छर्दति

Sanskrit

Alternative scripts

ছৰ্দতি (Assamese script)
ᬙᬃᬤᬢᬶ (Balinese script)
ছর্দতি (Bengali script)
𑰔𑰨𑰿𑰟𑰝𑰰 (Bhaiksuki script)
𑀙𑀭𑁆𑀤𑀢𑀺 (Brahmi script)
ဆရ်္ဒတိ (Burmese script)
છર્દતિ (Gujarati script)
ਛਰ੍ਦਤਿ (Gurmukhi script)
𑌛𑌰𑍍𑌦𑌤𑌿 (Grantha script)
ꦖꦂꦢꦠꦶ (Javanese script)
𑂓𑂩𑂹𑂠𑂞𑂱 (Kaithi script)
ಛರ್ದತಿ (Kannada script)
ឆទ៌តិ (Khmer script)
ຉຣ຺ທຕິ (Lao script)
ഛര്ദതി (Malayalam script)
ᡮᠠᡵᡩᠠᢠᡳ (Manchu script)
𑘔𑘨𑘿𑘟𑘝𑘱 (Modi script)
ᠼᠠᠷᢑᠠᢐᠢ (Mongolian script)
𑦴𑧈𑧠𑦿𑦽𑧒 (Nandinagari script)
𑐕𑐬𑑂𑐡𑐟𑐶 (Newa script)
ଛର୍ଦତି (Odia script)
ꢘꢬ꣄ꢣꢡꢶ (Saurashtra script)
𑆗𑆫𑇀𑆢𑆠𑆴 (Sharada script)
𑖔𑖨𑖿𑖟𑖝𑖰 (Siddham script)
ඡර්‍දති (Sinhalese script)
𑩢𑩼 𑪙𑩭𑩫𑩑 (Soyombo script)
𑚐𑚤𑚶𑚛𑚙𑚮 (Takri script)
ச²ர்த³தி (Tamil script)
ఛర్దతి (Telugu script)
ฉรฺทติ (Thai script)
ཚ་རྡ་ཏི (Tibetan script)
𑒕𑒩𑓂𑒠𑒞𑒱 (Tirhuta script)
𑨤𑨫𑩇𑨛𑨙𑨁 (Zanabazar Square script)

Etymology

Etymology tree

Proto-Indo-Iranian *(š)ćárdati?

Sanskrit छर्दति

Possibly from Proto-Indo-Iranian *(š)ćárdati, if the semantically questionable connection to Proto-Iranian *card- (“to smear, rub”) (whence Khotanese [script needed] (esaly-, “to besmear”), Iron Ossetian сӕрдын (særdyn, “to smear, grease”)) is true.^[1]^[2]

Traditionally connected by Pokorny to Middle Irish sceirdim (“to spit out”) and by that a Proto-Indo-European *sḱerd- is reconstructed,^[3]^[4] but most of the other proposed cognates have been reassigned to different etyma (e.g. Proto-Indo-European *sóḱr̥ (“excrement”)) so an Indo-European source is uncertain.

Pronunciation

(Vedic) IPA^(key): /t͡ɕʰɐɾ.dɐ.ti/
(Classical Sanskrit) IPA^(key): /t͡ɕʰɐɾ.d̪ɐ.t̪i/

Verb

छर्दति • (chardati) third-singular indicative (class 1, type P, present, root छृद्)^[5]

to kindle
to cause to flow over
to vomit, eject

Conjugation

Present: छर्द॑ति (chárdati), छर्द॑ते (chárdate)
	Active			Mediopassive
	Singular	Dual	Plural	Singular	Dual	Plural
Indicative
Third	छर्द॑ति chárdati	छर्द॑तः chárdataḥ	छर्द॑न्ति chárdanti	छर्द॑ते chárdate	छर्दे॑ते chárdete	छर्द॑न्ते chárdante
Second	छर्द॑सि chárdasi	छर्द॑थः chárdathaḥ	छर्द॑थ chárdatha	छर्द॑से chárdase	छर्दे॑थे chárdethe	छर्द॑ध्वे chárdadhve
First	छर्दा॑मि chárdāmi	छर्दा॑वः chárdāvaḥ	छर्दा॑मः / छर्दा॑मसि¹ chárdāmaḥ / chárdāmasi¹	छर्दे॑ chárde	छर्दा॑वहे chárdāvahe	छर्दा॑महे chárdāmahe
Imperative
Third	छर्द॑तु chárdatu	छर्द॑ताम् chárdatām	छर्द॑न्तु chárdantu	छर्द॑ताम् chárdatām	छर्दे॑ताम् chárdetām	छर्द॑न्ताम् chárdantām
Second	छर्द॑ chárda	छर्द॑तम् chárdatam	छर्द॑त chárdata	छर्द॑स्व chárdasva	छर्दे॑थाम् chárdethām	छर्द॑ध्वम् chárdadhvam
First	छर्दा॑नि chárdāni	छर्दा॑व chárdāva	छर्दा॑म chárdāma	छर्दै॑ chárdai	छर्दा॑वहै chárdāvahai	छर्दा॑महै chárdāmahai
Optative/Potential
Third	छर्दे॑त् chárdet	छर्दे॑ताम् chárdetām	छर्दे॑युः chárdeyuḥ	छर्दे॑त chárdeta	छर्दे॑याताम् chárdeyātām	छर्दे॑रन् chárderan
Second	छर्देः॑ chárdeḥ	छर्दे॑तम् chárdetam	छर्दे॑त chárdeta	छर्दे॑थाः chárdethāḥ	छर्दे॑याथाम् chárdeyāthām	छर्दे॑ध्वम् chárdedhvam
First	छर्दे॑यम् chárdeyam	छर्दे॑व chárdeva	छर्दे॑म chárdema	छर्दे॑य chárdeya	छर्दे॑वहि chárdevahi	छर्दे॑महि chárdemahi
Subjunctive
Third	छर्दा॑त् / छर्दा॑ति chárdāt / chárdāti	छर्दा॑तः chárdātaḥ	छर्दा॑न् chárdān	छर्दा॑ते / छर्दा॑तै chárdāte / chárdātai	छर्दै॑ते chárdaite	छर्द॑न्त / छर्दा॑न्तै chárdanta / chárdāntai
Second	छर्दाः॑ / छर्दा॑सि chárdāḥ / chárdāsi	छर्दा॑थः chárdāthaḥ	छर्दा॑थ chárdātha	छर्दा॑से / छर्दा॑सै chárdāse / chárdāsai	छर्दै॑थे chárdaithe	छर्दा॑ध्वै chárdādhvai
First	छर्दा॑नि chárdāni	छर्दा॑व chárdāva	छर्दा॑म chárdāma	छर्दै॑ chárdai	छर्दा॑वहै chárdāvahai	छर्दा॑महै chárdāmahai
Participles
	छर्द॑त् chárdat			छर्द॑मान chárdamāna
Notes	The subjunctive is only used in Vedic Sanskrit. ¹Vedic

Related terms

छर्दयति (chardayati)
छृणत्ति (chṛṇatti)

Descendants

Many descendants undergo semantic extension with the sense "to release, let go".

Inherited

Dardic:
- Shinaic:
  - >? Palula: čháaḍa (perhaps borrowed from Plains Indo-Aryan)
Prakrit: 𑀙𑀟𑁆𑀟𑀇 (chaḍḍaï, “to vomit, release, let go, let fall”)
- Central Indo-Aryan:
  - Braj: छड़नो (chaṛno)
  - Hindustani:
    - Hindi: छाड़ना (chāṛnā)
    - Urdu: چھَاڑنَا
- Eastern Indo-Aryan:
  - Bengali-Assamese:
    - Assamese: সাদিব (xadibo), সাৰিব (xaribo)
    - Bengali: ছাড়া (chaṛa)
  - Bihari:
    - Bhojpuri: छाड़ल (chāṛal)
    - Maithili: छाड़ब (chāṛab)
  - Odia: ଛାଡ଼ିବା (chāṛibā)
- Insular Indo-Aryan:
  - Dhivehi: އަޅަނީ (aḷanī), އެއްލަނީ (ellanī)
  - Sinhalese: හෙළනවා (heḷanawā)
- Northern Indo-Aryan:
  - Eastern Pahari:
    - Nepali: छादनु (chādanu), छाणनु (chāṇanu)
  - Western Pahari:
    - Bhadrawahi: छड्डणू (ċhaḍḍṇū)
- Northwestern Indo-Aryan:
  - Punjabic:
    - Punjabi: ਛੱਡਣਾ / چَھڈّݨا (chaḍḍaṇā)
    - Saraiki: چھَڈَݨ (chaḍaṇ)
    - → Kashmiri: چھَڈُن / छडुन / 𑆗𑆝𑆶𑆤 (chaḍun)
  - Sindhic:
    - Sindhi: ڇَڏَڻُ / छॾणु (chaḏaṇu)
    - Kachchi: છાડણૂ (chāḍṇū)
- Western Indo-Aryan:
  - Romani: čhad-
    - Carpathian Romani: čand-
    - Sinte Romani: čad-

Causative extensions

Pali: chaḍḍāpeti (“to cause to be vomited, deserted”)
Prakrit: 𑀙𑀟𑁆𑀟𑀸𑀯𑀺𑀬 (chaḍḍāviya, “vomited, let go”)
- Eastern Indo-Aryan:
  - Bengali: ছাড়ান (chaṛan)
- Northern Indo-Aryan:
  - Nepali: छदाउनु (chadāunu)
- Northwestern Indo-Aryan:
  - Punjabi: ਛਡਾਉਣਾ / چھَڈَاوݨَا (chaḍāuṇā)

References

^ Cheung, Johnny (2007), “*sard”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Iranian Verb (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 2), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 336
^ Mayrhofer, Manfred (1992), “CHARD”, in Etymologisches Wörterbuch des Altindoarischen [Etymological Dictionary of Old Indo-Aryan]‎^[1] (in German), volume I, Heidelberg: Carl Winter Universitätsverlag, page 557
^ Pokorny, Julius (1959), “sker-(d)-”, in Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch [Indo-European Etymological Dictionary] (in German), volume 3, Bern, München: Francke Verlag, page 947
^ Rix, Helmut, editor (2001), “?*sk̑erd-”, in Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben [Lexicon of Indo-European Verbs] (in German), 2nd edition, Wiesbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag, →ISBN, page 547
^ Turner, Ralph Lilley (1969–1985), “chardati”, in A Comparative Dictionary of the Indo-Aryan Languages, London: Oxford University Press, page 274

[1] Cheung, Johnny (2007), “*sard”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Iranian Verb (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 2), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 336

[2] Mayrhofer, Manfred (1992), “CHARD”, in Etymologisches Wörterbuch des Altindoarischen [Etymological Dictionary of Old Indo-Aryan]‎^[1] (in German), volume I, Heidelberg: Carl Winter Universitätsverlag, page 557

[3] Pokorny, Julius (1959), “sker-(d)-”, in Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch [Indo-European Etymological Dictionary] (in German), volume 3, Bern, München: Francke Verlag, page 947

[4] Rix, Helmut, editor (2001), “?*sk̑erd-”, in Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben [Lexicon of Indo-European Verbs] (in German), 2nd edition, Wiesbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag, →ISBN, page 547

[5] Turner, Ralph Lilley (1969–1985), “chardati”, in A Comparative Dictionary of the Indo-Aryan Languages, London: Oxford University Press, page 274

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