po-

• pů- (more frequently for substantives, but also verbs)

Inherited from Old Czech po-, pó-.

• IPA^(key): [po ]

po-

1. Perfective aspect

   ‎po- + ‎žádat → ‎požádat (“to ask”)

2. (as an imperfective verb) (often used with se or si) intensification: added to mean to do X during a certain time period (rather calmly, enjoying it)

   ‎po- + ‎přemítat (“reflect on sth”) → ‎popřemítat si (“reflect for some time”)

3. after-, as in pozdě late, from po
4. unto-, at-, along-, as in place names

   ‎po- + ‎Balt + ‎-í → ‎Pobaltí (“the Baltics, Baltic states”)

   ‎po- + ‎Dněstr + ‎-í → ‎Podněstří (“Transnistria, Pridnestrovie”)

   ‎po- + ‎hranice + ‎-í → ‎pohraničí (“borderland, frontier”)

   ‎po- + ‎moře + ‎-an + ‎-sko → ‎Pomořansko (“Pomerania”)

   ‎po- + ‎Rúr + ‎-í → ‎Porúří (“Ruhr district”)

   ‎po- + ‎Rýn + ‎-í → ‎Porýní (“Rhineland”)

   ‎po- + ‎voda + ‎-í → ‎povodí (“drainage basin”)

• po- in Slovník afixů užívaných v češtině, 2017

po-

1. A prefix having a similar distributive meaning as the preposition po.

   vendi pogrande ― sell wholesale

   la ponumera prezo ― the price per issue

   poiom ― bit by bit

• -ope

• poa
• pogrande
• popece

• po

From Proto-Italic *po, from Proto-Indo-European *h₂pó, zero-grade of *h₂epo (whence ab).

po-

1. off, away

• pōno
• pōrceō

• De Vaan, Michiel (2008), Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN
• Julius Pokorny (1959), Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch, in 3 vols, Bern, München: Francke Verlag

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *po-.

• IPA^(key): (10^th–15^th CE) /pɔ/
• IPA^(key): (15^th CE) /pɔ/

po-

1. perfectivizing prefix

   ‎po- + ‎karmić → ‎pokarmić

• Polish: po-

• IPA^(key): /po/

po-

1. we (first-person plural inclusive subject prefix)

   Synonym: wo-

   potagi ― we go

• Perangin Angin, Dalan Mehuli (2018) A descriptive grammar of the Pagu language (Thesis)‎^[1], University of Hong Kong
• Perangin Angin, Dalan Mehuli (2023), Kamus Pagu-Indonesia-Inggris, Jakarta: Penerbit BRIN

Inherited from Old Polish po-.

• IPA^(key): /pɔ/

• Audio:

  (file)

• Rhymes: -ɔ
• Syllabification: po-

po-

1. prepended to imperfective verbs to form iterative perfectives

   ‎po- + ‎narzekać → ‎ponarzekać

   ‎po- + ‎nalepiać → ‎ponalepiać

2. prepended to imperfective verbs to create semelfactive perfectives

   ‎po- + ‎grzebać → ‎pogrzebać

3. after-

   ‎po- + ‎świat → ‎poświata

4. unto-, at-, along-, as in place names

   ‎po- + ‎morze + ‎-e → ‎Pomorze

   ‎po- + ‎dół + ‎-e → ‎Podole

   ‎po- + ‎granica + ‎-e → ‎pogranicze

   ‎po- + ‎jezioro + ‎-e → ‎pojezierze

• po- in Polish dictionaries at PWN

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *po-, from *po, whence also comes the Serbo-Croatian preposition po.

po- (Cyrillic spelling по-)

1. marks the perfective aspect
2. after, on, a-

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *po. See po.

• IPA^(key): /pɔ/, [pɔ]

po-

1. prefix used to form verbs
   1. over-, on (denoting action performed on the surface, such as covering, coating, or smearing)

      ‎po- + ‎kryť → ‎pokryť (“to cover over”)

      ‎po- + ‎liať → ‎poliať (“to pour over/water”)

      ‎po- + ‎soliť → ‎posoliť (“to salt/season with salt”)

   2. denoting the acquisition or bestowing of a quality expressed by the word base

      ‎po- + ‎slovenský + ‎-iť → ‎poslovenčiť (“to Slovakize”)

      ‎po- + ‎silný + ‎-iť → ‎posilniť (“to strengthen”)

      ‎po- + ‎lepší + ‎-iť → ‎polepšiť (“to improve oneself”)

   3. denoting the gradual completion of an action involving multiple objects or subjects (distributive)

      ‎po- + ‎brať → ‎pobrať (“to take/collect all”)

      ‎po- + ‎zatvárať → ‎pozatvárať (“to close (all) one by one”)

      ‎po- + ‎skladať → ‎poskladať (“to assemble/fold (multiple items)”)

   4. denoting a high degree or full intensity of an action

      ‎po- + ‎jašiť → ‎pojašiť (“to go crazy/wild”)

      ‎po- + ‎trhať → ‎potrhať (“to tear to pieces/shred”)

      ‎po- + ‎krčiť → ‎pokrčiť (“to crumple thoroughly”)

   5. denoting a small degree or slight intensity of an action (attenuative)

      ‎po- + ‎blednúť → ‎poblednúť (“to turn slightly pale”)

      ‎po- + ‎skočiť → ‎poskočiť (“to hop/jump slightly”)

      ‎po- + ‎usmiať sa → ‎pousmiať sa (“to give a slight smile”)

   6. denoting a specific duration of an action, often with the sense of “for a while” or “to one's satisfaction”

      ‎po- + ‎sedieť → ‎posedieť (“to sit for a while”)

      ‎po- + ‎spať → ‎pospať (“to have a good sleep”)

      ‎po- + ‎čakať → ‎počkať (“to wait for a bit”)

   7. from a frequentative verb: denoting an action that occurs intermittently, occasionally, or repeatedly

      ‎po- + ‎bolievať → ‎pobolievať (“to ache occasionally”)

      ‎po- + ‎píjať → ‎popíjať (“to sip/drink slowly over time”)

      ‎po- + ‎kašlávať → ‎pokašlávať (“to cough intermittently”)

   8. denoting the simple completion or result of an action

      ‎po- + ‎dojiť → ‎podojiť (“to milk”)

      ‎po- + ‎balamutiť → ‎pobalamutiť (“to confuse/bamboozle”)

   9. used for expressive or emphatic function where the prefix is semantically redundant

      ‎po- + ‎bozkať → ‎pobozkať (“to kiss”)

      ‎po- + ‎darovať → ‎podarovať (“to give a gift”)

      ‎po- + ‎stretnúť → ‎postretnúť (“to encounter/happen to”)

   10. forming the perfective aspect of various verbs

       ‎po- + ‎chváliť → ‎pochváliť (“to praise”)

       ‎po- + ‎trestať → ‎potrestať (“to punish”)

       ‎po- + ‎ďakovať → ‎poďakovať (“to thank”)

   11. will (used with certain verbs of motion to form the future tense)

       ‎po- + ‎ísť → ‎pôjde (“he/she/it will go”)

       ‎po- + ‎bežať → ‎pobeží (“he/she/it will run”)

       ‎po- + ‎niesť → ‎ponesie (“he/she/it will carry”)

2. prefix used to form nouns
   1. found in deverbative nouns from verbs with the prefix po-

      pochváliť → pochvala (“praise”)

      pokročiť → pokrok (“progress”)

   2. denoting a geographical region or vicinity, especially surrounding rivers, often a part of the circumfix po- + -ie

      ‎po- + ‎Váh + ‎-ie → ‎Považie (“the Váh river region”)

      ‎po- + ‎hranica + ‎-ie → ‎pohraničie (“borderlands”)

3. prefix used to form adjectives
   1. post- (denoting that something occurs after a specific event or time)

      ‎po- + ‎vojna + ‎-ový → ‎povojnový (“post-war”)

      ‎po- + ‎Vianoce + ‎-ný → ‎povianočný (“post-Christmas”)

      ‎po- + ‎smrť + ‎-ný → ‎posmrtný (“posthumous”)

   2. -ish (denoting a slight quality or a faint tint of a color)

      ‎po- + ‎biely + ‎-vý → ‎pobelavý (“whitish”)

      ‎po- + ‎čierny → ‎počerný (“darkish/swarthy”)

   3. denoting location or characteristic presence in a specific environment

      ‎po- + ‎ulica + ‎-ný → ‎pouličný (“street- (e.g. street light)”)

      ‎po- + ‎zem + ‎-ný → ‎pozemný (“land/ground- (e.g. land forces)”)

4. prefix used to form pronouns and numerals
   1. creating stylistic variants of indefinite pronouns or numerals

      ‎po- + ‎niektorí → ‎poniektorí (“some/certain ones”)

      ‎po- + ‎jeden → ‎podajeden (“one or another”)

5. prefix found adverbs, usually as a relict of a former prepositional phrase with po
   1. in adverbs of manner

      ‎po- + ‎pamäť → ‎popamäti (“by memory/by heart”)

      ‎po- + ‎sedieť + ‎-ky → ‎posediačky (“sitting down”)

   2. after, since (denoting time following a specific boundary)

      ‎po- + ‎obed → ‎poobede (“in the afternoon”)

      ‎po- + ‎zajtra → ‎pozajtra (“the day after tomorrow”)

   3. until, up to (denoting a temporal or spatial limit)

      ‎po- + ‎dnes → ‎podnes (“until today”)

      ‎po- + ‎-tiaľ + ‎-to → ‎potiaľto (“up to here”)

   4. denoting spatial proximity

      ‎po- + ‎ruka → ‎poruke (“at hand/handy”)

• Peciar, Štefan, editor (1959–1968), “po-”, in Slovník slovenského jazyka [Dictionary of the Slovak Language] (in Slovak), volumes 1–6 (A – Ž; Doplnky, Dodatky), Bratislava: Vydavateľstvo SAV, →OCLC

From Proto-Slavic *po-. Prefixed form of the preposition po.

• IPA^(key): /pɔ-/

po-

1. Forms perfective verbs with the following meanings:
   1. (no change in meaning)

      ‎po- + ‎jẹ́sti (“to eat”) → ‎pojẹ́sti (“to eat”)

   2. for a while

      ‎po- + ‎spáti (“to sleep”) → ‎pospáti (“to sleep for a while”)

   3. one after another

      ‎po- + ‎gubīti (“to lose”) → ‎pogubīti (“to lose one after another”)