d-

d-

1. (SI prefix, metrology) deci- (“×10^-1”)

   Coordinate terms: (deca-/deka-) D-, da-, Da-, DA-, dk-, Dk-, DK-

2. (chemistry) deprecated notation for dextrorotatory (versus modern notation, (+)).

Proto-Athabaskan *də- (valency decreasing suffix), from Proto-Na-Dene *də- (signaling valency decrease)

d-

2. The d-classifier, one of four classifiers which obligatorily appear in every Ahtna verb with a variety of purposes. The d-classifier has the following uses:
   1. Forms intransitive verbs from nouns
   2. Forms iterative verbs via classifier shift from the ∅-classifier (with the prefix na-)

      cʼenatsʼetʼaen ― we have something unspecified again

   3. Forms reflexive verbs
   4. Forms benefactive verbs
   5. Appears in transitive verbs with an incorporated objects
   6. Appears in many verbs with no clear function

This classifier rarely appears as /d/, but instead manifests as "d-effect," which modifies the first consonant of a verbal root.

• l-
• ł-
• ∅-

• Kari, James (1990), Ahtna Athabaskan Dictionary, Fairbanks, Alaska: Alaska Native Language Center, →ISBN, page 130

d-

1. A qualifier suffix with a number of meanings:
   2. Marks the d-gender, which includes nouns such as plants, dishes, hair/fur, enclosed liquids, words/speech, day/time, fire/smoke, and stars

      ‎d- + ‎zʼaan (“a compact object is in position”) → ‎dezʼaan (“a d-gender compact object is in position”)

   4. Appears in several compound nouns with no clear meaning

      ‎d- + ‎-laʼ (“hand”) → ‎-delaʼ (“branch”)

   5. Appears in some reflexive verbs
   6. Appears in some reflexive verbs
   7. Marks nearly all onomatopoeic verbs
   8. Appears in many verbs with no clear function

• When used as a gender prefix, appears on verbs to mark agreement with d-gender nouns.
• Appears as de- before a consonant

• n-

• Kari, James (1990), Ahtna Athabaskan Dictionary, Fairbanks, Alaska: Alaska Native Language Center, →ISBN, page 131

From Proto-Athabaskan *d-. Cognate with Ahtna d- (qualifier prefix), Navajo di- (various thematic prefixes), Koyukon de- (gender prefix).

• IPA^(key): /t/

d-

1. A "qualifier" prefix with a variety of meanings:
   1. Marks the d-gender, which includes wood and wooden objects
   2. With do-: oral, noise, speech
   3. With the l-classifier, marks onomatopoeic verbs
   4. With e-: out into an area
   5. With xa-: starting off in a direction
   6. Appears in a variety of other verb stems, such as neuter terms referring to colors.

      delk'esr ― it is red

      delk'wtl ― it is white

• gh-
• n-
• y-

Epenthetic.

• IPA^(key): /tl/ (including the l-classifier)

d-

1. Appears epenthetically before the l-classifier after the neuter suffix dh-.

   eba dhedlat ― he became sick

• Kari, James et al. (2024), Kari, James, editor, Lower Tanana Dene Dictionary, Fairbanks, Alaska: Alaska Native Language Center, →ISBN, pages 102-103

d-

1. my

• ad-
• -s
• -čəɬ
• -ləp

• IPA^(key): /d/

d-

1. alternative form of il-

• Used after a vowel and before the letter d. For details on usage, see the main lemma.

Proto-Athabaskan *də- (valency decrease), from Proto-Na-Dene *də- (signaling valency decrease); cognate with Haida -d-, Eyak -d-, and Tlingit -d- (reflexive suffix).

• IPA^(key): /t-/

d-

1. the d- classifier or valence-change prefix, a detransitivizing prefix of active verbs that modifies the transitivity or valence and grammatical voice of a verb, occurs in most passive, mediopassive, reflexive, and reciprocal verbs that are derived from verbs with a ∅- classifier; it produces the agentive passive verb forms

   yizéés ― he’s singeing it (yi-∅-zéés)

   yidéés ― it’s being singed (yi-d-zéés)

• The d-classifier rarely appears as a /d/, but instead usually triggers a process called d-effect, which can voice voiceless consonants and add a glottal stop before nasals and approximants.

• l-
• ł-
• ∅-

• n-
• nd-

d- (class B & C infixed pronoun)

1. him (triggers nasalization)
2. it (triggers lenition)

This form merges with the prefixes ad-, aith-, ess-, and in- to form at-; with com- to become cot-; and with fris- become frit-.

The neuter singular form is often used pleonastically, in cases where the direct object is mentioned explicitly in the sentence (and is not necessarily even neuter singular).

Proto-Athabaskan *də- (valency decreasing suffix), from Proto-Na-Dene *də- (signaling valency decrease)

d-

2. The d-classifier, one of several classifiers which obligatorily appear in every Wailaki verb, used to form middle, detransitive, reciprocal, reflexive, passive, and reversative verbs.

• ł-
• l-

• Begay, Kayla Rae (2017), Wailaki Grammar, University of California, Berkeley, page 161

• IPA^(key): [d-]

d-

1. (Cunucunuma River dialect) alternative form of dh-