धरति

See also: धूर्त and धरती

Sanskrit

Alternative scripts

ধৰতি (Assamese script)
ᬥᬭᬢᬶ (Balinese script)
ধরতি (Bengali script)
𑰠𑰨𑰝𑰰 (Bhaiksuki script)
𑀥𑀭𑀢𑀺 (Brahmi script)
ဓရတိ (Burmese script)
ધરતિ (Gujarati script)
ਧਰਤਿ (Gurmukhi script)
𑌧𑌰𑌤𑌿 (Grantha script)
ꦣꦫꦠꦶ (Javanese script)
𑂡𑂩𑂞𑂱 (Kaithi script)
ಧರತಿ (Kannada script)
ធរតិ (Khmer script)
ຘຣຕິ (Lao script)
ധരതി (Malayalam script)
ᢡᠠᡵᠠᢠᡳ (Manchu script)
𑘠𑘨𑘝𑘱 (Modi script)
ᢑᠾᠠᠷᠠᢐᠢ (Mongolian script)
𑧀𑧈𑦽𑧒 (Nandinagari script)
𑐢𑐬𑐟𑐶 (Newa script)
ଧରତି (Odia script)
ꢤꢬꢡꢶ (Saurashtra script)
𑆣𑆫𑆠𑆴 (Sharada script)
𑖠𑖨𑖝𑖰 (Siddham script)
ධරති (Sinhalese script)
𑩮𑩼𑩫𑩑 (Soyombo script)
𑚜𑚤𑚙𑚮 (Takri script)
த⁴ரதி (Tamil script)
ధరతి (Telugu script)
ธรติ (Thai script)
དྷ་ར་ཏི (Tibetan script)
𑒡𑒩𑒞𑒱 (Tirhuta script)
𑨜𑨫𑨙𑨁 (Zanabazar Square script)

Etymology

Etymology tree

Proto-Indo-European *dʰer-

Proto-Indo-Iranian *dʰar-

Sanskrit धृ (dhṛ)der.

Sanskrit धर॑ति

A secondary formation from the root धृ (dhṛ), from Proto-Indo-European *dʰer- (“to hold”).

Pronunciation

(Vedic) IPA^(key): /dʱɐ́.ɾɐ.ti/
(Classical Sanskrit) IPA^(key): /d̪ʱɐ.ɾɐ.t̪i/

Verb

धर॑ति • (dhárati) third-singular indicative (class 1, type P, present, root धृ)

to hold, bear (also bring forth), carry, maintain, preserve, keep, possess, have, use, employ, practise, undergo
(with or scil. आत्मानम् (ātmānam), जीवितम् (jīvitam), प्राणान् (prāṇān), देहम् (deham), शरीरम् (śarīram) etc.) to preserve soul or body, continue living, survive (especially future dhariṣyati; compare passive below)
to hold back, keep down, stop, restrain, suppress, resist
to place or fix in, bestow or confer on (locative)
to destine for (dative; Ā. also to be destined for or belong to)
to present to (genitive)
to direct or turn (attention, mind, etc.) towards, fix or resolve upon (locative or dative)
(Ā) to be ready or prepared for
(Ā, P) to owe anything (accusative) to (dative or genitive)
to prolong (in pronunciation)
to quote, cite
(with गर्भम् (garbham)) to conceive, be pregnant (older garbham- √bhṛ)
(with दण्डम् (daṇḍam), दमम् (damam)) to inflict punishment on (locative)
(with केशान् (keśān), or श्मश्रु (śmaśru)) to let the hair or beard grow
(with रश्मीन् (raśmīn) or प्रहरान् (praharān)) to draw the reins tight
(with धरमम् (dharamam)) to fulfil a duty
(with व्रतम् (vratám)) to observe or keep a vow
(with धारणाम् (dhāraṇām)) to practise self-control
(with तपस् (tapas)) to perform penance
(with मूर्ध्ना (mūrdhnā) or मूर्ध्नि (mūrdhni), शिरसा (śirasā) or शिरसि (śirasi)) to bear on the head, honour highly
(with or scil. तुलया (tulayā)) to hold in a balance, weigh, measure
(with or scil. मनसा (manasā)) to bear in mind, recollect, remember
(with समये (samaye)) to hold to an agreement, cause to make a compact
(passive voice) to be borne
(passive voice) to be firm, keep steady
(passive voice) to continue living, exist, remain
(passive voice) to begin, resolve upon, undertake (dative; accusative or infinitive)
(intensive) to hold fast, bear firmly, fasten

Conjugation

Present: धर॑ति (dhárati), धर॑ते (dhárate)
	Active			Mediopassive
	Singular	Dual	Plural	Singular	Dual	Plural
Indicative
Third	धर॑ति dhárati	धर॑तः dhárataḥ	धर॑न्ति dháranti	धर॑ते dhárate	धरे॑ते dhárete	धर॑न्ते dhárante
Second	धर॑सि dhárasi	धर॑थः dhárathaḥ	धर॑थ dháratha	धर॑से dhárase	धरे॑थे dhárethe	धर॑ध्वे dháradhve
First	धरा॑मि dhárāmi	धरा॑वः dhárāvaḥ	धरा॑मः / धरा॑मसि¹ dhárāmaḥ / dhárāmasi¹	धरे॑ dháre	धरा॑वहे dhárāvahe	धरा॑महे dhárāmahe
Imperative
Third	धर॑तु dháratu	धर॑ताम् dháratām	धर॑न्तु dhárantu	धर॑ताम् dháratām	धरे॑ताम् dháretām	धर॑न्ताम् dhárantām
Second	धर॑ dhára	धर॑तम् dháratam	धर॑त dhárata	धर॑स्व dhárasva	धरे॑थाम् dhárethām	धर॑ध्वम् dháradhvam
First	धरा॑णि dhárāṇi	धरा॑व dhárāva	धरा॑म dhárāma	धरै॑ dhárai	धरा॑वहै dhárāvahai	धरा॑महै dhárāmahai
Optative/Potential
Third	धरे॑त् dháret	धरे॑ताम् dháretām	धरे॑युः dháreyuḥ	धरे॑त dháreta	धरे॑याताम् dháreyātām	धरे॑रन् dháreran
Second	धरेः॑ dháreḥ	धरे॑तम् dháretam	धरे॑त dháreta	धरे॑थाः dhárethāḥ	धरे॑याथाम् dháreyāthām	धरे॑ध्वम् dháredhvam
First	धरे॑यम् dháreyam	धरे॑व dháreva	धरे॑म dhárema	धरे॑य dháreya	धरे॑वहि dhárevahi	धरे॑महि dháremahi
Subjunctive
Third	धरा॑त् / धरा॑ति dhárāt / dhárāti	धरा॑तः dhárātaḥ	धरा॑न् dhárān	धरा॑ते / धरा॑तै dhárāte / dhárātai	धरै॑ते dháraite	धर॑न्त / धरा॑न्तै dháranta / dhárāntai
Second	धराः॑ / धरा॑सि dhárāḥ / dhárāsi	धरा॑थः dhárāthaḥ	धरा॑थ dhárātha	धरा॑से / धरा॑सै dhárāse / dhárāsai	धरै॑थे dháraithe	धरा॑ध्वै dhárādhvai
First	धरा॑णि dhárāṇi	धरा॑व dhárāva	धरा॑म dhárāma	धरै॑ dhárai	धरा॑वहै dhárāvahai	धरा॑महै dhárāmahai
Participles
	धर॑त् dhárat			धर॑माण dháramāṇa
Notes	The subjunctive is only used in Vedic Sanskrit. ¹Vedic

Imperfect: अध॑रत् (ádharat), अध॑रत (ádharata)
	Active			Mediopassive
	Singular	Dual	Plural	Singular	Dual	Plural
Indicative
Third	अध॑रत् ádharat	अध॑रताम् ádharatām	अध॑रन् ádharan	अध॑रत ádharata	अध॑रेताम् ádharetām	अध॑रन्त ádharanta
Second	अध॑रः ádharaḥ	अध॑रतम् ádharatam	अध॑रत ádharata	अध॑रथाः ádharathāḥ	अध॑रेथाम् ádharethām	अध॑रध्वम् ádharadhvam
First	अध॑रम् ádharam	अध॑राव ádharāva	अध॑राम ádharāma	अध॑रे ádhare	अध॑रावहि ádharāvahi	अध॑रामहि ádharāmahi

Descendants

Dardic:
- Palula: dháara
Prakrit: 𑀥𑀭𑀇 (dharaï), 𑀥𑀭𑀤𑀺 (dharadi) — Śaurasenī, 𑀥𑀭𑁂𑀇 (dharei) — Māhārāṣṭrī, Jain Māhārāṣṭrī
- Apabhramsa: धरइ (dharaï), धरेइ (dharei)
  - Central Indo-Aryan:
    - Hindustani:
      - Hindi: धरना (dharnā, “to beat; to hold”)
  - Eastern Indo-Aryan:
    - Bengali-Assamese:
      - Assamese: ধৰ (dhor), ⇒ ধৰা (dhora)
      - Bengali: ধরা (dhora)
      - Sylheti: ꠗꠞꠣ (dóra, “to catch”)
    - Odia: ଧରିବା (dharibā)
  - Northern Indo-Aryan:
    - Nepali: धर्नु (dharnu)
  - Northwestern Indo-Aryan:
    - Punjabi: ਧਰਣਾ (dharṇā)
    - Sindhi: ڌَرَڻُ / धरणु (dharaṇu)
  - Southern Indo-Aryan:
    - Konkani: धर्चे (dharce)
    - Old Marathi: 𑘠𑘨𑘜𑘹 / धरणे (dharaṇe)
      - Marathi: धरणे (dharṇe)
  - Western Indo-Aryan:
    - Gujarati: ધરવું (dharvũ)
    - Romani: therel

References

Monier Williams (1899), “धृ”, in A Sanskrit–English Dictionary, […], new edition, Oxford: At the Clarendon Press, →OCLC, page 519, column 1.
Turner, Ralph Lilley (1969–1985), “dharati”, in A Comparative Dictionary of the Indo-Aryan Languages, London: Oxford University Press: “Pres. st. formed from fut. dhariṣyḗ AV., inf. dhartum, &c.”