誇張

See also: 夸张

Chinese

		to boast	(a measure word); surname; open up
trad. (誇張/夸張)		誇/夸	張
simp. (夸张)		夸	张

Pronunciation

Mandarin
(Pinyin): kuāzhāng

(Zhuyin): ㄎㄨㄚㄓㄤ
Cantonese (Jyutping): kwaa¹ zoeng¹
Southern Min
(Hokkien, POJ): khoa-tiong / khoa-tiang / khoa-tiuⁿ / khoa-tioⁿ

(Teochew, Peng'im): kua¹ ziang¹
Wu (Shanghai, Wugniu): ¹khua-tsan₁

Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)⁺
  - Hanyu Pinyin: kuāzhāng
  - Zhuyin: ㄎㄨㄚㄓㄤ
  - Tongyong Pinyin: kuajhang
  - Wade–Giles: kʻua¹-chang¹
  - Yale: kwā-jāng
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: kuajang
  - Palladius: куачжан (kuačžan)
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /kʰu̯ä⁵⁵ ʈ͡ʂɑŋ⁵⁵/
Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)⁺
  - Jyutping: kwaa¹ zoeng¹
  - Yale: kwā jēung
  - Cantonese Pinyin: kwaa¹ dzoeng¹
  - Guangdong Romanization: kua¹ zêng¹
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /kʷʰaː⁵⁵ t͡sœːŋ⁵⁵/
Southern Min
- (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, General Taiwanese)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: khoa-tiong
  - Tâi-lô: khua-tiong
  - Phofsit Daibuun: qoa'diofng
  - Sinological IPA (Quanzhou): /kʰua³³ tiɔŋ³³/
  - Sinological IPA (Xiamen): /kʰua⁴⁴⁻²² tiɔŋ⁴⁴/
  - Sinological IPA (Taipei, Kaohsiung): /kʰua⁴⁴⁻³³ tiɔŋ⁴⁴/
- (Hokkien: Zhangzhou)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: khoa-tiang
  - Tâi-lô: khua-tiang
  - Phofsit Daibuun: qoa'diafng
  - Sinological IPA (Zhangzhou): /kʰua⁴⁴⁻²² tiaŋ⁴⁴/
- (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: khoa-tiuⁿ
  - Tâi-lô: khua-tiunn
  - Phofsit Daibuun: qoa'dviw
  - Sinological IPA (Quanzhou): /kʰua³³ tiũ³³/
  - Sinological IPA (Xiamen): /kʰua⁴⁴⁻²² tiũ⁴⁴/
- (Hokkien: Zhangzhou)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: khoa-tioⁿ
  - Tâi-lô: khua-tionn
  - Phofsit Daibuun: qoa'dvioy
  - Sinological IPA (Zhangzhou): /kʰua⁴⁴⁻²² tiɔ̃⁴⁴/
- (Teochew)
  - Peng'im: kua¹ ziang¹
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: khua tsiang
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /kʰua³³⁻²³ t͡siaŋ³³/
Wu
- (Northern: Shanghai)
  - Wugniu: ¹khua-tsan₁
  - MiniDict: khua^平 tsan^平
  - Wiktionary Romanisation (Shanghai): ¹khua-tsan₁
  - Sinological IPA (Shanghai): /kʰua⁵⁵ t͡sã²¹/

Middle Chinese: khwae trjang

Rime
Character	誇	張
Reading #	1/1	1/2
Initial (聲)	溪 (29)	知 (9)
Final (韻)	麻 (99)	陽 (105)
Tone (調)	Level (Ø)	Level (Ø)
Openness (開合)	Closed	Open
Division (等)	II	III
Fanqie	苦瓜切	陟良切
Baxter	khwae	trjang
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/kʰˠua/	/ʈɨɐŋ/
Pan Wuyun	/kʰʷᵚa/	/ʈiɐŋ/
Shao Rongfen	/kʰua/	/ȶiɑŋ/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/kʰwaɨ/	/ʈɨaŋ/
Li Rong	/kʰua/	/ȶiaŋ/
Wang Li	/kʰwa/	/ȶĭaŋ/
Bernhard Karlgren	/kʰwa/	/ȶi̯aŋ/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	kuā	zhāng
Expected Cantonese Reflex	faa¹	zoeng¹

Old Chinese
(Baxter–Sagart): /*[kʷʰ]ˤra C.traŋ/

(Zhengzhang): /*kʰʷraː taŋ/

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	誇	張
Reading #	1/1	1/1
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	kuā	zhāng
Middle Chinese	‹ khwae ›	‹ trjang ›
Old Chinese	/*[kʷʰ]ˁra/	/*C.traŋ/
English	boast	draw a bow
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. [t] as coda may in fact be -t or -p; Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	誇	張
Reading #	1/1	1/2
No.	15652	1259
Phonetic component	于	長
Rime group	魚	陽
Rime subdivision	0	0
Corresponding MC rime	誇	張
Old Chinese	/*kʰʷraː/	/*taŋ/

Verb

誇張

to exaggerate; to overstate

Synonyms

edit

擺攤兒 / 摆摊儿 (bǎi tānr) (figurative)
擺攤子 / 摆摊子 (bǎi tānzi) (figurative)
渲染 (xuànrǎn) (figurative)
虛張 / 虚张 (xūzhāng) (literary)
誇大 / 夸大 (kuādà)
鋪張 / 铺张 (pūzhāng)

Adjective

誇張

exaggerated; overstated; over-the-top
沒那麼誇張吧。／没那么夸张吧。 ― Méi nàme kuāzhāng ba. ― It can't be that over-the-top surely.

使唔使咁誇張呀？ [Cantonese, trad.]
使唔使咁夸张呀？ [Cantonese, simp.]
sai² m⁴ sai² gam³ kwaa¹ zoeng¹ aa³? [Jyutping]
Surely you are exaggerating things!

有冇咁誇張！ [Cantonese, trad.]
有冇咁夸张！ [Cantonese, simp.]
jau⁵ mou⁵ gam³ kwaa¹ zoeng¹! [Jyutping]
Surely that's a bit too much?

Noun

誇張

(rhetoric) exaggeration; hyperbole

Derived terms

誇張其辭 / 夸张其辞
誇張法 / 夸张法

Japanese

Kanji in this term
誇	張
こ Grade: S	ちょう Grade: 5
kan'yōon	on'yomi

Pronunciation

(Tokyo) こちょー [kòchóó] (Heiban – [0])^[1]^[2]^[3]
IPA^(key): [ko̞t͡ɕo̞ː]

Noun

誇(こ)張(ちょう) • (kochō) ^{←こちやう (kotyau)^?}

exaggeration
- 1927, Tōson Shimazaki, San’in Miyage‎^[1]:
  
  こゝは海(うみ)の女(め)神(がみ)の住(ぢゆう)居(きよ)であつたといふことも、あながち誇(こ)張(ちやう)とのみは思(おも)はれない。海(うみ)の神(しん)祕(ぴ)は、それほど凄(すご)い美(うつく)しさで私(わたし)達(たち)をその深(ふか)い力(ちから)の中(なか)に引(ひ)き入(い)れる。
  Koko wa umi no megami no jūkyo de atta to iu koto mo, anagachi kochō to nomi wa omowarenai. Umi no shinpi wa, sore hodo sugoi utsukushisa de watashitachi o sono fukai chikara no naka ni hikiireru.
  It is not necessarily considered just an exaggeration that this was the residence of the goddess of the sea. The mystery of the sea draws us into its profound power with such awesome beauty.

Antonyms

矮(わい)小(しょう)化(か) (waishō-ka, “trivialization”)

Derived terms

誇(こ)張(ちょう)法(ほう) (kochō-hō)

Verb

誇(こ)張(ちょう)する • (kochō suru) ^{←こちやう (kotyau)^?}transitive suru (stem 誇(こ)張(ちょう)し (kochō shi), past 誇(こ)張(ちょう)した (kochō shita))

to exaggerate

Conjugation

Conjugation of "誇張する" (See Appendix:Japanese verbs)
Katsuyōkei ("stem forms")
Mizenkei ("imperfective")	誇張し	こちょうし	kochō shi
Ren’yōkei ("continuative")	誇張し	こちょうし	kochō shi
Shūshikei ("terminal")	誇張する	こちょうする	kochō suru
Rentaikei ("attributive")	誇張する	こちょうする	kochō suru
Kateikei ("hypothetical")	誇張すれ	こちょうすれ	kochō sure
Meireikei ("imperative")	誇張せよ¹ 誇張しろ²	こちょうせよ¹ こちょうしろ²	kochō seyo¹ kochō shiro²
Key constructions
Passive	誇張される	こちょうされる	kochō sareru
Causative	誇張させる誇張さす	こちょうさせるこちょうさす	kochō saseru kochō sasu
Potential	誇張できる	こちょうできる	kochō dekiru
Volitional	誇張しよう	こちょうしよう	kochō shiyō
Negative	誇張しない	こちょうしない	kochō shinai
Negative continuative	誇張せず	こちょうせず	kochō sezu
Formal	誇張します	こちょうします	kochō shimasu
Perfective	誇張した	こちょうした	kochō shita
Conjunctive	誇張して	こちょうして	kochō shite
Hypothetical conditional	誇張すれば	こちょうすれば	kochō sureba

¹ Written imperative
² Spoken imperative

References

^ NHK Broadcasting Culture Research Institute, editor (1998), NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 [NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary] (in Japanese), Tokyo: NHK Publishing, Inc., →ISBN
^ Yamada, Tadao et al., editors (2011), 新明解国語辞典 [Shin Meikai Kokugo Jiten] (in Japanese), Seventh edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN
^ Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN

“誇張”, in 漢字ぺディア [Kanjipedia]‎^[2] (in Japanese), The Japan Kanji Aptitude Testing Foundation, 2015–2026

Korean

Hanja in this term
誇	張

Noun

誇張 • (gwajang) (hangeul 과장)

hanja form^? of 과장 (“exaggeration”)

Vietnamese

chữ Hán Nôm in this term
誇	張

Noun

誇張

chữ Hán form of khoa trương (“exaggeration; overstatement”)

Verb

誇張

chữ Hán form of khoa trương (“to boast; to brag; to exaggerate; to overstate”)

Adjective

誇張

chữ Hán form of khoa trương (“exaggerated; overstated”)

[NHK-1] NHK Broadcasting Culture Research Institute, editor (1998), NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 [NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary] (in Japanese), Tokyo: NHK Publishing, Inc., →ISBN

[SMK7-2] Yamada, Tadao et al., editors (2011), 新明解国語辞典 [Shin Meikai Kokugo Jiten] (in Japanese), Seventh edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN

[DJR-3] Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN

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