Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/(s)kelH-

See also: Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/skel-, Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/(s)kel-, Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/(s)kelh₁-, and Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/kelH-

This Proto-Indo-European entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

Alternative forms

*(s)kel-
*(s)kelh₂- ~ *(s)kelh₃-^[1]^[2]

Root

*(s)kelH-^[3]^[1]^[4]

to cut
to split, to separate

Derived terms

Terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *(s)kelH- (16 c, 0 e)

*(s)kl̥-né-H-ti (nasal-infix present)
- Proto-Armenian:
  - Old Armenian: քաղեմ (kʻałem)
    - Armenian: քաղել (kʻaġel)
- Proto-Balto-Slavic: [Term?] (“to split, crack”)
  - Latvian: šķil̃t
  - Lithuanian: ski̇̀lti (3sg. skil̃na, skỹlna)
*skelH-ye-ti (full grade ye-present)
- Proto-Balto-Slavic: *skélˀtei^[5]
  - Latvian: šķel̂t (1sg. šķeļu)
  - Lithuanian: skélti (“to split, cleave; to strike fire”) (1sg. skeliù, 3sg. skẽlia)^[6]
- Proto-Germanic: *skiljaną (“to separate, distinguish”) (see there for further descendants)
*skl̥H-yé-ti (zero grade ye-present)
- Proto-Albanian: *štšela
  - Albanian: çel (“bloom, open, sprout”)
- Proto-Balto-Slavic: *skílˀtei (“to strike fire”)
  - Latvian: šķil̃t (1sg. šķiļu)
  - Lithuanian: ski̇̀lti (3sg. ski̇̀lia)
- Proto-Hellenic: *skə́ľľō (or *skə́llō from *(s)kl̥néHti, but with greater difficulty)^[7]
  - Ancient Greek: σκάλλω (skállō)
*skólH-ei ~ *skl̥H-énti^[2]
- Proto-Anatolian:
  - Hittite: 𒅖𒆗𒆷𒄿 (iš-kal-la-i /⁠iskalla-ⁱ⁠/, “to slit, split, tear”)
*skolH-éh₂
- Proto-Albanian: *skalā^[8]
  - Albanian: halë (“pointed tip; awn; splinter; fishbone; pine”)
- Proto-Balto-Slavic: *skalā́ˀ
  - Lithuanian: skalà (“splinter”)^[8]
  - Proto-Slavic: *skala (“rock”) (perhaps, with lengthened grade)
- Proto-Germanic: *skalō (“shell, husk”)
  - Proto-West Germanic: *skalu
    - Old English: sċealu (“husk”)
      - Middle English: schale (“shell, husk; scale”)
        English: shale
    - Old Dutch:
      - Middle Dutch: scale
        Dutch: schaal
    - Old High German: scala
      - Middle High German: schāle
        Bavarian: Schoin
        German: Schale
        → Serbo-Croatian: šolja
        Yiddish: שאָל (shol)
    - → Old French: escale, eschale
      - French: écale
      - → Middle English: scale
        English: scale
        Yola: skaulès (plural)
  - Old Norse:
    - Danish: skal (“shell; rind; skull”)
- >? Proto-Germanic: *skal- (“testicle”) (see there for further descendants)
*(s)kólH-ō ~ *(s)kl̥H-nés
- Proto-Germanic: *skallô, *skullô
  - Old Norse: skalli, *skolli (“skull, cranium; bald head”)
    - →? Middle English: sculle, scolle, schulle, scholle
      - English: skull
      - Scots: scull, skult, skolt (forms with -t merger with or from Old Norse skoltr)
    - Danish: skalle
    - Icelandic: skalli
    - Norwegian Bokmål: skalle
    - Norwegian Nynorsk: skalle
    - Swedish: skalle, skulle (dialectal)
*kelH-tro-m^[9]
- >? Proto-Italic: *koltrom
  - Latin: culter (“knife”) (see there for further descendants)
*(s)kel(H)-p- (extended)
- Proto-Germanic: *skelbǭ^[10]
  - Proto-West Germanic: *skelbā
    - Old English: sċylfe (“deck of a ship”), *sċielfe, sċilfe (“ledge, shelf”)
      - Middle English: schelfe
        English: shelf
    - Middle Dutch: scelf
      - Dutch: schelf
  - Old Norse: skjálf (“shelf, seat”)
- >? Proto-Germanic: *halbaz (see there for further descendants)
- Hellenic:
  - >? Ancient Greek: σκάλοψ (skálops), σκόλοψ (skólops)
- Indo-Iranian:
  - Indo-Aryan:
    - >? Sanskrit: कॢप् (kḷp, “to cut out; to frame; to execute, perform, manage; to arrange, order; to be fitting”)
    - >? Sanskrit: कल्प (kálpa) (see there for further descendants)
- Italic:
  - Latin: scalpō, scalprum (see there for further descendants)
*skélH-tus > *skelH-tús
- >? Proto-Germanic: *skelduz (“shield”) (see there for further descendants)
*skelH-yom
- Proto-Germanic: *skilją
  - Old Norse: skil (“difference”)
*skelH-yōn (more likely formed within Germanic)
- Proto-Germanic: *skiljô
  - Gothic: 𐍃𐌺𐌹𐌻𐌾𐌰 (skilja, “butcher”)
*skolH-yeh₂
- Proto-Germanic: *skaljō (see there for further descendants)

Unsorted formations

Proto-Albanian: *skala^[6]
- Albanian: shkal
Proto-Armenian:^[11]^[3]
- Old Armenian: ցելում (cʻelum)
Proto-Hellenic:
- >? Ancient Greek: σκαληνός (skalēnós)
- Ancient Greek: σκύλλω (skúllō)

References

↑ ^1.0 ^1.1 De Vaan, Michiel (2008), Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN
↑ ^2.0 ^2.1 Kloekhorst, Alwin (2008), “iškalla-ⁱ / iškall-”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Hittite Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 5), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 399
↑ ^3.0 ^3.1 Rix, Helmut, editor (2001), Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben [Lexicon of Indo-European Verbs] (in German), 2nd edition, Wiesbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag, →ISBN, page 553
^ Kroonen, Guus (2013), Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)‎^[1], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN
^ Derksen, Rick (2015), “skelti”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Baltic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 13), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 402
↑ ^6.0 ^6.1 Oryol, Vladimir E. (1998), “shkal”, in Albanian Etymological Dictionary, Leiden; Boston; Köln: Brill, →ISBN, page 416
^ Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010), “σκάλλω”, in Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 1340–1341
↑ ^8.0 ^8.1 Oryol, Vladimir E. (1998), “halë”, in Albanian Etymological Dictionary, Leiden; Boston; Köln: Brill, →ISBN, page 141
^ De Vaan, Michiel (2008), “culter, -trī”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 151
^ Vladimir Orel (2003), “*skelƀō(n)”, in A Handbook of Germanic Etymology‎^[2], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 337
^ Klingenschmitt, Gert (1982), Das altarmenische Verbum (in German), Wiesbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag, page 236

[De_Vaan-1] 1.0 ^1.1 De Vaan, Michiel (2008), Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN

[Kloekhorst-2] 2.0 ^2.1 Kloekhorst, Alwin (2008), “iškalla-ⁱ / iškall-”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Hittite Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 5), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 399

[LIV-3] 3.0 ^3.1 Rix, Helmut, editor (2001), Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben [Lexicon of Indo-European Verbs] (in German), 2nd edition, Wiesbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag, →ISBN, page 553

[4] Kroonen, Guus (2013), Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)‎^[1], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN

[Derksen-5] Derksen, Rick (2015), “skelti”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Baltic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 13), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 402

[Orel2-6] 6.0 ^6.1 Oryol, Vladimir E. (1998), “shkal”, in Albanian Etymological Dictionary, Leiden; Boston; Köln: Brill, →ISBN, page 416

[Beekes-7] Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010), “σκάλλω”, in Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 1340–1341

[Orel-8] 8.0 ^8.1 Oryol, Vladimir E. (1998), “halë”, in Albanian Etymological Dictionary, Leiden; Boston; Köln: Brill, →ISBN, page 141

[9] De Vaan, Michiel (2008), “culter, -trī”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 151

[10] Vladimir Orel (2003), “*skelƀō(n)”, in A Handbook of Germanic Etymology‎^[2], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 337

[11] Klingenschmitt, Gert (1982), Das altarmenische Verbum (in German), Wiesbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag, page 236

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