Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/(s)ker-

This Proto-Indo-European entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

Etymology 1

Root

*(s)ker-^[1]

to cut off, sever
to separate, divide

Alternative reconstructions

*(s)kerH-^[2]^[3]

Derived terms

Terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *(s)ker- (cut) (70 c, 0 e)

*sker-e-ti (root thematic present)
- Proto-Albanian: *skera
  - Albanian: shqerr
- Proto-Germanic: *skeraną (see there for further descendants)

*(s)kér(H)-dʰh₁e-ti

*skér(H)-ti ~ *skr̥(H)-énti (root athematic present)^[4]
- Proto-Celtic: *skarati (“to sever, separate, divide”) (see there for further descendants)

*(s)ker(H)-ye- (ye-present)
- Proto-Balto-Slavic: *skírˀtei (with evidence of a laryngeal?)^[2]
  - Latvian: šķir̃t
  - Lithuanian: ski̇̀rti (“to separate, distinguish”)
- Proto-Hellenic: *keřřō
  - Ancient Greek: κείρω (keírō)

*(s)kér(H)-ō^[3]
- Proto-Italic: *karō
  - Latin: carō (see there for further descendants)
  - Oscan: karneis (genitive singular)
  - Umbrian: 𐌊𐌀𐌓𐌖 (karu)

*skēr-is
- Proto-Germanic: *skēriz (see there for further descendants)

*(s)kér-mn̥ ~ *(s)kr̥-mén-s
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *čárma (see there for further descendants)

*(s)kér-mō
- >? Proto-Balto-Slavic: *kremō (possibly)
  - Proto-Slavic: *kremy (see there for further descendants)

*(s)kér-ti-s ~ *(s)kr̥-téy-s
- Proto-Germanic: *skurdiz (“cutting”) (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *(s)kr̥tíṣ
  - Proto-Iranian: *(s)kr̥tíṣ
    - Sanskrit: कृति (kṛtí, “the act of hurting; knife, dagger”)

*(s)kor-éh₂
- Proto-Balto-Slavic: *karā́ˀ
  - Proto-Slavic: *kora (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Balto-Slavic: *skarā́ˀ
  - Proto-Slavic: *skora (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Germanic: *skarō (“division, portion”) (see there for further descendants)

*kor-h₂
- Proto-Italic: *korā

*(s)kor-os
- Proto-Germanic: *skaraz
  - Old English: scear
    - English: share
  - Old High German: skar
    - German: Schar

*(s)kor-mós
- Proto-Hellenic: *kormós
  - Ancient Greek: κορμός (kormós)
    - Greek: κορμός (kormós)

*(s)kor-tós
- Proto-Balto-Slavic: *kártas
  - Proto-Slavic: *kõrtъ
    - ⇒ Proto-Slavic: *kortъkъ (formed with *-ъkъ)
    - ⇒ Proto-Slavic: *kortiti (formed with *-iti)
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *(s)kartás
  - Proto-Indo-Aryan: *(s)kartás
    - Sanskrit: कर्त (kartá, “cutting; separation, distinction; hole, cavity”)

*(s)kor-yo-
- Proto-Italic: *korjom
  - Latin: corium (see there for further descendants)

*(s)kr̥-tós
- Proto-Balto-Slavic:
  - Proto-Slavic: *krъtъ (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Germanic: *skurtaz (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Italic: *kortos
  - Latin: curtus (see there for further descendants)

Unsorted formations

Albanian: çjerr, harr, thërras
Proto-Armenian:
- Old Armenian: քերեմ (kʻerem), քերծեմ (kʻercem), քերթեմ (kʻertʻem), քորեմ (kʻorem) (see there for further descendants)
Proto-Balto-Slavic:
- Latvian: cirst
- Lithuanian: kirsti
Proto-Balto-Slavic:
- Latvian: cirvis
- Lithuanian: kirvis
- → Proto-Finnic: *kirves (see there for further descendants)
Proto-Celtic: *korukos (see there for further descendants)
Proto-Germanic: *skirmiz (see there for further descendants)
Proto-Germanic: *skurtijǭ (see there for further descendants)
Proto-Germanic: *skurō (“incision; tear; rift”)
- Old Norse: skor
  - Danish: skår
  - Icelandic: skora
  - Norwegian: skòr
    - → Norwegian Bokmål: skår
  - Swedish: skåra
  - → Old English: scoru
    - Middle English: score, scoore, skore
      - English: score
      - Yola: score
Proto-Germanic: *skuriz
- Old Dutch: *skuri
  - Middle Dutch: schore, schuere
    - Dutch: scheur

Extensions

*(s)kerb-
*(s)kerdʰ-: see *(s)kérdʰh₁eti
*(s)kerdʰ- (“herd”)?^[5]
*ker-p-
*(s)ker-s-
- Proto-Tocharian: *kärst-^[6]
  - Tocharian A: kärṣt-
  - Tocharian B: kärst-
*(s)ker-t-^[7]
- *(s)kert-sneh₂
  - Proto-Italic: *kertsnā (“portion; meal”)
    - Latin: cēna (see there for further descendants)
    - Oscan: 𐌊𐌄𐌓𐌔𐌍𐌖 (kersnu)
    - Umbrian: śesna
- *(s)kr̥t-ó-m (or < *(s)kr̥-tó-m)
  - Proto-Italic: *skortom
    - Latin: scortum, scrōtum, (possibly) scrautum (see there for further descendants)
- >? *(s)kort-ek-s
  - Proto-Italic:
    - Latin: cortex (see there for further descendants)
- *(s)kr̥t-tó-s
  - Proto-Indo-Iranian: *kr̥tˢtás
    - Proto-Indo-Aryan: *kr̥ttás
      - Sanskrit: कृत्त (kṛttá, “cut, cut off, divided, curtailed”)
- Unsorted formations
  - Proto-Albanian: *štšertja
    - Albanian: çars
  - Sanskrit: कर्तति (kartati, “cut”) (see there for further descendants)
  - Sanskrit: कृन्तति (kṛntáti, “cut”)
  - Sanskrit: कर्तनी (kartanī, “scissors”)
  - Proto-Tocharian:
    - Tocharian B: kertte (“sword”)^[8]
*skr-éy-ti^?
- ⇒ *(s)kr-ey-bʰ-
- ⇒ *(s)kr-ey-p-^[9]
  - Proto-Balto-Slavic:
    - Latvian: skrīpât
*(s)kr-ew-
- Proto-Italic:
  - Latin: scrūta
*(s)kr-ew-p-
- Proto-Italic:
  - Latin: scrūpus

References

^ Rix, Helmut, editor (2001), Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben [Lexicon of Indo-European Verbs] (in German), 2nd edition, Wiesbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag, →ISBN, pages 556-557
↑ ^2.0 ^2.1 Derksen, Rick (2015), “skirti”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Baltic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 13), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 405
↑ ^3.0 ^3.1 De Vaan, Michiel (2008), “carō, carnis”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 94
^ Schumacher, Stefan; Schulze-Thulin, Britta (2004), Die keltischen Primärverben: ein vergleichendes, etymologisches und morphologisches Lexikon [The Celtic Primary Verbs: A comparative, etymological and morphological lexicon] (Innsbrucker Beiträge zur Sprachwissenschaft; 110) (in German), Innsbruck: Prof. Dr. Wolfgang Meid, →ISBN, pages 576-578
^ Lubotsky, Alexander (2001), “Reflexes of Proto-Indo-European *sk in Indo-Iranian”, in Incontri linguistici‎^[1], volume 24, pages 22-24
^ Adams, Douglas Q. (2013), “kärst-”, in A Dictionary of Tocharian B: Revised and Greatly Enlarged (Leiden Studies in Indo-European; 10), Amsterdam, New York: Rodopi, →ISBN, pages 178-179
^ Rix, Helmut, editor (2001), Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben [Lexicon of Indo-European Verbs] (in German), 2nd edition, Wiesbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag, →ISBN, pages 559-560
^ Adams, Douglas Q. (2013), “kertte”, in A Dictionary of Tocharian B: Revised and Greatly Enlarged (Leiden Studies in Indo-European; 10), Amsterdam, New York: Rodopi, →ISBN, page 211
^ Schrijver, Peter C. H. (1991), The reflexes of the Proto-Indo-European laryngeals in Latin (Leiden studies in Indo-European; 2), Amsterdam, Atlanta: Rodopi, →ISBN, page 244

Pokorny, Julius (1959), Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch [Indo-European Etymological Dictionary] (in German), volume 3, Bern, München: Francke Verlag, page 938

Etymology 2

Root

*(s)ker-

to turn, bend

Derived terms

Terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *(s)ker- (turn) (32 c, 0 e)

*(s)kr̥-tós
- Proto-Hellenic:
  - Ancient Greek: κυρτός (kurtós)
*(s)kr̥-wós
- Proto-Italic: *korwos
  - Latin: curvus (see there for further descendants)
*(s)kr̥-kr̥- (duplicated)
- Proto-Italic: *karkros, *kankros
  - Latin: carcer, cancer (see there for further descendants)
*(s)ker-k- (extended perhaps from reduplication *ke-ker- or *ki-ker-)
- Proto-Hellenic:
  - Ancient Greek: κίρκος (kírkos), κρίκος (kríkos) (see there for further descendants)
    - → Latin: circus (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Slavic: *kъrkъ (see there for further descendants)
*(s)kr̥-tiH-neh₂ (extended)
- >? Proto-Italic: *korteinā
  - Latin: cortīna (see there for further descendants)
*(s)ker-ew- (extended)
- Proto-Hellenic:
  - Ancient Greek: κορωνός (korōnós), κορώνη (korṓnē)
*(s)kor-os
- Proto-Celtic: *koros
  - Old Irish: cor
    - ⇒ Old Irish: ·cuirethar
      - Middle Irish: cuirid
        Irish: cuir
        Manx: cur, cuirr
        Scottish Gaelic: cuir
*(s)kre-i- (extended)
- *(s)krey-wos
  - Proto-Balto-Slavic: *kreiwás
    - Proto-Slavic: *krivъ
- *(s)krey-n-yo-m
  - Proto-Italic: *skreiniom
    - Latin: scrīnium (see there for further descendants)
*(s)kre-i-s- (extended)
- Proto-Italic:
  - Latin: crīnis, crista, crispus
*(s)kre-u-k- (extended)
- Proto-Italic: *kruks
  - Latin: crux
*(s)kre-n-gʰ- (extended, nasalized)
- Proto-Germanic: *hringaz (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Slavic: *krǫgъ (see there for further descendants)
- Sanskrit: कृणत्ति (kṛṇatti)
- Sanskrit: क्रुञ्चति (kruñcati)
- Sanskrit: क्रौञ्च (krauñca)

References

Pokorny, Julius (1959), Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch [Indo-European Etymological Dictionary] (in German), volume 3, Bern, München: Francke Verlag, page 935

Proto-Indo-European

Etymology 1

Root

Alternative reconstructions

Derived terms

Extensions

References

Etymology 2

Root

Derived terms

References

See also