∅-

∅-

1. (linguistic morphology) A representation of the zero prefix.

• -∅

Cognate with the ∅-classifier in Navajo.

∅-

1. A classifier suffix with no obvious function

• Kari, James (1990), Ahtna Athabaskan Dictionary, Fairbanks, Alaska: Alaska Native Language Center, →ISBN, page 63

∅-

1. Marks a third person singular subject; he/she/it

   tsagh (∅-tsagh)

   He/she/it is crying

• Kari, James (1990), Ahtna Athabaskan Dictionary, Fairbanks, Alaska: Alaska Native Language Center, →ISBN, page 54

∅-

1. Represents an unmarked or null gender on all nouns that do not fall into the d-gender, ko-gender, or n-gender. These nouns include a wide variety of animate and inanimate nouns.

• d-
• ko-
• n-

• Kari, James (1990), Ahtna Athabaskan Dictionary, Fairbanks, Alaska: Alaska Native Language Center, →ISBN, page 54

∅-

1. A zero prefix that is the third person singular, and second person singular, dual and plural agent marker.

   пыӈлулатки (Ø-пӈылулатки)

   we asked him

   туткынин туюн (Ø-туткынин туюн)

   she is eating the food

• т-
• -∅

Verbal affix: Grammatical sketches from the field with Yukari Nagayama

∅-

1. One of four classifier prefixes appearing on all Dena'ina verbs. The ∅-classifier appears primarily in intransitive verbs.

   eshchegh (esh-∅-chegh) ― I'm crying

   gheshyuł (ghe-esh-∅-yuł) ― I'm walking

In passive verbs and in the presence of the prefixes hu-, nił-, and nu-, this classifier is voiced to the d-classifier.

• d-
• l-
• ł-

• Tenenbaum, Joan Marsha (1978), Morphology and Semantics of the Tanaina Verb, Columbia University, pages 120-26

∅-

1. One of four classifier prefixes mandatory on all Lower Tanana verbs. The ∅-classifier appears primarily in intransitive verbs, but also on some transitive verbs.

In the presence of the iterative prefix no-, this classifier is voiced to the de-classifier.

• de-
• l-
• ɬ-

• Kari, James et al. (2024), Kari, James, editor, Lower Tanana Dene Dictionary, Fairbanks, Alaska: Alaska Native Language Center, →ISBN, page 548

∅-

1. the ∅- classifier (valence-change prefix), which is the absence of a prefix and usually marks an active verb as intransitive

   yibéézh ― it’s boiling (yi-∅-béézh)

   yiłbéézh ― he’s boiling it (yi-ł-béézh)

   naʼniyęęsh ― something flows about in a meandering fashion (naʼni-∅-yęęsh)

   naʼniłhęęsh ― he’s making it flow about in a meandering fashion (naʼni-ł-yęęsh)

   siʼą́ ― a roundish object lies in position (-∅-ʼą́)

   séłʼą́ ― I keep a roundish object in position (-ł-ʼą́)

∅-

1. represents a third-person singular subject, which does not have any explicit marking on Navajo verbs.

   yi∅ltłʼééł ― he/she/it is jogging/trotting along

• As this marker represents the absence of a subject marker, it is not actually written in Navajo texts.