自殺

See also: 自杀

Chinese

	self	to kill; to murder; to slaughter
trad. (自殺)	自	殺
simp. (自杀)	自	杀
alternative forms	ZS Internet euphemism

Etymology

The sense of "cutting a fruit" is influenced by Hokkien 刣 (thâi, “to cut open or to kill”).

Pronunciation

Mandarin
(Standard)
(Pinyin): zìshā

(Zhuyin): ㄗˋ ㄕㄚ

(Chengdu, Sichuanese Pinyin): zi⁴ sa²
Cantonese (Jyutping): zi⁶ saat³
Hakka
(Sixian, PFS): chhṳ-sat

(Hailu, HRS): cii^˖ sad
Jin (Wiktionary): zi³ sah⁴
Eastern Min (BUC): cê̤ṳ-sák
Puxian Min (Pouseng Ping'ing): zo⁵ sah⁶
Southern Min
(Hokkien, POJ): chū-sat / chīr-sat / chī-sat

(Teochew, Peng'im): ze⁶ suah⁴
Wu (Northern, Wugniu): ⁶zy-saq₇ / ²zy₆-saeq₇

Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)⁺
  - Hanyu Pinyin: zìshā
  - Zhuyin: ㄗˋ ㄕㄚ
  - Tongyong Pinyin: zìhsha
  - Wade–Giles: tzŭ⁴-sha¹
  - Yale: dz̀-shā
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: tzyhsha
  - Palladius: цзыша (czyša)
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /t͡sz̩⁵¹ ʂä⁵⁵/
- (Chengdu)
  - Sichuanese Pinyin: zi⁴ sa²
  - Scuanxua Ladinxua Xin Wenz: zsa
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /t͡sz̩²¹³ sa²¹/
Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)⁺
  - Jyutping: zi⁶ saat³
  - Yale: jih saat
  - Cantonese Pinyin: dzi⁶ saat⁸
  - Guangdong Romanization: ji⁶ sad³
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /t͡siː²² saːt̚³/
Hakka
- (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
  - Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: chhṳ-sat
  - Hakka Romanization System: cii sad^ˋ
  - Hagfa Pinyim: ci⁴ sad⁵
  - Sinological IPA: /t͡sʰɨ⁵⁵ sat̚²/
- (Hailu, incl. Zhudong)
  - Hakka Romanization System: cii^˖ sad
  - Sinological IPA: /t͡sʰɨ³³ sat⁵/
Jin
- (Taiyuan)⁺
  - Wiktionary: zi³ sah⁴
  - Sinological IPA (old-style): /t͡sz̩⁴⁵ saʔ²/
Eastern Min
- (Fuzhou)
  - Bàng-uâ-cê: cê̤ṳ-sák
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /t͡sy²⁴²⁻⁵³ ^(s-)lɑʔ²⁴/
Puxian Min
- (Putian)
  - Pouseng Ping'ing: zo⁵ sah⁶ [Phonetic: zo⁴ sah⁶]
  - Báⁿ-uā-ci̍: ceō-sah
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /t͡so¹¹⁻⁴² ɬaʔ²¹/
- (Xianyou)
  - Pouseng Ping'ing: zo⁵ sah⁶ [Phonetic: zo⁴ sah⁶]
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /t͡so²¹⁻⁴² ɬaʔ²/
Southern Min
- (Hokkien: Xiamen, Zhangzhou, General Taiwanese, Penang)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: chū-sat
  - Tâi-lô: tsū-sat
  - Phofsit Daibuun: zuxsad
  - Sinological IPA (Xiamen, Zhangzhou): /t͡su²²⁻²¹ sat̚³²/
  - Sinological IPA (Kaohsiung): /t͡su³³⁻²¹ sat̚³²/
  - Sinological IPA (Taipei): /t͡su³³⁻¹¹ sat̚³²/
  - Sinological IPA (Penang): /t͡su²¹ sat̚³/
- (Hokkien: Quanzhou)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: chīr-sat
  - Tâi-lô: tsīr-sat
  - Sinological IPA (Quanzhou): /t͡sɯ⁴¹⁻²² sat̚⁵/
- (Hokkien: Jinjiang, Philippines)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: chī-sat
  - Tâi-lô: tsī-sat
  - Phofsit Daibuun: cixsad
  - Sinological IPA (Jinjiang, Philippines): /t͡si⁴¹⁻²² sat̚⁵/
- (Teochew)
  - Peng'im: ze⁶ suah⁴
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: tsṳ̆ suah
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /t͡sɯ³⁵⁻¹¹ suaʔ²/
Wu
- (Northern: Shanghai)
  - Wugniu: ⁶zy-saq₇
  - MiniDict: zy^去 sah^入
  - Wiktionary Romanisation (Shanghai): ³zr-saq₄
  - Sinological IPA (Shanghai): /zz̩²² saʔ⁴⁴/
- (Northern: Suzhou)
  - Wugniu: ²zy₆-saeq₇
  - MiniDict: zy^去 saeh^入
  - Sinological IPA (Suzhou): /zz̩²² saʔ³³/

Middle Chinese: dzijH sreat

Rime
Character	自	殺
Reading #	1/1	2/2
Initial (聲)	從 (15)	生 (21)
Final (韻)	脂 (15)	鎋 (75)
Tone (調)	Departing (H)	Checked (Ø)
Openness (開合)	Open	Open
Division (等)	III	II
Fanqie	疾二切	所八切
Baxter	dzijH	sreat
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/d͡ziɪ^H/	/ʃˠɛt̚/
Pan Wuyun	/d͡zi^H/	/ʃᵚæt̚/
Shao Rongfen	/d͡zjɪ^H/	/ʃæt̚/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/d͡zi^H/	/ʂəɨt̚/
Li Rong	/d͡zi^H/	/ʃɛt̚/
Wang Li	/d͡zi^H/	/ʃæt̚/
Bernhard Karlgren	/d͡zʱi^H/	/ʂat̚/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	zì	sha
Expected Cantonese Reflex	zi⁶	saat³

Old Chinese
(Baxter–Sagart): /*s.[b]i[t]-s s<r>at/

(Zhengzhang): /*ɦljids sreːd/

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	自	自	殺
Reading #	1/2	2/2	1/2
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	zì	zì	shā
Middle Chinese	‹ dzij^H ›	‹ dzij^H ›	‹ srɛt ›
Old Chinese	/*s.[b]i[t]-s/	/*s.[b]i[t]-s/	/*s<r>at/
English	self (adv.)	to follow; from	kill
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. [t] as coda may in fact be -t or -p; Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	自	殺
Reading #	1/1	2/2
No.	17879	11010
Phonetic component	自	杀
Rime group	至	月
Rime subdivision	1	2
Corresponding MC rime	自	殺
Old Chinese	/*ɦljids/	/*sreːd/

Verb

自殺

(intransitive) to commit suicide; to kill oneself; to take one's own life
Coordinate term: 他殺 / 他杀 (tāshā)

服毒自殺／服毒自杀 ― fúdú zìshā ― to commit suicide by taking poison

自殺行為／自杀行为 ― zìshā xíngwéi ― suicidal behavior

自殺危機／自杀危机 ― zìshā wēijī ― suicidal crisis

自殺傾向／自杀倾向 ― zìshā qīngxiàng ― suicidality

自殺經歷／自杀经历 ― zìshā jīnglì ― lived experience of suicide

割腕自殺／割腕自杀 ― gēwàn zìshā ― to commit suicide by cutting one's wrists

他去年自殺了。／他去年自杀了。 ― Tā qùnián zìshā le. ― He took his own life last year.

應該在媒體中報導關於自殺的新聞嗎？ [MSC, trad.]
应该在媒体中报导关于自杀的新闻吗？ [MSC, simp.]
Yīnggāi zài méitǐ zhōng bàodǎo guānyú zìshā de xīnwén ma? [Pinyin]
Should suicides be reported in news media?
(Taiwan, slang) (of the buyer) to cut a fruit, etc., especially a pineapple oneself (instead of asking the vendor to do it)
Coordinate term: 他殺 / 他杀 (tāshā)

Synonyms

Dialectal synonyms of 自殺 (“to commit suicide”) [map]

Variety	Location	Words edit
Classical Chinese		自殺, 自盡, 自裁, 自戕, 自決, 自引
Formal (Written Standard Chinese)		自殺, 自盡, 自裁, 自戕, 尋短, 尋短見, 自尋短見, 輕生
Northeastern Mandarin	Beijing	自殺, 尋短兒, 尋拙志
	Taiwan	自殺
	Chengde	自殺
	Chifeng	自殺
	Hulunbuir (Hailar)	自殺
	Heihe	自殺
	Qiqihar	自殺
	Harbin	自殺
	Jiamusi	自殺
	Baicheng	自殺
	Changchun	自殺
	Tonghua	自殺
	Shenyang	自殺
	Jinzhou	自殺
Jilu Mandarin	Tianjin	自殺
	Tangshan	自殺
	Cangzhou	自殺
	Baoding	自殺
	Shijiazhuang	自殺
	Lijin	自殺
	Jinan	自殺, 尋死, 尋短見, 自尋短見
Jiaoliao Mandarin	Dalian	自殺
	Dandong	自殺
	Yantai	尋短
	Yantai (Muping)	自殺
	Qingdao	自殺
	Zhucheng	尋無常
Central Plains Mandarin	Luoyang	尋死
	Lingbao	自殺
	Jining	自殺
	Wanrong	尋短見, 尋死
	Linfen	自殺
	Shangqiu	自殺
	Yuanyang	自殺
	Zhengzhou	自殺, 自盡
	Xinyang	自殺
	Baihe	自殺
	Xi'an	自殺, 自盡
	Baoji	自殺
	Tianshui	自殺
	Xining	自殺, 尋短見
	Xuzhou	自殺, 自盡, 尋無常, 尋短, 尋死
	Fuyang	自殺
Lanyin Mandarin	Yinchuan	自殺
	Lanzhou	自殺, 自盡
	Dunhuang	尋死, 尋短見
	Hami	自殺
	Ürümqi	自殺
Southwestern Mandarin	Chengdu	自殺
	Nanchong	自殺
	Dazhou	自殺, 尋短路
	Hanyuan	自殺
	Xichang	自殺
	Zigong	自殺, 尋短路
	Chongqing	自殺
	Wuhan	自殺, 尋死
	Yichang	自殺
	Xiangyang	自殺
	Tianmen	自殺
	Guiyang	自殺, 尋死
	Zunyi	自殺, 自盡
	Bijie	自殺
	Liping	自殺
	Zhaotong	自殺
	Dali	自殺
	Kunming	自殺
	Mengzi	自殺
	Guilin	自殺
	Liuzhou	自殺, 尋短見
	Jishou	自殺
	Changde	尋短見
	Hanzhong	自殺
Jianghuai Mandarin	Nanjing	自殺, 自盡, 尋死
	Yangzhou	自殺, 自盡, 尋死
	Lianyungang	自殺, 尋死
	Lianshui	自殺
	Nantong	尋死
	Anqing	自殺
	Wuhu	自殺, 尋死
	Hefei	自殺
	Hong'an	自殺, 尋死
Cantonese	Hong Kong	自殺
	Dongguan	自殺
	Nanning	自殺, 自盡
	Wuzhou	自殺
	Yulin	自殺, 自盡
	Hepu (Lianzhou)	自殺, 自盡
Gan	Nanchang	自盡
	Lichuan	尋死
	Pingxiang	尋短見
Hakka	Meixian	自盡
	Yudu	自縊
	Miaoli (N. Sixian)	自殺
	Hsinchu County (Zhudong; Hailu)	自殺
	Taichung (Dongshi; Dabu)	自殺, 自盡
	Hsinchu County (Qionglin; Raoping)	自殺, 自盡
	Yunlin (Lunbei; Zhao'an)	自殺, 尋死
Huizhou	Jixi	自殺, 尋死
Huizhou	Shexian	自殺
Jin	Taiyuan	自殺, 尋死
	Yangyuan	自殺, 自尋無常
	Datong	尋死
	Xinzhou	尋死
	Lüliang (Lishi)	自殺
	Changzhi	自殺
	Linhe	自殺
	Jining	自殺
	Hohhot	自殺
	Erenhot	自殺
	Pingshan	自殺
	Zhangjiakou	自殺
	Handan	自殺
	Linzhou	自盡
	Suide	尋死
Eastern Min	Fuzhou	討死
Southern Min	Xiamen	行短路, 揣短路
	Quanzhou	行短路, 揣短路
	Zhangzhou	行短路, 揣短路
	Zhao'an	行短路, 自殺, 自盡
	Tainan	行短路
	Penang (Hokkien)	自殺
	Manila (Hokkien)	自殺
	Leizhou	自盡
	Haikou	自盡
Southern Pinghua	Nanning (Tingzi)	自殺, 自盡
Northern Pinghua	Guilin (Dahe)	尋短見
Wu	Shanghai	自殺, 尋死路, 尋死, 尋短見
	Shanghai (Chongming)	自家尋死
	Suzhou	尋死路, 自殺
	Hangzhou	自盡, 尋死
	Ningbo	尋死
	Wenzhou	自殺
	Jinhua	自殺自, 自殺, 尋死, 尋死短見, 尋頭路
Xiang	Changsha	尋短路
	Loudi	尋路, 尋短
	Quanzhou	自殺

Derived terms

切腹自殺 / 切腹自杀
剖腹自殺 / 剖腹自杀
協助自殺 / 协助自杀 (xiézhù zìshā)
慢性自殺 / 慢性自杀
畏罪自殺 / 畏罪自杀
自殺式 / 自杀式
自殺意念 / 自杀意念 (zìshā yìniàn)
被自殺 / 被自杀 (bèi zìshā)
輔助自殺 / 辅助自杀 (fǔzhù zìshā)

Descendants

Sino-Xenic (自殺):

→ Japanese: 自(じ)殺(さつ) (jisatsu)
→ Korean: 자살(自殺) (jasal)
→ Vietnamese: tự sát (自殺)

Japanese

Kanji in this term
自	殺
じ Grade: 2	さつ Grade: 5
on'yomi

Alternative spelling
自殺 (kyūjitai)

Pronunciation

(Tokyo) じさつ [jìsátsú] (Heiban – [0])^[1]^[2]
IPA^(key): [d͡ʑisa̠t͡sɨ]

Noun

自(じ)殺(さつ) • (jisatsu)

suicide
- 1988 July 30 [1983 December 25], Fujiko F. Fujio, “四畳半ＳＬ旅行 [Yojōhan SL Travel]”, in ひとりぼっちの宇宙戦争 [The One-Man Cosmic War] (藤子不二雄少年SF短編集; 1), 16th edition, volume 1 (fiction), Tokyo: Shogakukan, →ISBN, page 127:
  
  パパがあまいからですよ。
  Papa ga amai kara desu yo.
  You’re too easy on him, honey.
  だがな、きびしくして家(いえ)出(で)や自(じ)殺(さつ)でもされてはな。
  Da ga na, kibishiku shite iede ya jisatsu demo sarete wa na.
  If I were to be tough on him, he would run away and kill himself.
  そうね。あんな変(か)わった子(こ)ですからね………。
  Sō ne. Anna kawatta ko desu kara ne……….
  You’re right. He’s such a peculiar child………

Coordinate terms

他(た)殺(さつ) (tasatsu)

Derived terms

自(じ)殺(さつ)関(かん)与(よ)罪(ざい) (jisatsukan'yozai)
自(じ)殺(さつ)行(こう)為(い) (jisatsukōi)
自(じ)殺(さつ)的(てき) (jisatsuteki)
自(じ)殺(さつ)点(てん) (jisatsuten, “own goal”)
自(じ)殺(さつ)幇(ほう)助(じょ)罪(ざい) (jisatsuhōjozai)
飛(と)び降(お)り自(じ)殺(さつ) (tobiorijisatsu)
飛(と)び込(こ)み自(じ)殺(さつ) (tobikomijisatsu)

Verb

自(じ)殺(さつ)する • (jisatsu suru) suru (stem 自(じ)殺(さつ)し (jisatsu shi), past 自(じ)殺(さつ)した (jisatsu shita))

to commit suicide

Conjugation

Conjugation of "自殺する" (See Appendix:Japanese verbs)
Katsuyōkei ("stem forms")
Mizenkei ("imperfective")	自殺し	じさつし	jisatsu shi
Ren’yōkei ("continuative")	自殺し	じさつし	jisatsu shi
Shūshikei ("terminal")	自殺する	じさつする	jisatsu suru
Rentaikei ("attributive")	自殺する	じさつする	jisatsu suru
Kateikei ("hypothetical")	自殺すれ	じさつすれ	jisatsu sure
Meireikei ("imperative")	自殺せよ¹ 自殺しろ²	じさつせよ¹ じさつしろ²	jisatsu seyo¹ jisatsu shiro²
Key constructions
Passive	自殺される	じさつされる	jisatsu sareru
Causative	自殺させる自殺さす	じさつさせるじさつさす	jisatsu saseru jisatsu sasu
Potential	自殺できる	じさつできる	jisatsu dekiru
Volitional	自殺しよう	じさつしよう	jisatsu shiyō
Negative	自殺しない	じさつしない	jisatsu shinai
Negative continuative	自殺せず	じさつせず	jisatsu sezu
Formal	自殺します	じさつします	jisatsu shimasu
Perfective	自殺した	じさつした	jisatsu shita
Conjunctive	自殺して	じさつして	jisatsu shite
Hypothetical conditional	自殺すれば	じさつすれば	jisatsu sureba

¹ Written imperative
² Spoken imperative

References

^ Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN
^ NHK Broadcasting Culture Research Institute, editor (1998), NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 [NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary] (in Japanese), Tokyo: NHK Publishing, Inc., →ISBN

“自殺”, in 漢字ぺディア [Kanjipedia]‎^[1] (in Japanese), The Japan Kanji Aptitude Testing Foundation, 2015–2026
Ineko Kondō, Fumi Takano, Mary E. Althaus, et al. (2002), Shogakukan Progressive Japanese-English Dictionary, third edition, Tokyo: Shōgakukan, →ISBN

Korean

Hanja in this term
自	殺

Noun

自殺 • (jasal) (hangeul 자살)

hanja form^? of 자살 (“suicide”)

Vietnamese

chữ Hán Nôm in this term
自	殺

Verb

自殺

chữ Hán form of tự sát (“to commit suicide”)

[DJR-1] Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN

[NHK-2] NHK Broadcasting Culture Research Institute, editor (1998), NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 [NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary] (in Japanese), Tokyo: NHK Publishing, Inc., →ISBN

[1]

[2]