative / dative-reflexive mi, m', -mi, me9 ti, t', -ti, te9 ― si6, s', -si, se9 ci, c', -ci, ce9 vi, Vi7, v', V'7, -vi, -Vi7, ve9 ― si, s', -si, se9
accusative La, -La, L' lo, l', -lo, il4 la, l', -la Le, -Le li, -li le, -le
dative Le, -Le glie9 Loro10 loro10, gli2, -gli2, glie9
gli, -gli le, -le, gli2, -gli2
locative ― ci, c',
vi1, v'1 		― ci, c',
vi1, v'1
partitive ne, n' ne, n'
tonic12 prepositional-reflexive ― sé ― sé
oblique me te Lei lui, esso8 lei, essa8 noi voi, Voi7 Loro loro,
essi8 elle8, esse8
1 Formal.
2 Informal.
3 Archaic.
4 Obsolete.
5 Grammatically third person forms used semantically in the second person as a formal or polite way of addressing someone (with the first letter frequently capitalised as a sign of respect, and to distinguish them from third person subjects). Unlike the singular forms, the plural forms are mostly antiquated terms of formal address in the modern language, and second person plural pronouns are almost always used instead.
6 Also used as indefinite pronoun meaning “one”, and to form the passive.
7 Formal (capitalisation optional); in many regions, can refer to just one person (compare with French vous).
8 Traditional grammars still indicate the forms egli (animate), ella (animate), esso (inanimate), essa (inanimate), essi, esse as the nominative forms of the third person pronouns; outside of very formal or archaizing contexts, all such forms have been replaced by the obliques lui, lei, loro.
9 Forms used when followed by a third-person direct object proclitic (lo, la, li, le, or ne).
10 Used after verbs.
11 Unstressed forms, stand alone forms are found proclitically (except dative loro / Loro), others enclitically (-mi, -ti, etc.).
12 Disjunctive, emphatic oblique forms used as direct objects placed after verbs, in exclamations, along prepositions (prepositional) and some adverbs (come, quanto, etc.); also used with a to create alternative emphatic dative forms.

References

  1. ^ Desouvrey, Louis-H. (2005), “Romance clitic clusters”, in Lorie Heggie, Francisco Ordóñez, editors, Clitic and Affix Combinations: Theoretical Perspectives, page 78
  2. ^ Pescarini, Diego (2014), “The evolution of Italo-Romance clitic clusters”, in Paola Benincà, Adam Ledgeway, Nigel Vincent, editors, Diachrony and Dialects: Grammatical Change in the Dialects of Italy, pages 163-167

Anagrams

Romanian

Etymology

Proto-Slavic *glьjь (“soil”). Compare Serbo-Croatian glej, Russian глей (glej), Polish glej, Slovak glej, Ukrainian ґлей (glej).

Noun

glie f (plural glii)

  1. soil, land

Declension

singular plural
indefinite definite indefinite definite
nominative-accusative glie glia glii gliile
genitive-dative glii gliei glii gliilor
vocative glie, glio gliilor
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