l-

l-

1. (chemistry) deprecated notation for levorotatory (versus modern notation, (−)).

From Proto-Athabaskan *lə-, equivalent to a combination of the ł- classifier and the d-classifier.

l-

1. The l-classifier, one of four classifiers which obligatorily appear in every Ahtna verb with a variety of purposes. The l-classifier has the following uses:
   1. Forms the passive of (mostly transitive) verbs with the ł-classifier
   2. Forms many intransitive verbs
   3. Forms iterative verbs via classifier shift from the ł-classifier (with the prefix na-)

      nakuldox ― it burst open again

   4. Forms reciprocal verbs
   5. Forms benefactive verbs
   6. Forms reflexive verbs
   7. Forms mediopassive verbs
   8. Forms neuter (adjectival) verbs from nouns
   9. Forms transitive verbs with incorporated objects
   10. Appears in many imitative and onomatopoeic verbs
   11. Appears in many verbs with no clear function

• d-
• ł-
• ∅-

• Kari, James (1990), Ahtna Athabaskan Dictionary, Fairbanks, Alaska: Alaska Native Language Center, →ISBN, page 261

From a Proto-Athabaskan combination of the de- and ɬ-classifiers. Cognate with Navajo l-, Babine-Witsuwit'en l-, Ahtna l-, Wailaki l-, and so on.

• IPA^(key): /l/

l-

1. One of four "classifier" valency prefixes mandatory on all Lower Tanana verbs. The l-classifier has the following uses:
   1. Forms many intransitive verbs

      ghelbeth ― it is rolling

   2. Forms intransitive reflexive verbs
   3. Forms intransitive verbs with an incorporate as their object
   4. With a gender prefix, forms dimensional neuter adjectival verbs.

      nadlebotth ― it is round

   5. With the d-qualifier, forms onomatopoeic verbs

      deldaɬ ― a crane is calling

      deltwtl ― he/she is talking loudly

• Very often realized as le-.
• Combines with the prefix es- to form eje- or esje-.

• ∅-
• ɬ-
• de-

• Kari, James et al. (2024), Kari, James, editor, Lower Tanana Dene Dictionary, Fairbanks, Alaska: Alaska Native Language Center, →ISBN, page 551

• IPA^(key): /l/

l-

1. alternative form of il-

• Always used before a vowel sound, frequently also after a vowel sound. For details on usage, see the main lemma.

From Proto-Athabaskan *lə-, equivalent to a combination of the ł- classifier and the d-classifier.

• IPA^(key): /l-/

l-

2. the l- classifier or valence-change prefix, a detransitivizing prefix of active verbs that modifies the transitivity or valence and grammatical voice of a verb, and occurs in most passive, mediopassive, reflexive, and reciprocal verbs that are derived from verbs with a ł- classifier

   néíłtsááh ― he’s drying it (ná-yi-ł-tsááh)

   náltsááh ― it’s being dried (ná-l-tsááh)

• d-
• ł-
• ∅-

From Proto-Athabaskan *lə-, equivalent to a combination of the ł- classifier and the d-classifier.

l-

2. The l-classifier, one of several classifiers which obligatorily appear in every Wailaki verb, used primary to passivize transitive verbs formed with the ł-classifier.

• d-
• ł-

• Begay, Kayla Rae (2017), Wailaki Grammar, University of California, Berkeley, page 163

• IPA^(key): /l/

l-

1. Semantically empty, default root.