-to

• IPA^(key): /-ˈto/ [-ˈtɔ]

-tó

1. Form of -ytó used after nouns ending in consonants.

• E. M. Parker; R. J. Hayward (1985), An Afar-English-French dictionary (with Grammatical Notes in English), University of London, →ISBN, page 228
• Mohamed Hassan Kamil (2015), L’afar: description grammaticale d’une langue couchitique (Djibouti, Erythrée et Ethiopie)‎^[1], Paris: Université Sorbonne Paris Cité (doctoral thesis)

Unknown, probably attested in Aquitanian *nescato.^[1]

-to

1. Diminutive suffix.
2. (rare, no longer productive) Augmentative suffix.

Unknown.^[2]

-to

1. (Biscayan) Forms adverbs from adjectives.

   Synonym: -ki

• “-to” in Labayru Hiztegia

-to

1. here; used to modify verb direction

Borrowed from Russian -то (-to).

• (Ala-Laukaa) IPA^(key): /-to/, [-to̞]
• (Soikkola) IPA^(key): /-to/, [-to̞]

-to

1. Used to give contrastive emphasis to a preceding word.

   Miä veel en tohi viinaa ostaa, miul-to ono vaa viistoist vootta!

   I'm not allowed to buy alcohol yet, I am still fifteen years old, after all!

• Elena Markus (2022), “Diskursusepartiklid isuri keele Soikkola murdes”, in Keel ja kirjandus, page 86

-to

1. Rōmaji transcription of と

-to

1. Used to form ordinal numbers.

The first two ordinal numbers have irregular forms in addition to the regular forms, iekto and duito: vaaguno and vauro. The third and fourth are somewhat irregular: tritto and startto instead of the expected *triinto and *staarto.

Likely originally denominatives in -ō formed from the past participle.

-tō (present infinitive -tāre, perfect active -tāvī, supine -tātum); first conjugation

1. Forms frequentative verbs from existing verbs. In Latin, this means repeated or intense action.^[1] For examples, see here.

This suffix is one of many (including -tus, -tor, -tiō, -tim, -tō, -tūra) that all use the same verb stem as the supine, perfect passive participle, and/or future active participle, found in the verb's fourth principal part. This stem is conventionally considered to end in -t- (or for some verbs, -s-), which would imply analyzing the suffixes as -us, -or, -io, -im, etc. However, from an etymological perspective it is more accurate to identify -t-/-s- as the initial consonant of these suffixes.

• Most 1st conjugation verbs attach -t- after the theme vowel -ā-: e.g. amō, amātor, but a few form this principal part differently: e.g. secō > sectiō. Similarly, many 4th conjugation verbs use -ī-t-, but some use other formations, e.g. saliō > saltō.
• 2nd conjugation verbs are less consistent. Many use -i-t- (moneō, monitor); some attach -t- after the final consonant of the root (doceō > doctor); a considerable number lack this principal part. Monosyllabic stems use -ē-t-: ex-pleō (stem plē-) > explētiō.
• Many 3rd conjugation verbs (and some 1st, 2nd and 4th) attach -t- directly after a consonant, which can cause complex changes. When -t- is placed after -t- or -d-, the consonants merge to -ss- (simplified to -s- if not preceded by short vowel): metō > messor, caedo > caesūra. Occasionally -s- is used after other consonants: curro > cursim, mergo > mersō. Before -t-, -b- -g- are regularly devoiced to -p- -c-: scrībō > scrīptor; frīgō > frīctus. The addition of -t- can be accompanied by various other changes, including vowel shortening, vowel lengthening, consonant insertion, or consonant deletion; see -tus for more information.

This suffix is not used for first conjugation verbs, the variant -itō appears there instead.

¹The present passive infinitive in -ier is a rare poetic form which is attested.

• -itō
• -titō

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)

-tō (plural -tōte)

1. second/third-person person singular future active imperative ending

See the etymology of the corresponding lemma form.

-tō

1. masculine/neuter dative/ablative singular of -tus

• IPA^(key): /tɑ/

-to

1. in, within, on, at

• hìwkwíalto
• pǫ̂to
• wę̀puopʼôto

• -cho (allomorph after i)

• IPA^(key): [-to]

-to

1. Forms the plural of nonpast tenses.
2. Forms the plural of the recent past tense. (When used alone, forms the plural of the recent past perfective tense when the arguments of the verb are first- or second-person.)
3. Forms the plural of the distant past tense when at least one of the arguments of the verb is third-person.

This suffix can cause syllable reduction.

• IPA^(key): [-to]

-to

1. Allomorph of -ato (adverb/postposition nominalizing suffix) used after all vowels but e and i.

• Cáceres, Natalia (2011), “⸗to”, in Grammaire Fonctionnelle-Typologique du Ye’kwana‎^[2], Lyon, pages 124, 213–222