ὁράω

Ancient Greek

Alternative forms

Etymology

    Ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *wer- (“to watch, guard”). There may have been an intermediate form *ϝορᾰ́ω (*worắō), from Proto-Hellenic *worā́ō. If there was such a form with ϝ- (w-), then it is unclear why the augmented stem ἑωρ- (heōr-) occurs only in Attic, while ὡρ- (hōr-) is used in Homer and inscriptions.[1]

    Cognate with οὖρος (oûros, “watcher; guardian”), ὤρᾱ (ṓrā, “care; concern”), Latin vereor (“fear”), English aware (“vigilant; conscious”) and wary (“cautious of danger”).

    Forms in ὀψ- (ops-), ὀπ- (op-) are from Proto-Indo-European *h₃ekʷ- (“to see”) (whence ὄψ (óps), ὄμμᾰ (ómmă)).[2]

    Forms in εἰδ- (eid-) are from Proto-Indo-European *weyd- (“to see”) (whence εἶδος (eîdos), ῐ̔́στωρ (hĭ́stōr)).

    Pronunciation

     

    Verb

    ὁρᾰ́ω • (horắō)

    1. (intransitive) to look with the eyes [with εἰς (eis, + accusative) ‘at something or someone’]
    2. (intransitive) to be able to see; (with negative) to be unable to see, to be blind
    3. (copulative) to look a certain way [with accusative adjective or adverb]
      1. Infinitive is added to an adjective, adverb, and so on to indicate that the description relates to sight: to see; to look at; to behold
        δεινὸς ἰδεῖν
        deinòs ideîn
        horrible to look at
    4. (transitive) to see; to perceive; to observe [with accusative ‘someone’ and participle ‘doing something’]
    5. (transitive) to find out [with indirect question]
      ὅρᾱ εἰ ...
      hórā ei ...
      see if/whether ...
    6. (transitive) to make sure [with infinitive ‘that ...’]
    7. (ambitransitive, figurative) to see with the mind; to understand
      ὁρᾷς; ὁρᾶτε;
      horāîs? horâte?
      Do you see?
    8. (transitive) to provide [with accusative ‘something’ and dative ‘for someone’]

    Usage notes

    • One of a small group of verbs which use a different accent paradigm in the second-person singular aorist active imperative (ῐ̓δέ (ĭdé) alongside ῐ̓́δε (ĭ́de)), along with λᾰμβᾰ́νω (lămbắnō, “to take”), ἔρχομαι (érkhomai, “to go”), εὑρῐ́σκω (heurĭ́skō, “to find”) and εἶπον (eîpon, “to say”). This does not carry over to derived compounds, however, which use the standard accent paradigm.

    Conjugation

       Present: ὁρᾰ́ω, ὁρᾰ́ομαι (Attic, uncontracted)
    number singular dual plural
    first second third second third first second third
    active indicative ὁρᾰ́ω ὁρᾰ́εις ὁρᾰ́ει ὁρᾰ́ετον ὁρᾰ́ετον ὁρᾰ́ομεν ὁρᾰ́ετε ὁρᾰ́ουσῐ(ν)
    subjunctive ὁρᾰ́ω ὁρᾰ́ῃς ὁρᾰ́ῃ ὁρᾰ́ητον ὁρᾰ́ητον ὁρᾰ́ωμεν ὁρᾰ́ητε ὁρᾰ́ωσῐ(ν)
    optative ὁρᾰ́οιμῐ ὁρᾰ́οις ὁρᾰ́οι ὁρᾰ́οιτον ὁρᾰοίτην ὁρᾰ́οιμεν ὁρᾰ́οιτε ὁρᾰ́οιεν
    imperative   ὅρᾰε ὁρᾰέτω ὁρᾰ́ετον ὁρᾰέτων   ὁρᾰ́ετε ὁρᾰόντων
    middle/passive indicative ὁρᾰ́ομαι ὁρᾰ́ῃ,
    ὁρᾰ́ει     		ὁρᾰ́εται ὁρᾰ́εσθον ὁρᾰ́εσθον ὁρᾰόμεθᾰ ὁρᾰ́εσθε ὁρᾰ́ονται
    subjunctive ὁρᾰ́ωμαι ὁρᾰ́ῃ ὁρᾰ́ηται ὁρᾰ́ησθον ὁρᾰ́ησθον ὁρᾰώμεθᾰ ὁρᾰ́ησθε ὁρᾰ́ωνται
    optative ὁρᾰοίμην ὁρᾰ́οιο ὁρᾰ́οιτο ὁρᾰ́οισθον ὁρᾰοίσθην ὁρᾰοίμεθᾰ ὁρᾰ́οισθε ὁρᾰ́οιντο
    imperative   ὁρᾰ́ου ὁρᾰέσθω ὁρᾰ́εσθον ὁρᾰέσθων   ὁρᾰ́εσθε ὁρᾰέσθων
    active middle/passive
    infinitive ὁρᾰ́ειν ὁρᾰ́εσθαι
    participle m ὁρᾰ́ων ὁρᾰόμενος
    f ὁρᾰ́ουσᾰ ὁρᾰομένη
    n ὁρᾰ́ον ὁρᾰόμενον
    Notes:
    This table gives Attic inflectional endings. For conjugation in dialects other than Attic, see Appendix:Ancient Greek dialectal conjugation.
       Present: ὁρῶ, ὁρῶμαι (Attic, contracted)
    number singular dual plural
    first second third second third first second third
    active indicative ὁρῶ ὁρᾷς ὁρᾷ ὁρᾶτον ὁρᾶτον ὁρῶμεν ὁρᾶτε ὁρῶσῐ(ν)
    subjunctive ὁρῶ ὁρᾷς ὁρᾷ ὁρᾶτον ὁρᾶτον ὁρῶμεν ὁρᾶτε ὁρῶσῐ(ν)
    optative ὁρῴην,
    ὁρῷμῐ     		ὁρῴης,
    ὁρῷς     		ὁρῴη,
    ὁρῷ     		ὁρῷτον,
    ὁρῴητον     		ὁρῴτην,
    ὁρῳήτην     		ὁρῷμεν,
    ὁρῴημεν     		ὁρῷτε,
    ὁρῴητε     		ὁρῷεν,
    ὁρῴησᾰν
    imperative   ὅρᾱ ὁρᾱ́τω ὁρᾶτον ὁρᾱ́των   ὁρᾶτε ὁρώντων
    middle/passive indicative ὁρῶμαι ὁρᾷ ὁρᾶται ὁρᾶσθον ὁρᾶσθον ὁρώμεθᾰ ὁρᾶσθε ὁρῶνται
    subjunctive ὁρῶμαι ὁρᾷ ὁρᾶται ὁρᾶσθον ὁρᾶσθον ὁρώμεθᾰ ὁρᾶσθε ὁρῶνται
    optative ὁρῴμην ὁρῷο ὁρῷτο ὁρῷσθον ὁρῴσθην ὁρῴμεθᾰ ὁρῷσθε ὁρῷντο
    imperative   ὁρῶ ὁρᾱ́σθω ὁρᾶσθον ὁρᾱ́σθων   ὁρᾶσθε ὁρᾱ́σθων
    active middle/passive
    infinitive ὁρᾶν ὁρᾶσθαι
    participle m ὁρῶν ὁρώμενος
    f ὁρῶσᾰ ὁρωμένη
    n ὁρῶν ὁρώμενον
    Notes:
    This table gives Attic inflectional endings. For conjugation in dialects other than Attic, see Appendix:Ancient Greek dialectal conjugation.
       Present: ὁρῶ, ὁρόομαι (Epic, uncontracted)
    number singular dual plural
    first second third second third first second third
    active indicative ὁρῶ,
    ὁρόω     		ὁρᾷς,
    ὁρᾰ́ᾳς     		ὁροῖ,
    ὁρᾷ     		ὁρόετον ὁρόετον ὁρόομεν ὁρόετε ὁρόουσῐ(ν)
    subjunctive ὁρόω,
    ὁρόωμῐ     		ὁρόῃς,
    ὁρόῃσθᾰ     		ὁρόῃ,
    ὁρόῃσῐ(ν)     		ὁρόητον ὁρόητον ὁρόωμεν ὁρόητε ὁρόωσῐ(ν)
    optative ὁρόοιμῐ ὁρόοις,
    ὁρόοισθᾰ     		ὁρόοι ὁρόοιτον ὁροοίτην ὁρόοιμεν ὁροῖτε,
    ὁρόῳτε     		ὁρόοιεν
    imperative   ὅροε ὁροέτω ὁρόετον ὁροέτων   ὁρόετε ὁροόντων
    middle indicative ὁρόομαι,
    ὁρῶμαι     		ὁρόεαι,
    ὁρόῃ     		ὁρόεται,
    ὁρᾶται     		ὁρόεσθον ὁρόεσθον ὁροόμε(σ)θᾰ ὁρόεσθε ὁρόονται
    subjunctive ὁρόωμαι ὁρόηαι,
    ὁρόῃ     		ὁρόηται ὁρόησθον ὁρόησθον ὁροώμε(σ)θᾰ ὁρόησθε ὁρόωνται
    optative ὁροοίμην ὁρόοιο ὁρόοιτο ὁρόοισθον ὁροοίσθην ὁροοίμε(σ)θᾰ ὁρόοισθε ὁροοίᾰτο
    imperative   ὁρόεο,
    ὁρόευ     		ὁροέσθω ὁρόεσθον ὁροέσθων   ὁρόεσθε ὁροέσθων
    active
    infinitive ὁροῦν,
    ὁρᾶν     		ὁρᾶσθαι,
    ὁρᾰ́ᾰσθαι
    participle m ὁρῶν,
    ὁρόων     		ὁρούμενος,
    ὁρώμενος
    f ὁροῦσᾰ,
    ὁρόουσᾰ     		ὁρουμένη,
    ὁρωμένη
    n ὁροῦν,
    ὁρόον     		ὁρούμενον,
    ὁρώμενον
    Notes:
    Dialects other than Attic are not well attested. Some forms are based on conjecture. Use with caution. For more details, see Appendix:Ancient Greek dialectal conjugation.
       Present: ὁρῶ, ὁρόομαι (Epic, contracted)
    number singular dual plural
    first second third second third first second third
    active indicative ὁρῶ,
    ὁρόω     		ὁρᾷς,
    ὁρᾰ́ᾳς     		ὁροῖ,
    ὁρᾷ     		ὁροῦτον ὁροῦτον ὁροῦμεν ὁροῦτε ὁροῦσῐ(ν)
    subjunctive ὁρῶ,
    ὁρῶμῐ     		ὁροῖς,
    ὁροῖσθᾰ     		ὁροῖ,
    ὁροῖσῐ(ν)     		ὁρῶτον ὁρῶτον ὁρῶμεν ὁρῶτε ὁρῶσῐ(ν)
    optative ὁροῖμι ὁροῖς ὁροῖ ὁροῖτον ὁροίτην ὁροῖμεν ὁροῖτε,
    ὁρόῳτε     		ὁροῖεν
    imperative   ὅρου ὁρούτω ὁροῦτον ὁρούτων   ὁροῦτε ὁρούντων
    middle indicative ὁρόομαι,
    ὁρῶμαι     		ὁροῖ ὁρόεται,
    ὁρᾶται     		ὁροῦσθον ὁροῦσθον ὁρούμε(σ)θᾰ ὁροῦσθε ὁροῦνται
    subjunctive ὁρῶμαι ὁροῖ ὁρῶται ὁρῶσθον ὁρῶσθον ὁρώμε(σ)θᾰ ὁρῶσθε ὁρῶνται
    optative ὁροίμην ὁροῖο ὁροῖτο ὁροῖσθον ὁροίσθην ὁροίμε(σ)θᾰ ὁροῖσθε ὁροίᾰτο
    imperative   ὁροῦ ὁρούσθω ὁροῦσθον ὁρούσθων   ὁροῦσθε ὁρούσθων
    active
    infinitive ὁροῦν,
    ὁρᾶν     		ὁρᾶσθαι,
    ὁρᾰ́ᾰσθαι
    participle m ὁρῶν,
    ὁρόων     		ὁρούμενος,
    ὁρώμενος
    f ὁροῦσᾰ,
    ὁρόουσᾰ     		ὁρουμένη,
    ὁρωμένη
    n ὁροῦν,
    ὁρόον     		ὁρούμενον,
    ὁρώμενον
    Notes:
    Dialects other than Attic are not well attested. Some forms are based on conjecture. Use with caution. For more details, see Appendix:Ancient Greek dialectal conjugation.
       Present: ὁρῶ, ὁροῦμαι (Aeolic, contracted)
    number singular dual plural
    first second third second third first second third
    active indicative ὁρῶ ὁρεῖς ὁρεῖ ὁρεῖτον ὁρεῖτον ὁροῦμεν ὁρεῖτε ὁροῦσῐ(ν)
    subjunctive ὁρῶ ὁρῇς ὁρῇ ὁρῆτον ὁρῆτον ὁρῶμεν ὁρῆτε ὁρῶσῐ(ν)
    optative ὁροῖμι ὁροῖς ὁροῖ ὁροῖτον ὁροίτην ὁροῖμεν ὁροῖτε ὁροῖεν
    imperative   ὅρει ὁρείτω ὁρεῖτον ὁρείτων   ὁρεῖτε ὁρούντων
    middle/passive indicative ὁροῦμαι ὁρῇ ὁρεῖται ὁρεῖσθον ὁρεῖσθον ὁρούμεθᾰ ὁρεῖσθε ὁροῦνται
    subjunctive ὁρῶμαι ὁρῇ ὁρῆται ὁρῆσθον ὁρῆσθον ὁρώμεθᾰ ὁρῆσθε ὁρῶνται
    optative ὁροίμην ὁροῖο ὁροῖτο ὁροῖσθον ὁροίσθην ὁροίμεθᾰ ὁροῖσθε ὁροῖντο
    imperative   ὁροῦ ὁρείσθω ὁρεῖσθον ὁρείσθων   ὁρεῖσθε ὁρείσθων
    active middle/passive
    infinitive ὁρεῖν ὁρεῖσθαι
    participle m ὁρῶν ὁρούμενος
    f ὁροῦσᾰ ὁρουμένη
    n ὁροῦν ὁρούμενον
    Notes:
    Dialects other than Attic are not well attested. Some forms are based on conjecture. Use with caution. For more details, see Appendix:Ancient Greek dialectal conjugation.
       Imperfect: ἑώρᾰον, ἑωρᾰόμην (Attic, uncontracted)
    number singular dual plural
    first second third second third first second third
    active indicative ἑώρᾰον ἑώρᾰες ἑώρᾰε(ν) ἑωρᾰ́ετον ἑωρᾰέτην ἑωρᾰ́ομεν ἑωρᾰ́ετε ἑώρᾰον
    middle/passive indicative ἑωρᾰόμην ἑωρᾰ́ου ἑωρᾰ́ετο ἑωρᾰ́εσθον ἑωρᾰέσθην ἑωρᾰόμεθᾰ ἑωρᾰ́εσθε ἑωρᾰ́οντο
    Notes:
    This table gives Attic inflectional endings. For conjugation in dialects other than Attic, see Appendix:Ancient Greek dialectal conjugation.
       Imperfect: ἑώρων, ἑωρώμην (Attic, contracted)
    number singular dual plural
    first second third second third first second third
    active indicative ἑώρων ἑώρᾱς ἑώρᾱ ἑωρᾶτον ἑωρᾱ́την ἑωρῶμεν ἑωρᾶτε ἑώρων
    middle/passive indicative ἑωρώμην ἑωρῶ ἑωρᾶτο ἑωρᾶσθον ἑωρᾱ́σθην ἑωρώμεθᾰ ἑωρᾶσθε ἑωρῶντο
    Notes:
    This table gives Attic inflectional endings. For conjugation in dialects other than Attic, see Appendix:Ancient Greek dialectal conjugation.
       Imperfect: ὅρᾰον, ὁρᾰόμην (Epic, uncontracted)
    number singular dual plural
    first second third second third first second third
    active indicative ὅρᾰον ὅρᾰες ὅρᾰε(ν) ὁρᾰ́ετον ὁρᾰέτην ὁρᾰ́ομεν ὁρᾰ́ετε ὅρᾰον
    middle indicative ὁρᾰόμην ὁρᾰ́εο,
    ὁρᾰ́ευ     		ὁρᾰ́ετο ὁρᾰ́εσθον ὁρᾰέσθην ὁρᾰόμε(σ)θᾰ ὁρᾰ́εσθε ὁρᾰ́οντο
    Notes:
    Dialects other than Attic are not well attested. Some forms are based on conjecture. Use with caution. For more details, see Appendix:Ancient Greek dialectal conjugation.
       Imperfect: ὅρων, ὁρώμην (Epic, contracted)
    number singular dual plural
    first second third second third first second third
    active indicative ὅρων ὅρᾱς ὅρᾱ ὁρᾶτον ὁρᾱ́την ὁρῶμεν ὁρᾶτε ὅρων
    middle indicative ὁρώμην ὁρῶ ὁρᾶτο ὁρᾶσθον ὁρᾱ́σθην ὁρώμε(σ)θᾰ ὁρᾶσθε ὁρῶντο
    Notes:
    Dialects other than Attic are not well attested. Some forms are based on conjecture. Use with caution. For more details, see Appendix:Ancient Greek dialectal conjugation.
       Imperfect: ὥρᾰον, ὡρᾰόμην (Ionic, uncontracted)
    number singular dual plural
    first second third second third first second third
    active indicative ὥρᾰον ὥρᾰες ὥρᾰε(ν) ὡρᾰ́ετον ὡρᾰέτην ὡρᾰ́ομεν ὡρᾰ́ετε ὥρᾰον
    middle/passive indicative ὡρᾰόμην ὡρᾰ́εο,
    ὡρᾰ́ευ     		ὡρᾰ́ετο ὡρᾰ́εσθον ὡρᾰέσθην ὡρᾰόμεθᾰ ὡρᾰ́εσθε ὡρᾰ́οντο
    Notes:
    Dialects other than Attic are not well attested. Some forms are based on conjecture. Use with caution. For more details, see Appendix:Ancient Greek dialectal conjugation.
       Imperfect: ὥρων, ὡρώμην (Ionic, contracted)
    number singular dual plural
    first second third second third first second third
    active indicative ὥρων ὥρᾱς ὥρᾱ ὡρᾶτον ὡρᾱ́την ὡρῶμεν ὡρᾶτε ὥρων
    middle/passive indicative ὡρώμην ὡρῶ ὡρᾶτο ὡρᾶσθον ὡρᾱ́σθην ὡρώμεθᾰ ὡρᾶσθε ὡρῶντο
    Notes:
    Dialects other than Attic are not well attested. Some forms are based on conjecture. Use with caution. For more details, see Appendix:Ancient Greek dialectal conjugation.
       Future: ὄψομαι, ὀφθήσομαι (Attic)
    number singular dual plural
    first second third second third first second third
    middle indicative ὄψομαι ὄψῃ,
    ὄψει     		ὄψεται ὄψεσθον ὄψεσθον ὀψόμεθᾰ ὄψεσθε ὄψονται
    optative ὀψοίμην ὄψοιο ὄψοιτο ὄψοισθον ὀψοίσθην ὀψοίμεθᾰ ὄψοισθε ὄψοιντο
    passive indicative ὀφθήσομαι ὀφθήσῃ,
    ὀφθήσει     		ὀφθήσεται ὀφθήσεσθον ὀφθήσεσθον ὀφθησόμεθᾰ ὀφθήσεσθε ὀφθήσονται
    optative ὀφθησοίμην ὀφθήσοιο ὀφθήσοιτο ὀφθήσοισθον ὀφθησοίσθην ὀφθησοίμεθᾰ ὀφθήσοισθε ὀφθήσοιντο
    middle passive
    infinitive ὄψεσθαι ὀφθήσεσθαι
    participle m ὀψόμενος ὀφθησόμενος
    f ὀψομένη ὀφθησομένη
    n ὀψόμενον ὀφθησόμενον
    Notes:
    This table gives Attic inflectional endings. For conjugation in dialects other than Attic, see Appendix:Ancient Greek dialectal conjugation.
       Future: ὄψομαι (Epic)
    number singular dual plural
    first second third second third first second third
    middle indicative ὄψομαι ὄψεαι,
    ὄψῃ     		ὄψεται ὄψεσθον ὄψεσθον ὀψόμε(σ)θᾰ ὄψεσθε ὄψονται
    optative ὀψοίμην ὄψοιο ὄψοιτο ὄψοισθον ὀψοίσθην ὀψοίμε(σ)θᾰ ὄψοισθε ὀψοίᾰτο
    middle
    infinitive ὄψεσθαι
    participle m ὀψόμενος
    f ὀψομένη
    n ὀψόμενον
    Notes:
    Dialects other than Attic are not well attested. Some forms are based on conjecture. Use with caution. For more details, see Appendix:Ancient Greek dialectal conjugation.
       Aorist: εἶδον, εἰδόμην, ὤφθην (Attic)
    number singular dual plural
    first second third second third first second third
    active indicative εἶδον εἶδες εἶδε(ν) εἴδετον εἰδέτην εἴδομεν εἴδετε εἶδον
    subjunctive ῐ̓́δω ῐ̓́δῃς ῐ̓́δῃ ῐ̓́δητον ῐ̓́δητον ῐ̓́δωμεν ῐ̓́δητε ῐ̓́δωσῐ(ν)
    optative ῐ̓́δοιμῐ ῐ̓́δοις ῐ̓́δοι ῐ̓́δοιτον ῐ̓δοίτην ῐ̓́δοιμεν ῐ̓́δοιτε ῐ̓́δοιεν
    imperative   ῐ̓δέ,
    ῐ̓́δε     		ῐ̓δέτω ῐ̓́δετον ῐ̓δέτων   ῐ̓́δετε ῐ̓δόντων
    middle indicative εἰδόμην εἴδου εἴδετο εἴδεσθον εἰδέσθην εἰδόμεθᾰ εἴδεσθε εἴδοντο
    subjunctive ῐ̓́δωμαι ῐ̓́δῃ ῐ̓́δηται ῐ̓́δησθον ῐ̓́δησθον ῐ̓δώμεθᾰ ῐ̓́δησθε ῐ̓́δωνται
    optative ῐ̓δοίμην ῐ̓́δοιο ῐ̓́δοιτο ῐ̓́δοισθον ῐ̓δοίσθην ῐ̓δοίμεθᾰ ῐ̓́δοισθε ῐ̓́δοιντο
    imperative   ῐ̓δοῦ,
    ῐ̓δού     		ῐ̓δέσθω ῐ̓́δεσθον ῐ̓δέσθων   ῐ̓́δεσθε ῐ̓δέσθων
    passive indicative ὤφθην ὤφθης ὤφθη ὤφθητον ὠφθήτην ὤφθημεν ὤφθητε ὤφθησᾰν
    subjunctive ὀφθῶ ὀφθῇς ὀφθῇ ὀφθῆτον ὀφθῆτον ὀφθῶμεν ὀφθῆτε ὀφθῶσῐ(ν)
    optative ὀφθείην ὀφθείης ὀφθείη ὀφθεῖτον,
    ὀφθείητον     		ὀφθείτην,
    ὀφθειήτην     		ὀφθεῖμεν,
    ὀφθείημεν     		ὀφθεῖτε,
    ὀφθείητε     		ὀφθεῖεν,
    ὀφθείησᾰν
    imperative   ὄφθητῐ ὀφθήτω ὄφθητον ὀφθήτων   ὄφθητε ὀφθέντων
    active middle passive
    infinitive ῐ̓δεῖν ῐ̓δέσθαι ὀφθῆναι
    participle m ῐ̓δών ῐ̓δόμενος ὀφθείς
    f ῐ̓δοῦσᾰ ῐ̓δομένη ὀφθεῖσᾰ
    n ῐ̓δόν ῐ̓δόμενον ὀφθέν
    Notes:
    This table gives Attic inflectional endings. For conjugation in dialects other than Attic, see Appendix:Ancient Greek dialectal conjugation.
       Aorist: ῐ̓́δον, ῐ̓δόμην (Epic)
    number singular dual plural
    first second third second third first second third
    active indicative ῐ̓́δον ῐ̓́δες ῐ̓́δε(ν) ῐ̓́δετον ῐ̓δέτην ῐ̓́δομεν ῐ̓́δετε ῐ̓́δον
    subjunctive ῐ̓́δω,
    ῐ̓́δωμῐ     		ῐ̓́δῃς,
    ῐ̓́δῃσθᾰ     		ῐ̓́δῃ,
    ῐ̓́δῃσῐ(ν)     		ῐ̓́δητον ῐ̓́δητον ῐ̓́δωμεν ῐ̓́δητε ῐ̓́δωσῐ(ν)
    optative ῐ̓́δοιμῐ ῐ̓́δοις,
    ῐ̓́δοισθᾰ     		ῐ̓́δοι ῐ̓δεῖτον ῐ̓δείτην ῐ̓δεῖμεν ῐ̓δεῖτε ῐ̓δεῖεν
    imperative   ῐ̓δέ,
    ῐ̓́δε     		ῐ̓δέτω ῐ̓́δετον ῐ̓δέτων   ῐ̓́δετε ῐ̓δόντων
    middle indicative ῐ̓δόμην ῐ̓́δεο ῐ̓́δετο ῐ̓́δεσθον ῐ̓δέσθην ῐ̓δόμε(σ)θᾰ ῐ̓́δεσθε ῐ̓́δοντο
    subjunctive ῐ̓́δωμαι ῐ̓́δηαι ῐ̓́δηται ῐ̓́δησθον ῐ̓́δησθον ῐ̓δώμε(σ)θᾰ ῐ̓́δησθε ῐ̓́δωνται
    optative ῐ̓δοίμην ῐ̓́δοιο ῐ̓́δοιτο ῐ̓́δοισθον ῐ̓δοίσθην ῐ̓δοίμε(σ)θᾰ ῐ̓́δοισθε ῐ̓δοίᾰτο
    imperative   ῐ̓́δεο ῐ̓δέσθω ῐ̓́δεσθον ῐ̓δέσθων   ῐ̓́δεσθε ῐ̓δέσθων
    active middle
    infinitive ῐ̓δεῖν,
    ῐ̓δέμεν(αι),
    ῐ̓δέειν     		ῐ̓δέσθαι
    participle m ῐ̓δών ῐ̓δόμενος
    f ῐ̓δοῦσᾰ ῐ̓δομένη
    n ῐ̓δόν ῐ̓δόμενον
    Notes:
    Dialects other than Attic are not well attested. Some forms are based on conjecture. Use with caution. For more details, see Appendix:Ancient Greek dialectal conjugation.
       Perfect: ἑώρᾱκᾰ, ἑώρᾱμαι
    number singular dual plural
    first second third second third first second third
    active indicative ἑώρᾱκᾰ ἑώρᾱκᾰς ἑώρᾱκε(ν) ἑωρᾱ́κᾰτον ἑωρᾱ́κᾰτον ἑωρᾱ́κᾰμεν ἑωρᾱ́κᾰτε ἑωρᾱ́κᾱσῐ(ν)
    subjunctive ἑωρᾱ́κω ἑωρᾱ́κῃς ἑωρᾱ́κῃ ἑωρᾱ́κητον ἑωρᾱ́κητον ἑωρᾱ́κωμεν ἑωρᾱ́κητε ἑωρᾱ́κωσῐ(ν)
    optative ἑωρᾱ́κοιμῐ,
    ἑωρᾱκοίην     		ἑωρᾱ́κοις,
    ἑωρᾱκοίης     		ἑωρᾱ́κοι,
    ἑωρᾱκοίη     		ἑωρᾱ́κοιτον ἑωρᾱκοίτην ἑωρᾱ́κοιμεν ἑωρᾱ́κοιτε ἑωρᾱ́κοιεν
    imperative   ἑώρᾱκε ἑωρᾱκέτω ἑωρᾱ́κετον ἑωρᾱκέτων   ἑωρᾱ́κετε ἑωρᾱκόντων
    middle/passive indicative ἑώρᾱμαι ἑώρᾱσαι ἑώρᾱται ἑώρᾱσθον ἑώρᾱσθον ἑωρᾱ́μεθᾰ ἑώρᾱσθε ἑώρᾱνται
    subjunctive ἑωρᾱμένος ὦ ἑωρᾱμένος ᾖς ἑωρᾱμένος ᾖ ἑωρᾱμένω ἦτον ἑωρᾱμένω ἦτον ἑωρᾱμένοι ὦμεν ἑωρᾱμένοι ἦτε ἑωρᾱμένοι ὦσῐ(ν)
    optative ἑωρᾱμένος εἴην ἑωρᾱμένος εἴης ἑωρᾱμένος εἴη ἑωρᾱμένω εἴητον,
    εἶτον     		ἑωρᾱμένω εἰήτην,
    εἴτην     		ἑωρᾱμένοι εἴημεν,
    εἶμεν     		ἑωρᾱμένοι εἴητε,
    εἶτε     		ἑωρᾱμένοι εἴησᾰν,
    εἶεν
    imperative   ἑώρᾱσο ἑωρᾱ́σθω ἑώρᾱσθον ἑωρᾱ́σθων   ἑώρᾱσθε ἑωρᾱ́σθων
    active middle/passive
    infinitive ἑωρᾱκέναι ἑωρᾶσθαι
    participle m ἑωρᾱκώς ἑωρᾱμένος
    f ἑωρᾱκυῖᾰ ἑωρᾱμένη
    n ἑωρᾱκός ἑωρᾱμένον
    Notes:
    This table gives Attic inflectional endings. For conjugation in dialects other than Attic, see Appendix:Ancient Greek dialectal conjugation.
       Perfect: ἑόρᾱκᾰ, ἑόρᾱμαι
    number singular dual plural
    first second third second third first second third
    active indicative ἑόρᾱκᾰ ἑόρᾱκᾰς ἑόρᾱκε(ν) ἑορᾱ́κᾰτον ἑορᾱ́κᾰτον ἑορᾱ́κᾰμεν ἑορᾱ́κᾰτε ἑορᾱ́κᾱσῐ(ν)
    subjunctive ἑορᾱ́κω ἑορᾱ́κῃς ἑορᾱ́κῃ ἑορᾱ́κητον ἑορᾱ́κητον ἑορᾱ́κωμεν ἑορᾱ́κητε ἑορᾱ́κωσῐ(ν)
    optative ἑορᾱ́κοιμῐ,
    ἑορᾱκοίην     		ἑορᾱ́κοις,
    ἑορᾱκοίης     		ἑορᾱ́κοι,
    ἑορᾱκοίη     		ἑορᾱ́κοιτον ἑορᾱκοίτην ἑορᾱ́κοιμεν ἑορᾱ́κοιτε ἑορᾱ́κοιεν
    imperative   ἑόρᾱκε ἑορᾱκέτω ἑορᾱ́κετον ἑορᾱκέτων   ἑορᾱ́κετε ἑορᾱκόντων
    middle/passive indicative ἑόρᾱμαι ἑόρᾱσαι ἑόρᾱται ἑόρᾱσθον ἑόρᾱσθον ἑορᾱ́μεθᾰ ἑόρᾱσθε ἑόρᾱνται
    subjunctive ἑορᾱμένος ὦ ἑορᾱμένος ᾖς ἑορᾱμένος ᾖ ἑορᾱμένω ἦτον ἑορᾱμένω ἦτον ἑορᾱμένοι ὦμεν ἑορᾱμένοι ἦτε ἑορᾱμένοι ὦσῐ(ν)
    optative ἑορᾱμένος εἴην ἑορᾱμένος εἴης ἑορᾱμένος εἴη ἑορᾱμένω εἴητον,
    εἶτον     		ἑορᾱμένω εἰήτην,
    εἴτην     		ἑορᾱμένοι εἴημεν,
    εἶμεν     		ἑορᾱμένοι εἴητε,
    εἶτε     		ἑορᾱμένοι εἴησᾰν,
    εἶεν
    imperative   ἑόρᾱσο ἑορᾱ́σθω ἑόρᾱσθον ἑορᾱ́σθων   ἑόρᾱσθε ἑορᾱ́σθων
    active middle/passive
    infinitive ἑορᾱκέναι ἑορᾶσθαι
    participle m ἑορᾱκώς ἑορᾱμένος
    f ἑορᾱκυῖᾰ ἑορᾱμένη
    n ἑορᾱκός ἑορᾱμένον
    Notes:
    This table gives Attic inflectional endings. For conjugation in dialects other than Attic, see Appendix:Ancient Greek dialectal conjugation.
       Perfect: ὄπωπᾰ
    number singular dual plural
    first second third second third first second third
    active indicative ὄπωπᾰ ὄπωπᾰς ὄπωπε(ν) ὀπώπᾰτον ὀπώπᾰτον ὀπώπᾰμεν ὀπώπᾰτε ὀπώπᾱσῐ(ν)
    subjunctive ὀπώπω ὀπώπῃς ὀπώπῃ ὀπώπητον ὀπώπητον ὀπώπωμεν ὀπώπητε ὀπώπωσῐ(ν)
    optative ὀπώποιμῐ,
    ὀπωποίην     		ὀπώποις,
    ὀπωποίης     		ὀπώποι,
    ὀπωποίη     		ὀπώποιτον ὀπωποίτην ὀπώποιμεν ὀπώποιτε ὀπώποιεν
    imperative   ὄπωπε ὀπωπέτω ὀπώπετον ὀπωπέτων   ὀπώπετε ὀπωπόντων
    active
    infinitive ὀπωπέναι
    participle m ὀπωπώς
    f ὀπωπυῖᾰ
    n ὀπωπός
    Notes:
    This table gives Attic inflectional endings. For conjugation in dialects other than Attic, see Appendix:Ancient Greek dialectal conjugation.
       Perfect: ὄπωπᾰ, ὦμμαι
    number singular dual plural
    first second third second third first second third
    active indicative ὄπωπᾰ ὄπωπᾰς ὄπωπε(ν) ὀπώπᾰτον ὀπώπᾰτον ὀπώπᾰμεν ὀπώπᾰτε ὀπώπᾱσῐ(ν)
    subjunctive ὀπώπω ὀπώπῃς ὀπώπῃ ὀπώπητον ὀπώπητον ὀπώπωμεν ὀπώπητε ὀπώπωσῐ(ν)
    optative ὀπώποιμῐ,
    ὀπωποίην     		ὀπώποις,
    ὀπωποίης     		ὀπώποι,
    ὀπωποίη     		ὀπώποιτον ὀπωποίτην ὀπώποιμεν ὀπώποιτε ὀπώποιεν
    imperative   ὄπωπε ὀπωπέτω ὀπώπετον ὀπωπέτων   ὀπώπετε ὀπωπόντων
    middle/passive indicative ὦμμαι ὦψαι ὦπται ὦφθον ὦφθον ὤμμεθᾰ ὦφθε ὤπᾰται
    subjunctive ὠμμένος ὦ ὠμμένος ᾖς ὠμμένος ᾖ ὠμμένω ἦτον ὠμμένω ἦτον ὠμμένοι ὦμεν ὠμμένοι ἦτε ὠμμένοι ὦσῐ(ν)
    optative ὠμμένος εἴην ὠμμένος εἴης ὠμμένος εἴη ὠμμένω εἴητον,
    εἶτον     		ὠμμένω εἰήτην,
    εἴτην     		ὠμμένοι εἴημεν,
    εἶμεν     		ὠμμένοι εἴητε,
    εἶτε     		ὠμμένοι εἴησᾰν,
    εἶεν
    imperative   ὦψο ὤφθω ὦφθον ὤφθων   ὦφθε ὤφθων
    active middle/passive
    infinitive ὀπωπέναι ὦφθαι
    participle m ὀπωπώς ὠμμένος
    f ὀπωπυῖᾰ ὠμμένη
    n ὀπωπός ὠμμένον
    Notes:
    This table gives Attic inflectional endings. For conjugation in dialects other than Attic, see Appendix:Ancient Greek dialectal conjugation.
       Perfect: ἑορώρηκᾰ (Ionic)
    number singular dual plural
    first second third second third first second third
    active indicative ἑορώρηκᾰ ἑορώρηκᾰς ἑορώρηκε(ν) ἑορωρήκᾰτον ἑορωρήκᾰτον ἑορωρήκᾰμεν ἑορωρήκᾰτε ἑορωρήκᾱσῐ(ν)
    subjunctive ἑορωρήκω ἑορωρήκῃς ἑορωρήκῃ ἑορωρήκητον ἑορωρήκητον ἑορωρήκωμεν ἑορωρήκητε ἑορωρήκωσῐ(ν)
    optative ἑορωρήκοιμῐ,
    ἑορωρηκοίην     		ἑορωρήκοις,
    ἑορωρηκοίης     		ἑορωρήκοι,
    ἑορωρηκοίη     		ἑορωρήκοιτον ἑορωρηκοίτην ἑορωρήκοιμεν ἑορωρήκοιτε ἑορωρήκοιεν
    imperative   ἑορώρηκε ἑορωρηκέτω ἑορωρήκετον ἑορωρηκέτων   ἑορωρήκετε ἑορωρηκόντων
    active
    infinitive ἑορωρηκέναι
    participle m ἑορωρηκώς
    f ἑορωρηκυῖᾰ
    n ἑορωρηκός
    Notes:
    Dialects other than Attic are not well attested. Some forms are based on conjecture. Use with caution. For more details, see Appendix:Ancient Greek dialectal conjugation.
       Perfect: ἑώρηκᾰ (Ionic)
    number singular dual plural
    first second third second third first second third
    active indicative ἑώρηκᾰ ἑώρηκᾰς ἑώρηκε(ν) ἑωρήκᾰτον ἑωρήκᾰτον ἑωρήκᾰμεν ἑωρήκᾰτε ἑωρήκᾱσῐ(ν)
    subjunctive ἑωρήκω ἑωρήκῃς ἑωρήκῃ ἑωρήκητον ἑωρήκητον ἑωρήκωμεν ἑωρήκητε ἑωρήκωσῐ(ν)
    optative ἑωρήκοιμῐ,
    ἑωρηκοίην     		ἑωρήκοις,
    ἑωρηκοίης     		ἑωρήκοι,
    ἑωρηκοίη     		ἑωρήκοιτον ἑωρηκοίτην ἑωρήκοιμεν ἑωρήκοιτε ἑωρήκοιεν
    imperative   ἑώρηκε ἑωρηκέτω ἑωρήκετον ἑωρηκέτων   ἑωρήκετε ἑωρηκόντων
    active
    infinitive ἑωρηκέναι
    participle m ἑωρηκώς
    f ἑωρηκυῖᾰ
    n ἑωρηκός
    Notes:
    Dialects other than Attic are not well attested. Some forms are based on conjecture. Use with caution. For more details, see Appendix:Ancient Greek dialectal conjugation.
       Perfect: ἑώρᾱκᾰ (Doric)
    number singular dual plural
    first second third second third first second third
    active indicative ἑώρᾱκᾰ ἑώρᾱκᾰς ἑώρᾱκε(ν) ἑωρᾱ́κᾰτον ἑωρᾱ́κᾰτον ἑωρᾱ́κᾰμες ἑωρᾱ́κᾰτε ἑωρᾱκᾰ́τι,
    ἑωρᾱ́κᾰντῐ
    subjunctive ἑωρᾱ́κω ἑωρᾱ́κῃς ἑωρᾱ́κῃ ἑωρᾱ́κητον ἑωρᾱ́κητον ἑωρᾱ́κωμες ἑωρᾱ́κητε ἑωρᾱ́κωντῐ
    optative ἑωρᾱ́κοιμῐ,
    ἑωρᾱκοίην     		ἑωρᾱ́κοις,
    ἑωρᾱκοίης     		ἑωρᾱ́κοι,
    ἑωρᾱκοίη     		ἑωρᾱ́κοιτον ἑωρᾱκοίτᾱν ἑωρᾱ́κοιμες ἑωρᾱ́κοιτε ἑωρᾱ́κοιεν
    imperative   ἑώρᾱκε ἑωρᾱκέτω ἑωρᾱ́κετον ἑωρᾱκέτων   ἑωρᾱ́κετε ἑωρᾱκόντω
    active
    infinitive ἑωρᾱκέναι
    participle m ἑωρᾱκώς
    f ἑωρᾱκυῖᾰ
    n ἑωρᾱκός
    Notes:
    Dialects other than Attic are not well attested. Some forms are based on conjecture. Use with caution. For more details, see Appendix:Ancient Greek dialectal conjugation.
       Pluperfect: ἑωρᾱ́κειν, ἑωρᾱ́μην
    number singular dual plural
    first second third second third first second third
    active indicative ἑωρᾱ́κειν,
    ἑωρᾱ́κη     		ἑωρᾱ́κεις,
    ἑωρᾱ́κης     		ἑωρᾱ́κει(ν) ἑωρᾱ́κετον ἑωρᾱκέτην ἑωρᾱ́κεμεν ἑωρᾱ́κετε ἑωρᾱ́κεσᾰν
    middle/passive indicative ἑωρᾱ́μην ἑώρᾱσο ἑώρᾱτο ἑώρᾱσθον ἑωρᾱ́σθην ἑωρᾱ́μεθᾰ ἑώρᾱσθε ἑώρᾱντο
    Notes:
    This table gives Attic inflectional endings. For conjugation in dialects other than Attic, see Appendix:Ancient Greek dialectal conjugation.

    Derived terms

    • ἀνοράω (anoráō)
    • ἀντεφοράω (antephoráō)
    • ἀφοράω (aphoráō)
    • διοράω (dioráō)
    • ἐγκαθοράω (enkathoráō)
    • εἰσκαθοράω (eiskathoráō)
    • εἰσοράω (eisoráō)
    • ἐνοράω (enoráō)
    • ἐξοράω (exoráō)
    • ἐπικαθοράω (epikathoráō)
    • ἐποράω (eporáō)
    • ἐσοράω (esoráō)
    • ἐφοράω (ephoráō)
    • θεωρός (theōrós)
    • καθοράω (kathoráō)
    • ὅραμα (hórama)
    • ὅρασις (hórasis)
    • ὁρατός (horatós)
    • παροράω (paroráō)
    • περιοράω (perioráō)
    • προεφοράω (proephoráō)
    • προκαθοράω (prokathoráō)
    • προοράω (prooráō)
    • προσκαθοράω (proskathoráō)
    • προσοράω (prosoráō)
    • συγκαθοράω (sunkathoráō)
    • συνδιοράω (sundioráō)
    • συνεφοράω (sunephoráō)
    • συνοράω (sunoráō)
    • ὑπεροράω (huperoráō)
    • ὕποπτος (húpoptos)
    • ὑφοράω (huphoráō)

    References

    1. ^ Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010), “ὁράω”, in Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 1095-6
    2. ^ Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010), “ὄπωπα”, in Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 1094

    Further reading

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