硬
See also: 峺
| ||||||||
Translingual
| Stroke order | |||
|---|---|---|---|
Han character
硬 (Kangxi radical 112, 石+7, 12 strokes, cangjie input 一口一中大 (MRMLK), four-corner 11646, composition ⿰石更)
References
- Kangxi Dictionary: page 831, character 5
- Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 24230
- Dae Jaweon: page 1247, character 3
- Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 4, page 2432, character 6
- Unihan data for U+786C
Chinese
Glyph origin
Characters in the same phonetic series (丙) (Zhengzhang, 2003)
| Old Chinese | |
|---|---|
| 更 | *kraːŋ, *kraːŋs |
| 粳 | *kraːŋ |
| 埂 | *kraːŋ, *kraːŋʔ |
| 浭 | *kraːŋ |
| 稉 | *kraːŋ |
| 梗 | *kraːŋʔ |
| 哽 | *kraːŋʔ |
| 綆 | *kraːŋʔ |
| 鯁 | *kraːŋʔ |
| 挭 | *kraːŋʔ |
| 骾 | *kraːŋʔ |
| 郠 | *kraːŋʔ |
| 硬 | *ŋɡraːŋs, *ŋɡraːŋs |
| 鞕 | *ŋɡraːŋs |
| 丙 | *pqraŋʔ |
| 炳 | *praŋʔ |
| 邴 | *praŋʔ, *praŋs |
| 怲 | *praŋʔ, *praŋs |
| 苪 | *praŋʔ |
| 蛃 | *praŋʔ |
| 昺 | *praŋʔ |
| 昞 | *praŋʔ |
| 窉 | *praŋʔ |
| 柄 | *praŋʔ, *praŋs |
| 鈵 | *praŋs |
| 寎 | *praŋs |
| 病 | *braŋs |
Phono-semantic compound (形聲 / 形声, OC *ŋɡraːŋs, *ŋɡraːŋs): semantic 石 + phonetic 更 (OC *kraːŋ, *kraːŋs).
Etymology 1
| simp. and trad. |
硬 | |
|---|---|---|
| alternative forms | 鞕 | |
Pronunciation
- Mandarin
- Cantonese
- Gan (Wiktionary): ngang5
- Hakka
- Jin (Wiktionary): ning3
- Northern Min (KCR): ngāing
- Eastern Min (BUC): ngâing
- Southern Min
- Wu (Shanghai, Wugniu): 6ngan
- Xiang (Changsha, Wiktionary): ngen5
- Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)+
- Hanyu Pinyin: yìng
- Zhuyin: ㄧㄥˋ
- Tongyong Pinyin: yìng
- Wade–Giles: ying4
- Yale: yìng
- Gwoyeu Romatzyh: yinq
- Palladius: ин (in)
- Sinological IPA (key): /iŋ⁵¹/
- (Chengdu)
- Sichuanese Pinyin: ngen4
- Scuanxua Ladinxua Xin Wenz: ngen
- Sinological IPA (key): /ŋən²¹³/
- (Nanjing)
- Nanjing Pinyin: ēn
- Nanjing Pinyin (numbered): en4
- Sinological IPA (key): /ə̃⁴⁴/
- (Dungan)
- (Note: Dungan pronunciation is currently experimental and may be inaccurate.)
- (Standard Chinese)+
- Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
- Jyutping: ngaang6 / ngaang6-2
- Yale: ngaahng / ngáang
- Cantonese Pinyin: ngaang6 / ngaang6-2
- Guangdong Romanization: ngang6 / ngang6-2
- Sinological IPA (key): /ŋaːŋ²²/, /ŋaːŋ²²⁻³⁵/
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
Note: ngaang6-2 - alternative pronunciation for "certainly".
- (Taishanese, Taicheng)
- Wiktionary: ngang5
- Sinological IPA (key): /ᵑɡaŋ³²/
- (Taishanese, Taicheng)
- Gan
- Hakka
- (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
- Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: ngang
- Hakka Romanization System: ngang
- Hagfa Pinyim: ngang4
- Sinological IPA: /ŋaŋ⁵⁵/
- (Hailu, incl. Zhudong)
- Hakka Romanization System: ngang˖
- Sinological IPA: /ŋaŋ³³/
- (Meixian)
- Guangdong: ngang4
- Sinological IPA: /ŋaŋ⁵³/
- (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
- Jin
- Northern Min
- (Jian'ou)
- Kienning Colloquial Romanized: ngāing
- Sinological IPA (key): /ŋaiŋ⁵⁵/
- (Jian'ou)
- Eastern Min
- Southern Min
- (Hokkien: Xiamen, Taipei, Sanxia, Kinmen, Magong, Hsinchu)
- Pe̍h-ōe-jī: ngī
- Tâi-lô: ngī
- Phofsit Daibuun: ngi
- Sinological IPA (Xiamen, Kinmen): /ŋĩ²²/
- Sinological IPA (Taipei): /ŋĩ³³/
- (Hokkien: Quanzhou, Lukang, Philippines)
- Pe̍h-ōe-jī: ngǐ
- Tâi-lô: ngǐ
- Sinological IPA (Lukang): /ŋĩ³³/
- Sinological IPA (Quanzhou): /ŋĩ²²/
- Sinological IPA (Philippines): /ŋi³³/
- (Hokkien: Zhangzhou, Penang, Singapore)
- Pe̍h-ōe-jī: ngēe
- Tâi-lô: ngēe
- Sinological IPA (Zhangzhou): /ŋɛ̃²²/
- Sinological IPA (Penang): /ŋɛ²¹/
- Sinological IPA (Singapore): /ŋɛ²²/
- (Hokkien: Kaohsiung, Tainan, Yilan, Taichung)
- Pe̍h-ōe-jī: ngē
- Tâi-lô: ngē
- Phofsit Daibuun: nge
- Sinological IPA (Kaohsiung, Tainan, Yilan): /ŋẽ³³/
- (Hokkien: Xiamen, Zhangzhou, General Taiwanese)
- Pe̍h-ōe-jī: gēng
- Tâi-lô: gīng
- Phofsit Daibuun: geng
- Sinological IPA (Taipei, Kaohsiung): /ɡiɪŋ³³/
- Sinological IPA (Xiamen, Zhangzhou): /ɡiɪŋ²²/
- (Hokkien: Quanzhou)
- Pe̍h-ōe-jī: gěng
- Tâi-lô: gǐng
- Sinological IPA (Quanzhou): /ɡiɪŋ²²/
- (Hokkien: Singapore)
- Pe̍h-ōe-jī: gīrn
- Tâi-lô: gīrn
- Sinological IPA (Singapore): /ɡən²²/
- (Hokkien: Xiamen, Taipei, Sanxia, Kinmen, Magong, Hsinchu)
Note:
- ngī/ngǐ/ngēe/ngē - vernacular (“hard; stiff; tough; obstinately; arduous”);
- gēng/gěng - literary.
- (Teochew)
- Peng'im: ngên6
- Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: ngĕⁿ
- Sinological IPA (key): /ŋẽ³⁵/
- (Leizhou)
- Leizhou Pinyin: nge6 / ngeng7
- Sinological IPA: /ŋɛ³³/, /ŋeŋ⁵⁵/
Note:
- nge6 - vernacular;
- ngeng7 - literary.
- Dialectal data
- Middle Chinese: ngeangH
- Old Chinese
- (Zhengzhang): /*ŋɡraːŋs/
Definitions
硬
- hard (resistant to pressure)
- 硬木 ― yìngmù ― hardwood
- stiff; inflexible
- 僵硬 ― jiāngyìng ― stiff; rigid
- tough; strong; firm
- good (in terms of quality or ability); able (of a person)
- 牌子硬。 ― Páizǐ yìng. ― The trademark is good.
- obstinately; with difficulty; forcibly; resolutely
- (Cantonese, Teochew) certainly; definitely; of course
- (Hokkien) arduous; formidable; onerous
- (Huizhou) thick; viscous
- (slang) to become hard; to have an erection
-
- 3粒鐘,坐到九都硬晒,都唔知九硬定急尿;總之硬足三粒鐘啦! [Cantonese, trad.]
- saam1 lap1 zung1, co5 dou3 gau1 dou1 ngaang6 saai3, dou1 m4 zi1 gau1 ngaang6 ding6 gap1 niu6; zung2 zi1 ngaang6 zuk1 saam1 lap1 zung1 laa1! [Jyutping]
- 3 hours, I sat until my dick was completely hard, that I didn't know if my dick was hard or I had to pee; anyhow, I was hard for three full hours!
3粒钟,坐到九都硬晒,都唔知九硬定急尿;总之硬足三粒钟啦! [Cantonese, simp.]
-
Synonyms
- (hard):
Dialectal synonyms of 硬 (“hard”) [map]
- (thick):
Dialectal synonyms of 稠 (“thick; viscous”) [map]
- (to have an erection):
Dialectal synonyms of 勃起 (“to have an erection”) [map]
| Variety | Location | Words |
|---|---|---|
| Formal (Written Standard Chinese) | 勃起 | |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Taiwan | 勃起 |
| Malaysia | 硬 | |
| Singapore | 硬 | |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Chengdu | 雄起 |
| Cantonese | Hong Kong | 扯旗, 扯, 硬, 起機, 偷柴 |
| Hakka | Miaoli (N. Sixian) | 起磅 |
| Pingtung (Wuluo, Ligang; S. Sixian) | 硬起來 | |
| Kaohsiung (Meinong; S. Sixian) | 硬 | |
| Kaohsiung (Shanlin; S. Sixian) | 𫞻起來 | |
| Jin | Xinzhou | 起陽兒 |
| Southern Min | Zhangzhou | 起雞 |
| Zhao'an | 翹 | |
| Kaohsiung | 起磅 | |
| Haifeng | 拍飛機 | |
| Puxian Min | Putian | 興陽 |
| Xianyou | 舉支 | |
Antonyms
Compounds
- 僵硬 (jiāngyìng)
- 冷硬
- 剛板硬正 / 刚板硬正
- 剛硬 / 刚硬
- 動脈硬化 / 动脉硬化 (dòngmài yìnghuà)
- 口硬
- 命硬
- 嘴硬 (zuǐyìng)
- 堅硬 / 坚硬 (jiānyìng)
- 強弓硬弩 / 强弓硬弩 (qiáng gōng yìng nǔ)
- 強硬 / 强硬 (qiángyìng)
- 強硬手段 / 强硬手段
- 心硬 (xīnyìng)
- 心高氣硬 / 心高气硬
- 怕硬欺軟 / 怕硬欺软
- 扶同硬證 / 扶同硬证
- 拉硬屎
- 拉硬弓
- 撐硬船兒 / 撑硬船儿
- 服硬
- 欺軟怕硬 / 欺软怕硬 (qīruǎnpàyìng)
- 死硬 (sǐyìng)
- 死硬派
- 生奪硬搶 / 生夺硬抢
- 生拉硬拽 (shēng lā yìng zhuài)
- 生搬硬套 (shēngbānyìngtào)
- 生硬 (shēngyìng)
- 瘦硬
- 直偷硬取
- 硬仗 (yìngzhàng)
- 硬來 / 硬来
- 硬化 (yìnghuà)
- 硬取
- 硬喫 / 硬吃
- 硬實 / 硬实
- 硬專家 / 硬专家
- 硬山
- 硬席 (yìngxí)
- 硬幣 / 硬币 (yìngbì)
- 硬幹 / 硬干
- 硬度 (yìngdù)
- 硬式棒球
- 硬式網球 / 硬式网球
- 硬弓
- 硬弩強弓 / 硬弩强弓
- 硬彩
- 硬性 (yìngxìng)
- 硬性規定 / 硬性规定
- 硬手
- 硬挺 (yìngtǐng)
- 硬掙 / 硬挣
- 硬撐 / 硬撑
- 硬撅撅
- 硬文學 / 硬文学
- 硬是 (yìngshì)
- 硬是要得
- 硬朗
- 硬木 (yìngmù)
- 硬札
- 硬棒
- 硬橡皮
- 硬殼 / 硬壳 (yìngké)
- 硬氣 / 硬气 (yìngqi)
- 硬水 (yìngshuǐ)
- 硬派 (yìngpài)
- 硬漢 / 硬汉 (yìnghàn)
- 硬煤
- 硬玉 (yìngyù)
- 硬玻璃
- 硬生生 (yìngshēngshēng)
- 硬病
- 硬皮馬勃 / 硬皮马勃 (yìngpí mǎbó)
- 硬石膏 (yìngshígāo)
- 硬碰硬 (yìngpèngyìng)
- 硬碟 (yìngdié)
- 硬科學 / 硬科学 (yìngkēxué)
- 硬結 / 硬结
- 硬繃繃 / 硬绷绷 (yìngbēngbēng)
- 硬肥皂
- 硬脂
- 硬脂酸 (yìngzhīsuān)
- 硬脾氣 / 硬脾气
- 硬腳 / 硬脚
- 硬腦膜 / 硬脑膜 (yìngnǎomó)
- 硬膏
- 硬著頭皮 / 硬着头皮 (yìngzhe tóupí)
- 硬裡子 / 硬里子
- 硬要 (yìngyào)
- 硬話 / 硬话
- 硬語盤空 / 硬语盘空
- 硬質合金 / 硬质合金
- 硬邦邦 (yìngbāngbāng)
- 硬鋼 / 硬钢
- 硬闖 / 硬闯
- 硬頁岩 / 硬页岩
- 硬領 / 硬领
- 硬頭硬腦 / 硬头硬脑
- 硬顎 / 硬颚 (yìng'è)
- 硬骨頭 / 硬骨头
- 硬骨魚 / 硬骨鱼
- 硬骨魚綱 / 硬骨鱼纲
- 硬體 / 硬体 (yìngtǐ)
- 硬麵 / 硬面
- 硬黃 / 硬黄
- 粗硬
- 翅膀硬 (chìbǎng yìng)
- 肝硬化症
- 腰板脖硬
- 腳硬 / 脚硬
- 腰裡硬 / 腰里硬
- 腰頭硬 / 腰头硬
- 臉硬 / 脸硬
- 血管硬化 (xuèguǎn yìnghuà)
- 軟硬不吃 / 软硬不吃
- 軟硬兼施 / 软硬兼施 (ruǎn-yìng jiānshī)
- 過硬 / 过硬 (guòyìng)
- 酒硬
- 骨頭硬 / 骨头硬
Etymology 2
| simp. and trad. |
硬 | |
|---|---|---|
Probably an irregular reading from etymology 1.[1]
Pronunciation
- Eastern Min (BUC): ngĕng
Definitions
硬
- (Eastern Min, derogatory, of a person) to die; to croak
Synonyms
Dialectal synonyms of 死 (“to die”) [map]
| Variety | Location | Words |
|---|---|---|
| Classical Chinese | 死, 亡, 歿, 卒 | |
| Formal (Written Standard Chinese) | 死, 死亡, 亡故, 喪生, 喪命, 去世 †, 過世 †, 逝世 †, 離世 †, 下世 †, 不在 †, 過去 †, 仙逝 †, 歸天 †, 歸西 †, 升天 †, 作古 †, 長眠 †, 閉眼 †, 故去 †, ‡, 故世 †, ‡, 一命嗚呼, 謝世, 離開人間 | |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Beijing | 死, 撂, 撂條, 故去 †, 吹燈 †, 吹燈拔蠟 †, 吹臺 †, 老 †, ‡, 踹腿 ¤, 踹腿兒 ¤, 踹 ¤, 回姥姥家 ¤, 彎回去 †, 毛兒提 Hui |
| Taiwan | 死, 過世 † | |
| Harbin | 死, 老 †, ‡, 伸腿兒 ¤, 伸腿 ¤, 蹬腿兒 ¤, 奔兒咕 ¤, 桿兒屁 §, 桿兒細 §, 吹燈拔蠟 | |
| Singapore | 死, 死掉, 死翹翹, 過世 †, 去世 †, 上天堂 †, 賣鹹鴨蛋 † | |
| Jilu Mandarin | Jinan | 死, 歿, 過去 †, 老 †, ‡, 不在 †, ‡, 王八 §, 完蛋, 完錢, 完活, 無常 Hui, 歸主 Hui, 歸真 Hui |
| Jiaoliao Mandarin | Yantai (Muping) | 死, 老 †, ‡, 上西天 § |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Luoyang | 死, 過去, 過世, 下世, 亡故, 不在, 升天, 去世 †, 老 †, ‡, 擱那兒 ¤ |
| Wanrong | 死, 歿, 老 †, ‡ | |
| Xi'an | 死, 不在 †, 老 †, ‡, 無常 Hui | |
| Xining | 歿 | |
| Lanyin Mandarin | Yinchuan | 死, 走 †, 歿 Hui, 歸真 Hui, 冒提 Hui, 口喚 Hui, 無常 Hui, 完 Hui |
| Lanzhou | 死, 過世 †, 緩下 †, 躺下 † | |
| Ürümqi | 死, 過世 †, 不在 † | |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Chengdu | 死, 過去 †, 不在 †, 去 †, 過世 †, 老 †, ‡, 撬桿兒 §, 撬桿 §, 翹辮子 §, 見馬克思, 歸天, 去陰國, 爬高煙囪, 落氣, 冰凊, 沒脈 |
| Wuhan | 死, 過身 †, 去 †, 老 †, ‡, 去回 ¤, 翹辮子 ¤, 翹 ¤, 瓜碼子 ¤, 瓜 ¤, 西皮 | |
| Guiyang | 死, 過世 †, 成神 †, ‡, 百年歸天 †, ‡, 嗚呼 ¤ | |
| Guilin | 死 | |
| Liuzhou | 死, 沒得脈, 過世 †, 過身 †, 沒在 †, 哦嚄 | |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Nanjing | 死, 過世 †, 歸天 †, ‡, 不在 †, 嗝兒得 ¤, 翹辮子 ¤ |
| Yangzhou | 死, 不在 †, 走 †, 家去吃去 ¤, 家去 ¤, 翹辮子 ¤, 翹 ¤, 駝條 § | |
| Hefei | 死, 不在 †, 老 † | |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou | 死, 過身 †, 過世 †, 老 †, ‡, 百年歸老 †, ‡, 去別有天 †, ¤, 去大煙筒 †, ¤, 瓜 ¤, 瓜老襯 ¤, 收檔 ¤, 攞竇 ¤, 進竇 §, 瓜竇, 直, 瓜直, 死直, 攤直, 雙腳撐直, 伸直腳, 拉柴, 瓜柴, 褸席, 歸西, 歸天, 食黃泥, 入黃泥窿, 入窿, 玩完, 嫌米貴, 瞇埋眼, 一 argot, 唔食廣東米 |
| Hong Kong | 死, 過身 †, 走 †, 香 †, 去 †, 唔喺度 †, 百年歸老 †, 賣鹹鴨蛋 †, 兩腳一伸 †, 仙遊 †, 拜拜 †, 去閻羅王處報到 †, 瓜 ¤, 瓜老襯 ¤, 拉柴, 瓜柴, 釘蓋, 釘, 直, 歸西, 玩完, ham | |
| Hong Kong (San Tin; Weitou) | 過身 | |
| Hong Kong (Kam Tin; Weitou) | 過身 | |
| Hong Kong (Ting Kok) | 過身, 死 | |
| Hong Kong (Tung Ping Chau) | 過身 | |
| Macau | 過身, 去 | |
| Guangzhou (Panyu) | 過身, 死 | |
| Guangzhou (Huashan, Huadu) | 死 | |
| Guangzhou (Conghua) | 過身, 死 | |
| Guangzhou (Zengcheng) | 去歸, 過身 | |
| Foshan | 過身, 死 | |
| Foshan (Shatou, Nanhai) | 死, 過身 | |
| Foshan (Shunde) | 過身 | |
| Foshan (Sanshui) | 過身 | |
| Foshan (Mingcheng, Gaoming) | 死 | |
| Zhongshan (Shiqi) | 過身 | |
| Zhuhai (Qianshan, Xiangzhou) | 死 | |
| Zhuhai (Shangheng, Doumen; Tanka) | 過身, 死 | |
| Zhuhai (Doumen) | 死, 過身 | |
| Jiangmen (Baisha) | 過身, 死 | |
| Jiangmen (Xinhui) | 死, 過身 | |
| Taishan | 死, 善, 去 | |
| Kaiping (Chikan) | 死, 登仙 | |
| Enping (Niujiang) | 過身, 死 | |
| Heshan (Yayao) | 死 | |
| Dongguan | 死, 老 †, 去返 †, 去舊時嗰處 †, 視埋眼 †, 伸直腳 †, 入罌 †, 拉柴 §, 去大煙筒 § | |
| Shenzhen (Shajing, Bao'an) | 死, 過身 | |
| Yangjiang | 死, 過輩 †, 老 †, ‡, 老大 †, ‡ | |
| Kuala Lumpur (Guangfu) | 瓜老襯, 瓜柴, 賣鹹鴨蛋, 過身, 死 | |
| Singapore (Guangfu) | 死, 過身 † | |
| Gan | Nanchang | 死, 過世 †, 老 † |
| Lichuan | 死 | |
| Pingxiang | 死, 過 †, 走路 †, 老 †, ‡, 去 | |
| Hakka | Meixian | 死, 老, 過身 †, 消 †, 老壽 †, ‡ |
| Huizhou (Huicheng; Bendihua) | 過身, 拉柴, 香 †, 據 § | |
| Dongguan (Qingxi) | 過身, 死 | |
| Shenzhen (Shatoujiao) | 死, 過身 | |
| Zhongshan (Nanlang Heshui) | 死 | |
| Guangzhou (Lütian, Conghua) | 死, 過身 | |
| Yudu | 死, 過世 †, 過套 †, 過身 †, 轉去 †, 轉該背 †, 歸仙 †, 轉老外婆裡 ¤ | |
| Miaoli (N. Sixian) | 死, 消, 過身 †, 往生 †, 上神桌 †, 轉長山賣鴨卵 † | |
| Pingtung (Neipu; S. Sixian) | 死, 消, 過身 †, 往生 †, 上神桌 †, 轉長山賣鴨卵 † | |
| Hsinchu County (Zhudong; Hailu) | 死, 消, 過身 †, 往生 †, 上神桌 †, 轉長山賣鴨卵 † | |
| Taichung (Dongshi; Dabu) | 死, 消, 過身 †, 往生 †, 上神桌 †, 轉長山賣鴨卵 † | |
| Hsinchu County (Qionglin; Raoping) | 死, 消, 過身 †, 往生 †, 上神桌 †, 轉長山賣鴨卵 † | |
| Miaoli (Zhuolan; Raoping) | 消 | |
| Yunlin (Lunbei; Zhao'an) | 死, 過身 †, 上神桌 †, 轉長山賣鴨卵 † | |
| Hong Kong | 過身, 老 | |
| Huizhou | Jixi | 死, 過世 †, 過輩 †, 過身 †, 不在 †, 過老 §, 過邊 §, 進棺材 §, 進風水 §, 翹扁 §, ¤ |
| Jin | Taiyuan | 死, 沒啦 †, 走 †, 過去 †, 老 †, ‡, 老客 †, ‡ |
| Xinzhou | 死, 回老家 †, 硬 §, 㞗朝天 of a man, vulgar, 倒蕎麥皮 | |
| Northern Min | Jian'ou | 死, 過身 †, 老 †, ‡ |
| Eastern Min | Fuzhou | 死, 過去 †, 過世 †, 過後 †, 歸西 †, 百歲 †, 老去 †, ‡, 堯街去 ¤, 堯生去 ¤, 溜翹 ¤, 殂 ¤, 去算米數 ¤, 去外媽食齋 ¤, 去外媽 ¤, 去䁐廬山 ¤, 去厝去 ¤, 睏長暝眠 ¤, 翹齋 ¤, 揭兜去 ¤, 拔直去 ¤, 上天去 ¤, 生去 ¤, 𣪟去 ¤, 䁐松柏樹 ¤, 䁐松柏 ¤, 轉祖 §, 硬 §, 除 §, 除宿 § |
| Southern Min | Xiamen | 死, 過身 †, 過氣 †, 百歲 †, ‡, 百年 †, ‡, 百歲年老 †, ‡, 行去 †, 無去 †, 㾀 †, 去塗州賣鴨卵 †, 老去 †, ‡, 老咯 †, ‡, 蟯 ¤, 蟯歹 ¤, 蟯癱 ¤, 行雞 ¤, 馬滴 § |
| Quanzhou | 死, 過身 †, 過氣 †, 百歲 †, ‡, 百年 †, ‡, 無去 †, 去塗州賣鴨卵 †, 老去 †, ‡, 老咯 †, ‡, 行雞 ¤, 馬滴 § | |
| Yongchun | 死, 過身 †, 老去 †, ‡ | |
| Zhangzhou | 死, 過身 †, 過氣 †, 百歲 †, ‡, 百年 †, ‡, 百歲年老 †, ‡, 行去 †, 無去 †, 起身 †, 去塗州賣鴨卵 †, 老去 †, ‡, 老咯 †, ‡, 蟯 ¤, 蟯歹 ¤, 蟯癱 ¤, 行雞 ¤, 誆牽 §, 㾀 §, 㾀歹 §, 馬滴 § | |
| Taipei | 死去, 老 †, ‡, 過身 † | |
| New Taipei (Sanxia) | 死去, 老去 †, ‡, 往生 †, 過身 † | |
| Kaohsiung | 死去, 老去 †, ‡, 行去 †, 往生 †, 無佇咧 †, 過身 †, 轉去 † | |
| Yilan | 死去, 老去 †, ‡, 往生 †, 無佇咧 †, 過身 †, 過往 † | |
| Changhua (Lukang) | 死去, 老 †, ‡, 無去 †, 過身 †, 轉去 † | |
| Taichung | 死去, 往生 †, 過身 † | |
| Tainan | 死去, 老去 †, ‡, 行去 †, 往生 †, 無佇咧 †, 過身 †, 轉去 †, 去塗州賣鴨卵 †, 去蘇州賣鴨卵 †, 轉去塗州賣鴨卵 †, 轉去蘇州賣鴨卵 † | |
| Hsinchu | 曲去, 去咯 †, 往生 †, 過身 †, 老去 †, ‡ | |
| Kinmen | 死去, 往生 †, 過身 †, 行去 † | |
| Penghu (Magong) | 死去, 往生 †, 過身 †, 老去 †, ‡ | |
| Klang (Hokkien) | 吭跤翹 †, 起車 †, 過身 †, 死, 死翹翹, 無了 | |
| Singapore (Hokkien) | 死, 馬滴, 死翹翹, 過身 †, 百年 †, ‡, 百歲 †, ‡, 過氣 †, 起車 †, 老去 †, ‡, 老咯 †, ‡, 行去 †, 蟯去 †, 吭跤翹 †, 交登記 † | |
| Manila (Hokkien) | 死, 死去, 過面 †, 過身 †, 老去 †, ‡ | |
| Chaozhou | 死, 過身 †, 過世 † | |
| Jieyang | 過身, 吭跤翹, 吭翹 | |
| Singapore (Teochew) | 死, 過身 | |
| Leizhou | 死, 過世 †, 過輩 †, 過目焗 ¤, 直筒 §, 刮薯減米 § | |
| Haikou | 死, 過層 †, ‡, 老 †, ‡, 貓使 § | |
| Singapore (Hainanese) | 死 | |
| Zhongshan Min | Zhongshan (Longdu, Shaxi) | 死 |
| Southern Pinghua | Nanning (Tingzi) | 死, 瓜老襯, 過世, 歸西 |
| Wu | Shanghai | 死, 故 †, 過世 †, 嘸沒 †, 一腳去 †, 翹辮子 §, ¤, 彈老三 §, 翹老三 § |
| Shanghai (Chongming) | 死, 老 †, 故 †, 翹辮子 ¤ | |
| Suzhou | 死, 壞, 去, 過世 †, 翹辮子 § | |
| Danyang | 死 | |
| Hangzhou | 死, 故 †, 過世 †, 翹辮兒 ¤, 到龍駒塢去 | |
| Shaoxing | 死 | |
| Ningbo | 死, 翹辮子 §, 過世 †, 嘸沒 †, 死脫 §, 燂茶, 山裡去, 吃豆腐羹, 嘸沒來的 †, 老 † | |
| Wenzhou | 死, 冇 †, 過輩 †, ‡, 蹻 ¤ | |
| Jinhua | 死, 過世 †, 過輩 †, 弗在 †, 老 †, ‡ | |
| Xiang | Changsha | 死, 過 †, 去 †, 瓜, 彈, 彈四郎 |
| Loudi | 死, 過世 †, 故 †, 上岸 † | |
| Shuangfeng | 死, 過世 †, 故 † | |
| Hengyang | 死 | |
| Note | † - euphemistic; ‡ - usually of the elderly; ¤ - humorous; § - derogatory/disrespectful | |
References
- ^ R. S. Maclay, C. C. Baldwin, editors (1929), “ngĕng”, in Dictionary of the Foochow Dialect, third edition, Foochow, page 1335
- “硬”, in 漢語多功能字庫 (Multi-function Chinese Character Database)[2], 香港中文大學 (the Chinese University of Hong Kong), 2014–
- 冯爱珍 [Feng, Aizhen], editor (1998), “□ [ŋɛiŋ˥]”, in 福州方言词典 [Dictionary of the Fuzhou Dialect] (in Chinese), Nanjing: 江苏教育出版社 (Jiangsu Educational Press), →ISBN, page 343.
- 李如龙 [Li, Rulong], 梁玉璋 [Liang, Yuzhang], 邹光椿 [Zou, Guangchun], 陈泽平 [Chen, Zeping], editors (1994), “硬”, in 福州方言词典 [Dictionary of the Fuzhou Dialect] (in Chinese), Fuzhou: 福建人民出版社 [Fujian People's Publishing House], →ISBN, page 230.
- Li Zhuqing, editor (1998), “硬”, in Fuzhou-English Dictionary (in Chinese), Kensington, MD: Dunwoody Press, →ISBN, page 176.
Japanese
Kanji
硬
- Solid, hard, firm.
Readings
Compounds
- 硬化 (kōka)
- 硬貨 (kōka): coins
- 硬式 (kōshiki)
- 硬質 (kōshitsu)
- 硬水 (kōsui)
- 硬直 (kōchoku)
- 硬度 (kōdo)
- 硬度計 (kōdokei)
Korean
Etymology
(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium. Particularly: “Middle Korean readings, if any”)
Pronunciation
- (SK Standard/Seoul) IPA(key): [kjʌ̹ŋ]
- Phonetic hangul: [경]
Hanja
硬 (eumhun 굳을 경 (gudeul gyeong))
Vietnamese
Han character
- This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text
{{rfdef}}.