si-

si-

1. Class 7 noun prefix.

• Yuko Abe (2006), A Bende Vocabulary‎^[2], Research Institute for Languages and Cultures of Asia and Africa, page v

si- (except before a/o sa-, class II first-person singular)

1. the direct object of an active transitive verb

   me

2. the subject of a stative intransitive verb

   I

3. indicates possession of a noun

   my

Class II person markers are used for possession only for a small set of words, mostly including kinship terms and body parts.

si-

1. First-person plural inclusive subject marker for tense modifying adverbs.

• IPA^(key): /sɪ̀-/

si-

1. my, me

This is an alternative form of shi- which comes about in some words as a result of coronal harmony. See, for example, sikʼis, sitsilí. This once firm rule has become optional, and today most Navajo speakers actually prefer to ignore the rules of sibilant (coronal) harmony, especially when there is relatively greater distance between the 1st-person shi- and the alveolar sibilant in the root.

From Proto-Athabaskan *sə-, *s-, and therefore cognate with Ahtna z-, Dena'ina z-, Lower Tanana dh-.

si-

2. Marks the si-imperfective and si-perfective paradigms, which occur in active and neuter verbs with a durative/stative sense

• This prefix frequently undergoes coronal harmony, palatalizing to sh- if the root contains a palatal sibilant or affricate.
• The si-perfective is mandatory with verbal prefixes, including ha- (“(climbing) up”), na- (“about”), and ná- (“around”). With the latter two prefixes, it is always paired with the ∅-imperfective.
• When the distributive plural marker da- is present, many verbs are conjugated in the si-perfective, even if they use the yi- or ni-perfective in the singular/duoplural. Thus, yíʼnaʼ (“he/she/they crawled somewhere”) (yi-perfective) becomes daasʼnaʼ (“they (3+) each crawled somewhere”) (si-perfective).
• When not preceded by another prefix, the third-person singular form of the prefix is si-, as in sidá (“he/she is sitting”). If preceded by another prefix, it is reduced to s-/sh- before the d-, l-, and ł-classifiers, and to z-/zh- before the ∅-classifier.
• If the prefixes di-, hi-, and ni- precede si-, their vowel is lengthened and lowered to /e/, as in deezʼá (“it extends”) and yineesmas (“he made it into a ball”)
• In the third-person singular/duoplural with the d- or l- classifiers, the peg element yi- appears (e.g. yisdlí (“he/she froze to death”).

Perfective:

With the ∅- classifier:

With the ł- classifier:

With the ∅- classifier and coronal harmony:

With the ł- classifier and coronal harmony:

With the l- and d- classifiers:

With the l- and d- classifiers and coronal harmony:

• Robert W. Young and William Morgan, Sr. (1987), The Navajo Language. A Grammar and Colloquial Dictionary, Albuquerque, New Mexico: University of New Mexico Press, pages 246, 684.

From Proto-Bantu *tʊ̀-, via an intermediate form *tɪ̀-.

si-

1. we; first-person plural subject concord.

From Proto-Bantu *tʊ́-, via an intermediate form *tɪ́-.

si-

1. us; first-person plural object concord.

From Proto-Bantu *kɪ́-.

si-

1. he, she, it; class 7 subject concord.
2. him, her, it; class 7 object concord.

From Proto-Bantu *tʊ̀-, via an intermediate form *tɪ̀-.

si-

1. we; first-person plural subject concord.

From Proto-Bantu *tʊ́-, via an intermediate form *tɪ́-.

si-

1. us; first-person plural object concord.

From Proto-Bantu *kɪ́-kɪ̀-.

si-

1. Class 7 noun prefix.

From Proto-Bantu *kɪ́-.

si-

1. he, she, it; class 7 subject concord.
2. him, her, it; class 7 object concord.

From Proto-Bantu *tʊ̀-, via an intermediate form *tɪ̀-.

si-

1. we; first-person plural subject concord.

From Proto-Bantu *tʊ́-, via an intermediate form *tɪ́-.

si-

1. us; first-person plural object concord.

From Proto-Bantu *kɪ́-.

si-

1. he, she, it; class 7 subject concord.
2. him, her, it; class 7 object concord.

Compare Old Javanese asi- (“emphatic particle”)

si- (Sundanese script ᮞᮤ-)

1. verb-forming prefix indicating an action done to oneself (reflexive verb)

   ‎si- + ‎beungeut → ‎sibeungeut (“to wash one's face”)

   ‎si- + ‎banyo → ‎sibanyo (“to wash one's hand”)

   ‎si- + ‎duru → ‎siduru (“to warm oneself near a fire”)

   ‎si- + ‎dakep → ‎sidakep (“to cross one's arm”)

• Appears to be no longer productive in contemporary Sundanese, as the words prefixed with si- are now considered their own words. This appears in conjugations like saribanyo or nyibeungeutan.^[1]

• "si-" in Maman Sumantri; Atjep Djamaludin; Achmad Patoni; R.H. Moch. Koerdie; M.O. Koesman; Epa Sjafei Adisastra. (1985), Kamus Sunda-Indonesia [Sundanese-Indonesian Dictionary] (in Indonesian), Jakarta: Agency for Language Development and Cultivation – Department of Education and Culture of the Republic of Indonesia

• Audio (Kenya):

  (file)

si-

1. I do not, 1st person singular negative subject concord

   Antonym: ni-

si-

1. the negative emphatic copula or negative focusing copula: expresses "it is not" with an inflected object

   Antonym: ndi-

• Swahili grammar#Emphatic copula

From Proto-Bantu *tʊ̀-, via an intermediate form *tɪ̀-.

si-

1. we; first-person plural subject concord.

From Proto-Bantu *tʊ́-, via an intermediate form *tɪ́-.

si-

1. us; first-person plural object concord.

From Proto-Bantu *kɪ́-kɪ̀-.

si-

1. Class 7 noun prefix.

From Proto-Bantu *kɪ́-.

si-

1. he, she, it; class 7 subject concord.
2. him, her, it; class 7 object concord.

si-

1. applicative prefix

si-

1. to drain

si-

1. to drain

From Proto-Bantu *tʊ̀-, via an intermediate form *tɪ̀-.

si-

1. we; first-person plural subject concord.

From Proto-Bantu *tʊ́-, via an intermediate form *tɪ́-.

si-

1. us; first-person plural object concord.

From Proto-Bantu *kɪ́-.

si-

1. he, she, it; class 7 subject concord.
2. him, her, it; class 7 object concord.

Inherited from Proto-Bantu *jí- (“Class 10 subject concord”).

si-

1. Class 10 subject concord.

• sya- (“Class 10 possessive concord”).

• Rev. Alexander Hetherwick, M.A., F.R.G.S. (1902), A Handbook of the Yao Language‎^[3], Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge, page 7

From Proto-Bantu *tʊ̀-, via an intermediate form *tɪ̀-.

si-

1. we; first-person plural subject concord.

From Proto-Bantu *tʊ́-, via an intermediate form *tɪ́-.

sí-

1. us; first-person plural object concord.

From Proto-Bantu *kɪ̀-.

si-

1. Class 7 simple noun prefix.

From Proto-Bantu *kɪ́-.

sí-

1. he, she, it; class 7 subject concord.
2. him, her, it; class 7 object concord.

• C. M. Doke; B. W. Vilakazi (1972), “si-”, in Zulu-English Dictionary, →ISBN: “si-”