硬化

Chinese

		hard; stiff; strong hard; stiff; strong; firm	to make into; to change into; ‑ization to make into; to change into; ‑ization; to ... ‑ize; to transform
trad. (硬化)		硬	化
simp. ^#(硬化)		硬	化

Pronunciation

Mandarin
(Pinyin): yìnghuà

(Zhuyin): ㄧㄥˋ ㄏㄨㄚˋ
Cantonese (Jyutping): ngaang⁶ faa³
Hakka (Sixian, PFS): ngang-fa
Southern Min (Hokkien, POJ): ngǐ-hòa / ngī-hòa / ngē-hòa / ngēe-hòa

Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)⁺
  - Hanyu Pinyin: yìnghuà
  - Zhuyin: ㄧㄥˋ ㄏㄨㄚˋ
  - Tongyong Pinyin: yìnghuà
  - Wade–Giles: ying⁴-hua⁴
  - Yale: yìng-hwà
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: yinqhuah
  - Palladius: инхуа (inxua)
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /iŋ⁵¹⁻⁵³ xu̯ä⁵¹/
Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)⁺
  - Jyutping: ngaang⁶ faa³
  - Yale: ngaahng fa
  - Cantonese Pinyin: ngaang⁶ faa³
  - Guangdong Romanization: ngang⁶ fa³
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /ŋaːŋ²² faː³³/
Hakka
- (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
  - Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: ngang-fa
  - Hakka Romanization System: ngang fa
  - Hagfa Pinyim: ngang⁴ fa⁴
  - Sinological IPA: /ŋaŋ⁵⁵ fa⁵⁵/
Southern Min
- (Hokkien: Quanzhou)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: ngǐ-hòa
  - Tâi-lô: ngǐ-huà
  - Sinological IPA (Quanzhou): /ŋĩ²² hua⁴¹/
- (Hokkien: Taipei, Xiamen)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: ngī-hòa
  - Tâi-lô: ngī-huà
  - Phofsit Daibuun: ngixhoax
  - Sinological IPA (Xiamen): /ŋĩ²²⁻²¹ hua²¹/
  - Sinological IPA (Taipei): /ŋĩ³³⁻¹¹ hua¹¹/
- (Hokkien: Kaohsiung)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: ngē-hòa
  - Tâi-lô: ngē-huà
  - Phofsit Daibuun: ngexhoax
  - Sinological IPA (Kaohsiung): /ŋẽ³³⁻²¹ hua²¹/
- (Hokkien: Zhangzhou)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: ngēe-hòa
  - Tâi-lô: ngēe-huà
  - Sinological IPA (Zhangzhou): /ŋɛ̃²²⁻²¹ hua²¹/

Verb

硬化

to harden; to become hard
(figurative) to become rigid or inflexible

Noun

硬化

(pathology) sclerosis

Derived terms

動脈硬化 / 动脉硬化 (dòngmài yìnghuà)
動脈粥樣硬化 / 动脉粥样硬化 (dòngmài zhōuyàng yìnghuà)
多發性硬化 / 多发性硬化 (duōfāxìng yìnghuà)
硬化症 (yìnghuàzhèng)
肝硬化 (gānyìnghuà)
血管硬化 (xuèguǎn yìnghuà)

Japanese

Kanji in this term
硬	化
こう Grade: S	か Grade: 3
on'yomi

Pronunciation

(Tokyo) こーか [kòóká] (Heiban – [0])^[1]
(Tokyo) こーか [kóꜜòkà] (Atamadaka – [1])
IPA^(key): [ko̞ːka̠]

Noun

硬(こう)化(か) • (kōka) ^{←かうくわ (kaukwa)^?}

hardening
(medicine) sclerosis

Antonyms

軟化(なんか) (nanka)

Verb

硬(こう)化(か)する • (kōka suru) ^{←かうくわ (kaukwa)^?}intransitive suru (stem 硬(こう)化(か)し (kōka shi), past 硬(こう)化(か)した (kōka shita))

to harden
to freeze
to cure, become hard
(medicine) to sclerose

Conjugation

Conjugation of "硬化する" (See Appendix:Japanese verbs)
Katsuyōkei ("stem forms")
Mizenkei ("imperfective")	硬化し	こうかし	kōka shi
Ren’yōkei ("continuative")	硬化し	こうかし	kōka shi
Shūshikei ("terminal")	硬化する	こうかする	kōka suru
Rentaikei ("attributive")	硬化する	こうかする	kōka suru
Kateikei ("hypothetical")	硬化すれ	こうかすれ	kōka sure
Meireikei ("imperative")	硬化せよ¹ 硬化しろ²	こうかせよ¹ こうかしろ²	kōka seyo¹ kōka shiro²
Key constructions
Passive	硬化される	こうかされる	kōka sareru
Causative	硬化させる硬化さす	こうかさせるこうかさす	kōka saseru kōka sasu
Potential	硬化できる	こうかできる	kōka dekiru
Volitional	硬化しよう	こうかしよう	kōka shiyō
Negative	硬化しない	こうかしない	kōka shinai
Negative continuative	硬化せず	こうかせず	kōka sezu
Formal	硬化します	こうかします	kōka shimasu
Perfective	硬化した	こうかした	kōka shita
Conjunctive	硬化して	こうかして	kōka shite
Hypothetical conditional	硬化すれば	こうかすれば	kōka sureba

¹ Written imperative
² Spoken imperative

References

^ Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN

“硬化”, in 漢字ぺディア [Kanjipedia]‎^[1] (in Japanese), The Japan Kanji Aptitude Testing Foundation, 2015–2026

Korean

Hanja in this term
硬	化

Noun

硬化 • (gyeonghwa) (hangeul 경화)

hanja form^? of 경화