Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/wer-

See also: Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/werh₁-

This Proto-Indo-European entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

Root

*wer-

to burn

Alternative reconstructions

*werH-

Derived terms

Terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *wer- (burn) (5 c, 0 e)

*wōr-
- Proto-Balto-Slavic: *wārīˀtei
  - Latgalian: vōreit
  - Latvian: vàrît (alternatively a borrowing from Slavic)
  - Proto-Slavic: *variti (see there for further descendants)
*werH-u-s
- Proto-Balto-Slavic: *wārús (see there for further descendants)
*wr̥H-
- Proto-Balto-Slavic: *wirˀtei, *wirˀētei
  - Latvian: vir̂t
  - Lithuanian: vi̇̀rti
  - Samogitian: vėrtė
  - Proto-Slavic: *vьrěti (see there for further descendants)
*wr̥-néw-ti
- Proto-Anatolian:
  - Hittite: 𒉿𒅈𒉡𒊻𒍣 (wa-ar-nu-uz-zi)
*wor-no- (“black bird; raven; crow”) (presumably originally an adjective “black”)
- Proto-Balto-Slavic: *warnás, *wárˀnāˀ (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Celtic: *branos (see there for further descendants)

Unsorted formations

Anatolian:
- Hittite: [script needed] (urāni, “burns”)^[1]
- Hittite: 𒉿𒊏 (wa-ar, “to burn”)
  - → Old Armenian: (possibly) վառեմ (vaṙem)
Balto-Slavic:
- Proto-Balto-Slavic: *wirtei
  - Lithuanian: vi̇́rti, vérdu (“to cook”)

Root

*wer-^[2]^[3]

to watch; to keep guard; to cover
to notice; to heed; to be aware (of); to be wary (of)

Derived terms

Terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *wer- (heed) (32 c, 0 e)

*wr̥-néw-ti (néw-present)
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *wr̥náwti
  - Proto-Indo-Aryan: *wr̥náwti
    - Sanskrit: वृ॒णोति॑ (vṛṇóti) (see there for further descendants)
*wor-t-ús, *wor-t-ós
- Proto-Germanic: *wardaz (“guard; keeper”), *werdaz (see there for further descendants)
*wer-eh₁-(ye)-ti (stative)
- Proto-Italic: *werēōr (see there for further descendants)
*wor-eh₂-ye-ti
- Proto-Germanic: *warōną (“to watch; to protect”) (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Hellenic: *worā́ō
  - Ancient Greek: ὁρᾰ́ω (horắō, “to see”)
*wor-eh₂
- Proto-Hellenic: *worā
  - Ancient Greek: ὤρᾱ (ṓrā, “care; concern”)
*wor-o-s
- Proto-Germanic: *waraz (“cautious”) (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Hellenic: *woros
  - Ancient Greek: οὖρος (oûros, “watcher; guardian”) ⇒ ἔφορος (éphoros), φρουρός (phrourós), τῑμωρός (tīmōrós)
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *wā́ras
  - Proto-Indo-Aryan: *wā́ras
    - Sanskrit: वार॑ (vā́ra, “obstacle; cover; gate”)
*wor-yo-s
- Proto-Germanic: *warjaz
*wor-n-éh₂
- Proto-Germanic: *warnō (“warding off; refusal; denial; warning?”)
  - ⇒? Proto-Germanic: *warnōną (“to warn”) (see there for further descendants)
  - Proto-West Germanic: *warnu (see there for further descendants)
    - ⇒ Proto-West Germanic: *warnijan (“to refuse; to deny”) (see there for further descendants)

Unsorted formations

Proto-Albanian:
- Albanian: vërej (“to look; to observe”)
Proto-Anatolian:
- >? Hittite: 𒌑𒂊𒊑𒋾𒄑𒍣 (ú-e-ri-ti-iz-zi /⁠u̯eritit͡si⁠/, “to fear; to be frightened”)
Proto-Celtic: *werati
- Old Irish: feraid (“to grant; to provide”)
  - Middle Irish: feraid
    - Irish: fear (“to grant”)
Proto-Germanic: *warjaną (“ward off”) (see there for further descendants)
Proto-Indo-Iranian: *wáras
- Proto-Indo-Aryan: *wáras
  - Sanskrit: वर॑ (vára)
Central Kurdish: وریا (wirya, “attentive; alert”)

Root

*wer-

squirrel or marten

Derived terms

Terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *wer- (squirrel) (5 c, 0 e)

*wer-n-
- ⇒ Proto-Germanic: *aikwernô (see there for further descendants)
*wer-wer-
- Indo-Iranian:
  - Proto-Iranian: *warwar-akah
    - Baluchi: ورورک (varvarak) (loanword from another Iranian language)
    - Gilaki: وروره (varvarə)
    - Persian: وروره (varvarah) (loanword from another Iranian language)
*we-wer-
- Proto-Balto-Slavic: *wēweris, *waiwer-, *wāwer-
  - East Baltic:
    - Latgalian: vuovere
    - Latvian: vāvere
    - Lithuanian: vaiveri̇̀s (“male polecat or marten”), voverė, vaiverė, (dialectal) voveri̇̀s, (dialectal) vėveri̇̀s
    - Samogitian: vuoverie
  - West Baltic:
    - Old Prussian: weware
  - Proto-Slavic: *vě̀verь
    - ⇒ Proto-Slavic: *vě̀verica, *vě̀verъka (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Celtic: *wiweros (see there for further descendants)
- Italic:
  - Latin: viverra (“ferret”) (see there for further descendants)

References

^ Derksen, Rick (2008), “*vьrěti”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Slavic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 4), Leiden; Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 537
^ De Vaan, Michiel (2008), “vereor”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 665
^ Kroonen, Guus (2013), Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)‎^[1], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN

Watkins, Calvert. Indo-European and the Indo-Europeans. 1969.

[D_*vьrěti-1] Derksen, Rick (2008), “*vьrěti”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Slavic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 4), Leiden; Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 537

[2] De Vaan, Michiel (2008), “vereor”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 665

[3] Kroonen, Guus (2013), Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)‎^[1], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN

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