統治

See also: 统治

Chinese

		to gather; to unite; to unify to gather; to unite; to unify; whole	to rule; to govern; to manage to rule; to govern; to manage; to control; to harness (a river); cure; treatment; to heal
trad. (統治)		統	治
simp. (统治)		统	治

Pronunciation

Mandarin
(Pinyin): tǒngzhì

(Zhuyin): ㄊㄨㄥˇ ㄓˋ
Cantonese (Jyutping): tung² zi⁶
Hakka (Sixian, PFS): thúng-chhṳ
Southern Min (Hokkien, POJ): thóng-tī / thóng-tǐ

Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)
  - Hanyu Pinyin: tǒngzhì
  - Zhuyin: ㄊㄨㄥˇ ㄓˋ
  - Tongyong Pinyin: tǒngjhìh
  - Wade–Giles: tʻung³-chih⁴
  - Yale: tǔng-jr̀
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: toongjyh
  - Palladius: тунчжи (tunčži)
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /tʰʊŋ²¹⁴⁻²¹ ʈ͡ʂʐ̩⁵¹/
  - Homophones:
    ^edit
    ^edit
    統制 / 统制
    統治 / 统治
Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)⁺
  - Jyutping: tung² zi⁶
  - Yale: túng jih
  - Cantonese Pinyin: tung² dzi⁶
  - Guangdong Romanization: tung² ji⁶
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /tʰʊŋ³⁵ t͡siː²²/
Hakka
- (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
  - Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: thúng-chhṳ
  - Hakka Romanization System: tung^ˋ cii
  - Hagfa Pinyim: tung³ ci⁴
  - Sinological IPA: /tʰuŋ³¹ t͡sʰɨ⁵⁵/
Southern Min
- (Hokkien: Xiamen, Zhangzhou, General Taiwanese)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: thóng-tī
  - Tâi-lô: thóng-tī
  - Phofsit Daibuun: tofngdi
  - Sinological IPA (Kaohsiung): /tʰɔŋ⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ ti³³/
  - Sinological IPA (Taipei): /tʰɔŋ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ ti³³/
  - Sinological IPA (Xiamen, Zhangzhou): /tʰɔŋ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ ti²²/
- (Hokkien: Quanzhou)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: thóng-tǐ
  - Tâi-lô: thóng-tǐ
  - Sinological IPA (Quanzhou): /tʰɔŋ⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ ti²²/

Middle Chinese: thowngH dri|drijH|driH

Rime
Character	統	治	治	治
Reading #	1/1	1/3	2/3	3/3
Initial (聲)	透 (6)	澄 (11)	澄 (11)	澄 (11)
Final (韻)	冬 (5)	之 (19)	脂 (17)	之 (19)
Tone (調)	Departing (H)	Level (Ø)	Departing (H)	Departing (H)
Openness (開合)	Open	Open	Open	Open
Division (等)	I	III	III	III
Fanqie	他綜切	直之切	直利切	直吏切
Baxter	thowngH	dri	drijH	driH
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/tʰuoŋ^H/	/ɖɨ/	/ɖˠiɪ^H/	/ɖɨ^H/
Pan Wuyun	/tʰuoŋ^H/	/ɖɨ/	/ɖᵚi^H/	/ɖɨ^H/
Shao Rongfen	/tʰoŋ^H/	/ȡie/	/ȡiɪ^H/	/ȡie^H/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/tʰawŋ^H/	/ɖɨ/	/ɖji^H/	/ɖɨ^H/
Li Rong	/tʰoŋ^H/	/ȡiə/	/ȡji^H/	/ȡiə^H/
Wang Li	/tʰuoŋ^H/	/ȡĭə/	/ȡi^H/	/ȡĭə^H/
Bernhard Karlgren	/tʰuoŋ^H/	/ȡʱi/	/ȡʱi^H/	/ȡʱi^H/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	tòng	chí	zhì	zhì
Expected Cantonese Reflex	tung³	ci⁴	zi⁶	zi⁶

Old Chinese
(Zhengzhang): /*tʰuːŋs l'ɯ|l'ɯs|l'is/

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	治	治
Reading #	1/2	2/2
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	chí	zhì
Middle Chinese	‹ dri ›	‹ dri^H ›
Old Chinese	/*C.lrə/	/*lrə-s/
English	regulate, arrange	regulate, arrange
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. [t] as coda may in fact be -t or -p; Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	統	治	治	治
Reading #	1/1	1/3	2/3	3/3
No.	1490	12288	12289	12302
Phonetic component	充	台	台	台
Rime group	終	之	之	脂
Rime subdivision	0	0	0	2
Corresponding MC rime	統	治	值	緻
Old Chinese	/*tʰuːŋs/	/*l'ɯ/	/*l'ɯs/	/*l'is/

Verb

統治

to govern; to rule; to preside over
統治集團／统治集团 ― tǒngzhì jítuán ― ruling circle

階級統治／阶级统治 ― jiējí tǒngzhì ― class rule
to control; to dominate

Synonyms

(to govern): 管理 (guǎnlǐ); (literary, or in compounds) 理 (lǐ); (Classical Chinese) 亂／乱 (luàn), 治理 (zhìlǐ); (Eastern Min) 理治 (lǐzhì)
(to control):

edit

主宰 (zhǔzǎi)
主張 / 主张 (zhǔzhāng) (archaic)
克制 (kèzhì)
克治 (kèzhì) (literary)
制壓 / 制压 (Taiwanese Hokkien)
制禦 / 制御 (zhìyù) (literary)
制約 / 制约 (zhìyuē)
君 (jūn) (literary)
執掌 / 执掌 (zhízhǎng)
壓制 / 压制 (yāzhì)
壓抑 / 压抑 (yāyì)
局 (Zhangzhou Hokkien)
局限 (júxiàn)
左右 (zuǒyòu)
把
抑制 (yìzhì)
把持 (bǎchí)
把控 (bǎkòng)
把攬 / 把揽 (bǎlǎn)
抵制 (dǐzhì)
拘束 (jūshù)
按 (àn)
按捺 (ànnà) (usually in the negative)
控 (literary, or in compounds)
控制 (kòngzhì)
掌控 (zhǎngkòng)
掌握 (zhǎngwò)
提控 (tíkòng) (literary)
撥弄 / 拨弄 (bōnòng)
撙節 / 撙节 (zǔnjié)
操控 (cāokòng)
操縱 / 操纵 (cāozòng)
擺佈 / 摆布 (bǎibù)
擺治 / 摆治 (bǎizhì) (regional)
支配 (zhīpèi)
收斂 / 收敛 (shōuliǎn)
束 (literary, or in compounds)
束縛 / 束缚 (shùfù)
柄 (literary, or in compounds)
框 (kuàng)
禁錮 / 禁锢 (jìngù) (figurative)
積壓 / 积压 (jīyā) (figurative)
節制 / 节制 (jiézhì)
節撙 / 节撙 (Quanzhou Hokkien, Xiamen Hokkien)
管制 (guǎnzhì)
管束 (guǎnshù)
約束 / 约束 (yuēshù)
統御 / 统御 (tǒngyù) (literary)
羈束 / 羁束 (jīshù) (literary)
裁 (cái) (literary, or in compounds)
遏抑 (èyì) (literary)
鎮 / 镇 (zhèn)
限 (xiàn)
限乏 (Xiamen Hokkien)
限制 (xiànzhì)
駕 / 驾 (jià)
駕馭 / 驾驭 (jiàyù) (figurative)

Derived terms

統治權 / 统治权 (tǒngzhìquán)
統治者 / 统治者 (tǒngzhìzhě)
統治階級 / 统治阶级 (tǒngzhì jiējí)

Descendants

Sino-Xenic (統治):

→ Japanese: 統治(とうち) (tōchi)
→ Korean: 통치(統治) (tongchi)
→ Vietnamese: thống trị (統治)

Japanese

Kanji in this term
統	治
とう Grade: 5	ち Grade: 4
on'yomi

Pronunciation

(Tokyo) とーち [tóꜜòchì] (Atamadaka – [1])^[1]
IPA^(key): [to̞ːt͡ɕi]

Noun

統(とう)治(ち) • (tōchi)

rule, governance

Verb

統(とう)治(ち)する • (tōchi suru) transitive suru (stem 統(とう)治(ち)し (tōchi shi), past 統(とう)治(ち)した (tōchi shita))

to rule, to govern

Conjugation

Conjugation of "統治する" (See Appendix:Japanese verbs)
Katsuyōkei ("stem forms")
Mizenkei ("imperfective")	統治し	とうちし	tōchi shi
Ren’yōkei ("continuative")	統治し	とうちし	tōchi shi
Shūshikei ("terminal")	統治する	とうちする	tōchi suru
Rentaikei ("attributive")	統治する	とうちする	tōchi suru
Kateikei ("hypothetical")	統治すれ	とうちすれ	tōchi sure
Meireikei ("imperative")	統治せよ¹ 統治しろ²	とうちせよ¹ とうちしろ²	tōchi seyo¹ tōchi shiro²
Key constructions
Passive	統治される	とうちされる	tōchi sareru
Causative	統治させる統治さす	とうちさせるとうちさす	tōchi saseru tōchi sasu
Potential	統治できる	とうちできる	tōchi dekiru
Volitional	統治しよう	とうちしよう	tōchi shiyō
Negative	統治しない	とうちしない	tōchi shinai
Negative continuative	統治せず	とうちせず	tōchi sezu
Formal	統治します	とうちします	tōchi shimasu
Perfective	統治した	とうちした	tōchi shita
Conjunctive	統治して	とうちして	tōchi shite
Hypothetical conditional	統治すれば	とうちすれば	tōchi sureba

¹ Written imperative
² Spoken imperative

References

^ NHK Broadcasting Culture Research Institute, editor (1998), NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 [NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary] (in Japanese), Tokyo: NHK Publishing, Inc., →ISBN

“統治”, in 漢字ぺディア [Kanjipedia]‎^[1] (in Japanese), The Japan Kanji Aptitude Testing Foundation, 2015–2026

Korean

Hanja in this term
統	治

Noun

統治 • (tongchi) (hangeul 통치)

hanja form^? of 통치 (“rule”)

Vietnamese

chữ Hán Nôm in this term
統	治

Verb

統治

chữ Hán form of thống trị (“to rule; to govern; to dominate”)

[NHK-1] NHK Broadcasting Culture Research Institute, editor (1998), NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 [NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary] (in Japanese), Tokyo: NHK Publishing, Inc., →ISBN

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