悲哀

Chinese

		sad; sadness; sorrow sad; sadness; sorrow; grief	sorrow; grief; pity sorrow; grief; pity; to grieve for; to pity; to lament
trad. (悲哀)		悲	哀
simp. ^#(悲哀)		悲	哀

Pronunciation

Mandarin
(Pinyin): bēi'āi

(Zhuyin): ㄅㄟㄞ
Cantonese (Jyutping): bei¹ oi¹
Hakka
(Sixian, PFS): pî-ôi

(Hailu, HRS): bui^ˋ oi^ˋ
Southern Min
(Hokkien, POJ): pi-ai

(Teochew, Peng'im): bui¹ ai¹

Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)⁺
  - Hanyu Pinyin: bēi'āi
  - Zhuyin: ㄅㄟㄞ
  - Tongyong Pinyin: bei-ai
  - Wade–Giles: pei¹-ai¹
  - Yale: bēi-āi
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: beiai
  - Palladius: бэйай (bɛjaj)
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /peɪ̯⁵⁵ ˀaɪ̯⁵⁵/
Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)⁺
  - Jyutping: bei¹ oi¹
  - Yale: bēi ōi
  - Cantonese Pinyin: bei¹ oi¹
  - Guangdong Romanization: béi¹ oi¹
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /pei̯⁵⁵ ɔːi̯⁵⁵/
Hakka
- (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
  - Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: pî-ôi
  - Hakka Romanization System: bi^ˊ oi^ˊ
  - Hagfa Pinyim: bi¹ oi¹
  - Sinological IPA: /pi²⁴⁻¹¹ oi̯²⁴/
- (Hailu, incl. Zhudong)
  - Hakka Romanization System: bui^ˋ oi^ˋ
  - Sinological IPA: /pui⁵³ oi⁵³/
Southern Min
- (Hokkien)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: pi-ai
  - Tâi-lô: pi-ai
  - Phofsit Daibuun: pi'ay
  - Sinological IPA (Xiamen): /pi⁴⁴⁻²² ai⁴⁴/
  - Sinological IPA (Quanzhou): /pi³³ ai³³/
  - Sinological IPA (Zhangzhou): /pi⁴⁴⁻²² ai⁴⁴/
  - Sinological IPA (Taipei): /pi⁴⁴⁻³³ ai⁴⁴/
  - Sinological IPA (Kaohsiung): /pi⁴⁴⁻³³ ai⁴⁴/
- (Teochew)
  - Peng'im: bui¹ ai¹
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: pui ai
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /pui³³⁻²³ ai³³/

Middle Chinese: pij 'oj

Rime
Character	悲	哀
Reading #	1/1	1/1
Initial (聲)	幫 (1)	影 (34)
Final (韻)	脂 (17)	咍 (41)
Tone (調)	Level (Ø)	Level (Ø)
Openness (開合)	Open	Open
Division (等)	III	I
Fanqie	府眉切	烏開切
Baxter	pij	'oj
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/pˠiɪ/	/ʔʌi/
Pan Wuyun	/pᵚi/	/ʔəi/
Shao Rongfen	/piɪ/	/ʔɒi/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/pji/	/ʔəj/
Li Rong	/pji/	/ʔᴀi/
Wang Li	/pi/	/ɒi/
Bernhard Karlgren	/pi/	/ʔɑ̆i/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	bī	āi
Expected Cantonese Reflex	bei¹	oi¹

Old Chinese
(Baxter–Sagart): /*prəj ʔˤəj/

(Zhengzhang): /*prɯl qɯːl/

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	悲	哀
Reading #	1/1	1/1
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	bēi	āi
Middle Chinese	‹ pij ›	‹ ʔoj ›
Old Chinese	/*prəj/	/*ʔˁəj/
English	sad	to pity; sad
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. [t] as coda may in fact be -t or -p; Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	悲	哀
Reading #	1/1	1/1
No.	3067	14835
Phonetic component	非	衣
Rime group	微	微
Rime subdivision	1	1
Corresponding MC rime	悲	哀
Old Chinese	/*prɯl/	/*qɯːl/

Adjective

悲哀

sorrowful; sad
- 飲酒則歡樂，處喪則悲哀。 [Classical Chinese, trad.]
  饮酒则欢乐，处丧则悲哀。 [Classical Chinese, simp.]
  From: Zhuangzi, circa 3^rd – 2^nd centuries BCE
  Yǐnjiǔ zé huānyuè, chùsàng zé bēi'āi. [Pinyin]
  (please add an English translation of this usage example)

Synonyms

edit

京京 (jīngjīng) (literary)
傷心 / 伤心 (shāngxīn)
傷悲 / 伤悲 (shāngbēi) (literary)
傷感 / 伤感 (shānggǎn)
傷懷 / 伤怀 (shānghuái) (literary)
傷痛 / 伤痛 (shāngtòng)
傷神 / 伤神 (shāngshén) (literary)
刺心 (cìxīn)
哀傷 / 哀伤 (āishāng)
哀切 (āiqiè)
哀怨 (āiyuàn)
哀悽 / 哀凄 (āiqī)
哀慟 / 哀恸 (āitòng)
哀戚 (āiqī) (literary)
哀痛 (āitòng)
哀苦 (āikǔ)
心酸 (xīnsuān)
怛傷 / 怛伤 (dáshāng) (literary)
悄然 (qiǎorán) (literary)
情傷 / 情伤 (qíngshāng) (literary)
悲催 (bēicuī) (neologism, jocular)
悲傷 / 悲伤 (bēishāng)
悲切 (bēiqiè) (literary)
悲悽 / 悲凄 (bēiqī)
悽惶 / 凄惶 (qīhuáng) (literary)
悱惻 / 悱恻 (fěicè) (literary)
悲愴 / 悲怆 (bēichuàng) (literary)
悽愴 / 凄怆 (qīchuàng) (literary)
悲慟 / 悲恸 (bēitòng)
悲慘 / 悲惨 (bēicǎn)
悲戚 (bēiqī)
悽戚 / 凄戚 (qīqī) (literary)
悲摧 (bēicuī) (literary)
悲楚 (bēichǔ) (literary)
悲涼 / 悲凉 (bēiliáng)
悲痛 (bēitòng)
悲苦 (bēikǔ)
感傷 / 感伤 (gǎnshāng)
愀愴 / 愀怆 (qiǎochuàng)
愁楚 (chóuchǔ) (literary)
惻然 / 恻然 (cèrán) (literary)
愴然 / 怆然 (chuàngrán) (literary)
慘 / 惨 (cǎn)
憂傷 / 忧伤 (yōushāng)
慘悽 / 惨凄 (cǎnqī)
憂愁 / 忧愁 (yōuchóu)
憂戚 / 忧戚 (yōuqī) (literary)
慘淡 / 惨淡 (cǎndàn)
憯懍 / 憯懔 (cǎnlǐn)
懤懤 / 㤽㤽 (chóuchóu)
沉痛 (chéntòng)
淒切 / 凄切 (qīqiè)
淒惻 / 凄恻 (qīcè) (literary)
淒慘 / 凄惨 (qīcǎn)
淒楚 / 凄楚 (qīchǔ)
淒涼 / 凄凉 (qīliáng)
淒然 / 凄然 (qīrán) (literary)
痛心 (tòngxīn)
艱苦心 / 艰苦心 (Hokkien)
蒼涼 / 苍凉 (cāngliáng)
酸心 (suānxīn)
難受 / 难受 (nánshòu)
難過 / 难过 (nánguò)
青凊 (Hokkien)
黯然 (ànrán)

Descendants

Sino-Xenic (悲哀):

→ Japanese: 悲(ひ)哀(あい) (hiai)
→ Korean: 비애(悲哀) (biae)
→ Vietnamese: bi ai (悲哀)

Japanese

Kanji in this term
悲	哀
ひ Grade: 3	あい Grade: S
on'yomi

Pronunciation

(Tokyo) ひあい [hìáí] (Heiban – [0])^[1]^[2]
(Tokyo) ひあい [híꜜàì] (Atamadaka – [1])^[1]^[2]
IPA^(key): [çia̠i]

Noun

悲(ひ)哀(あい) • (hiai) ^{←ひあい (fiai)^?}

sorrow, sadness
サラリーマン生(せい)活(かつ)の悲(ひ)哀(あい)
sararīman seikatsu no hiai
the sorrows of the life of an office worker

Synonyms

哀(あい)痛(つう) (aitsū)

Adjective

悲(ひ)哀(あい) • (hiai) ^{←ひあい (fiai)^?}-na (adnominal 悲(ひ)哀(あい)な (hiai na), adverbial 悲(ひ)哀(あい)に (hiai ni))

pitiful; pathetic; miserable

Inflection

Inflection of 悲哀
Stem forms
Imperfective (未然形)	悲哀だろ	ひあいだろ	hiai daro
Continuative (連用形)	悲哀で	ひあいで	hiai de
Terminal (終止形)	悲哀だ	ひあいだ	hiai da
Attributive (連体形)	悲哀な	ひあいな	hiai na
Hypothetical (仮定形)	悲哀なら	ひあいなら	hiai nara
Imperative (命令形)	悲哀であれ	ひあいであれ	hiai de are
Key constructions
Informal negative	悲哀ではない悲哀じゃない	ひあいではないひあいじゃない	hiai de wa nai hiai ja nai
Informal past	悲哀だった	ひあいだった	hiai datta
Informal negative past	悲哀ではなかった悲哀じゃなかった	ひあいではなかったひあいじゃなかった	hiai de wa nakatta hiai ja nakatta
Formal	悲哀です	ひあいです	hiai desu
Formal negative	悲哀ではありません悲哀じゃありません	ひあいではありませんひあいじゃありません	hiai de wa arimasen hiai ja arimasen
Formal past	悲哀でした	ひあいでした	hiai deshita
Formal negative past	悲哀ではありませんでした悲哀じゃありませんでした	ひあいではありませんでしたひあいじゃありませんでした	hiai de wa arimasen deshita hiai ja arimasen deshita
Conjunctive	悲哀で	ひあいで	hiai de
Conditional	悲哀なら（ば）	ひあいなら（ば）	hiai nara (ba)
Provisional	悲哀だったら	ひあいだったら	hiai dattara
Volitional	悲哀だろう	ひあいだろう	hiai darō
Adverbial	悲哀に	ひあいに	hiai ni
Degree	悲哀さ	ひあいさ	hiaisa

Classical conjugation of "悲哀なり" (ナリ活用, see Appendix:Japanese verbs.)
Stem forms
Irrealis (未然形)	悲哀なら	ひあいなら	fiainara
Continuative (連用形)	悲哀に^[1] 悲哀なり^[2]	ひあいにひあいなり	fiaini fiainari
Terminal (終止形)	悲哀なり	ひあいなり	fiainari
Attributive (連体形)	悲哀なる	ひあいなる	fiainaru
Realis (已然形)	悲哀なれ	ひあいなれ	fiainare
Imperative (命令形)	悲哀なれ	ひあいなれ	fiainare
Key constructions
Negative	悲哀ならず	ひあいならず	fiainarazu
Contrasting conjunction	悲哀なれど	ひあいなれど	fiainaredo
Causal conjunction	悲哀なれば	ひあいなれば	fiainareba
Conditional conjunction	悲哀ならば	ひあいならば	fiainaraba
Past tense (firsthand knowledge)	悲哀なりき	ひあいなりき	fiainariki
Past tense (secondhand knowledge)	悲哀なりけり	ひあいなりけり	fiainarikeri
Adverbial	悲哀に	ひあいに	fiaini

^[1]Without auxiliary verb.
^[2]With auxiliary verb.

References

↑ ^1.0 ^1.1 Yamada, Tadao et al., editors (2011), 新明解国語辞典 [Shin Meikai Kokugo Jiten] (in Japanese), Seventh edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN
↑ ^2.0 ^2.1 Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN

“悲哀”, in 漢字ぺディア [Kanjipedia]‎^[1] (in Japanese), The Japan Kanji Aptitude Testing Foundation, 2015–2026

Korean

Hanja in this term
悲	哀

Noun

悲哀 • (biae) (hangeul 비애)

hanja form^? of 비애 (“grief; sorrow; sadness”)

Vietnamese

chữ Hán Nôm in this term
悲	哀

Adjective

悲哀

chữ Hán form of bi ai (“tragically sad; painfully sad”)

[SMK7-1] 1.0 ^1.1 Yamada, Tadao et al., editors (2011), 新明解国語辞典 [Shin Meikai Kokugo Jiten] (in Japanese), Seventh edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN

[DJR-2] 2.0 ^2.1 Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN

[1]

[2]