ł-

From Proto-Athabaskan *-ɬ (progressive suffix), from Proto-Na-Dene *-ł (progressive suffix); cognate with Eyak -ɬ (progressive suffix) and Tlingit -n (progressive suffix).

ł-

1. The ł-classifier, one of four classifiers which obligatorily appear in every Ahtna verb with a variety of purposes. The ł-classifier has the following uses:
   1. Forms transitive verbs from nouns
   2. Forms causative verbs from intransitive verbs
   3. Forms transitive verbs with incorporated objects
   4. Appears in many verbs with no clear function

• d-
• l-
• ∅-

• Kari, James (1990), Ahtna Athabaskan Dictionary, Fairbanks, Alaska: Alaska Native Language Center, →ISBN, page 261

ł-

2. an adverbial prefix

• Kari, James (1990), Ahtna Athabaskan Dictionary, Fairbanks, Alaska: Alaska Native Language Center, →ISBN, page 262

From Proto-Athabaskan. Cognate with Navajo ł-, Wailaki ł-, Athabaskan.

ł-

1. One of four classifier prefixes appearing on all Dena'ina verbs. It appears in many transitive verbs and causativizes verbs formed with other classifiers.

   ‎ł- + ‎nechegh (“you cry”) → ‎nełchegh (ne-esh-ł-chegh) (“I'm making you cry”)

In passive verbs and in the presence of the prefixes hu-, nił-, and nu-, this classifier is voiced to the l-classifier.

• d-
• l-
• ∅-

• Tenenbaum, Joan Marsha (1978), Morphology and Semantics of the Tanaina Verb, Columbia University, page 127

From Proto-Athabaskan *-ɬ (progressive suffix), from Proto-Na-Dene *-ł (progressive suffix); cognate with Eyak -ɬ (progressive suffix) and Tlingit -n (progressive suffix). The same or a similar classifier prefix is found in all of the Athabaskan languages, as well as the more distantly related Eyak and Tlingit. It has also been compared with Proto-Yeniseian *l (progressive suffix).

• IPA^(key): /ɬ-/

ł-

2. the ł- classifier or valence-change prefix, a causative-transitivizing prefix of active verbs that modifies the transitivity or valence and grammatical voice of a verb; it often transitivizes an intransitive -∅- (unmarked) verb:

   ‎yibéézh (“it’s boiling (yi-∅-béézh)”) + ‎ł- → ‎yiłbéézh (“he’s boiling it (yi-ł-béézh)”)

   ‎naʼniyęęsh (“something flows about in a meandering fashion (naʼni-∅-yęęsh)”) + ‎ł- → ‎naʼniłhęęsh (“he’s making it flow about in a meandering fashion (naʼni-ł-yęęsh)”)

   ‎siʼą́ (“a roundish object lies in position (-∅-ʼą́)”) + ‎ł- → ‎séłʼą́ (“I keep a roundish object in position (-ł-ʼą́)”)

• d-
• l-
• ∅-

Proto-Athabaskan *-ł.

ł-

2. The ł-classifier, one of several classifiers which obligatorily appear in every Wailaki verb, used to form transitive and causative verbs.

• d-
• l-

• Begay, Kayla Rae (2017), Wailaki Grammar, University of California, Berkeley, page 158

Compare Navajo łi-, used similarly to form color terms.

ł-

1. A thematic prefix relating to non-tactile descriptive qualities.

   łchiid

   it is red

• ni-

• Begay, Kayla Rae (2017), Wailaki Grammar, University of California, Berkeley, page 191

Compare Navajo ał- (reciprocal prefix)

ł-

1. Marks a reciprocal object of a postposition.

• Begay, Kayla Rae (2017), Wailaki Grammar, University of California, Berkeley, page 220