日本

See also: 𪰐

Chinese

day; sun; date
day; sun; date; day of the month; Japan (abbrev.)
 
 origin
simp. and trad.
(日本) 		日 本
anagram 本日
Literally: “the sun's origin; where the sun originates”.

Etymology

    From 日 (“sun”) +‎ 本 (“origin, root”).

    More information

    As a state name, the term likely grew from a 7th‑century self‑conception in state letters and gradually replaced 倭 in external usage. The earliest known epigraphic use of 日本 appears in 678, but in a highly literary sense. Documentary records show an oscillation between 倭 and 日本 in the late 670s. By 702–703, the self‑designation 日本國 was stable (Korean sources adopted 日本國 from 698). Chinese histories (the Xin Tang Shu and Jiu Tang Shu) place the renaming around 670; the claim that “Wu Zetian changed it” is best interpreted as Tang-dynasty recognition of the new name.

    Early diplomatic topos (607):

    日出處天子致書日没處天子無恙。 [MSC, trad.]
    日出处天子致书日没处天子无恙。 [MSC, simp.]
    From: 隋書·東夷·倭國（607）
    Rìchū chù tiānzǐ zhì shū rìméi chù tiānzǐ wúyàng. [Pinyin]
    “The Son of Heaven from where the sun rises sends a letter to the Son of Heaven where the sun sets—may you be well.”

    Earliest epigraphic 日本 (often rhetorical; sometimes read as “Baekje”) (678):

    於時日本餘噍，据扶桑以逋誅。 [MSC, trad.]
    于时日本余噍，据扶桑以逋诛。 [MSC, simp.]
    From: 大唐故右威衛將軍上柱國祢公墓誌銘
    Yú shí rìběn yújiào, jù fúsāng yǐ būzhū. [Pinyin]
    “At that time the remnant of ‘Japan’ clung to Fusang to evade punishment.”

    Reports of renaming (670):

    倭國更號日本，自言近日所出以為名。 [MSC, trad.]
    倭国更号日本，自言近日所出以为名。 [MSC, simp.]
    From: 三國史記·新羅本紀·文武王十年
    Wōguó gèng hào rìběn, zì yán jìn rì suǒ chū yǐ wèi míng. [Pinyin]
    “The country of Wa changed its name to ‘Japan’, saying it was so named because it lay near where the sun rises.”

    Earliest possible documentary 日本 (if authentic), preserved via quotation (664):

    函上著鎮西將軍日本鎮西筑紫大將軍牒。 [MSC, trad.]
    函上著镇西将军日本镇西筑紫大将军牒。 [MSC, simp.]
    From: 善鄰國寳記（15th c.）引《海外國記》
    Hán shàng zhù zhènxījiāngjūn rìběn zhènxī zhùzǐ dàjiāngjūn dié. [Pinyin]
    “On the case was written: ‘Memorandum of the West‑Pacifying General, the Grand General of Tsukushi of Japan.’”

    Transition/oscillation in documents (671/672):

    書曰：「大唐帝敬問日本國天皇」；「大唐皇帝敬問倭王書」／「皇帝敬致書於日本國王」。 [MSC, trad.]
    书曰：「大唐帝敬问日本国天皇」；「大唐皇帝敬问倭王书」／「皇帝敬致书于日本国王」。 [MSC, simp.]
    From: 善鄰國寳記（15th c.）
    Shū yuē: “Dàtáng dì jìng wèn rìběnguó tiānhuáng”; “dàtáng huángdì jìng wèn wō wáng shū” / “huángdì jìng zhì shū yú rìběn guówáng”. [Pinyin]
    “(671) ‘The Great Tang Emperor respectfully inquires of the Heavenly Sovereign of the State of Japan’; (672) ‘The Emperor of Great Tang respectfully inquires of the King of Wa’ / ‘The Emperor respectfully addresses the King of the State of Japan’.”

    Stabilized self‑designation (702~703):

    有人來問曰：「何處使人？」答曰：「日本國使。」 [MSC, trad.]
    有人来问曰：「何处使人？」答曰：「日本国使。」 [MSC, simp.]
    From: 續日本紀（702–703）
    Yǒu rén lái wèn yuē: “Hé chù shǐrén?” Dá yuē: “Rìběnguó shǐ.” [Pinyin]
    “Someone asked, ‘Envoys from where?’ He replied, ‘Envoys of the State of Japan.’”

    Pronunciation

    Rime
    Character 日 本
    Reading # 1/1 1/1
    Initial (聲) 日 (38) 幫 (1)
    Final (韻) 質 (48) 魂 (55)
    Tone (調) Checked (Ø) Rising (X)
    Openness (開合) Open Closed
    Division (等) III I
    Fanqie 人質切 布忖切
    Baxter nyit pwonX
    Reconstructions
    Zhengzhang
    Shangfang         		/ȵiɪt̚/ /puənX/
    Pan
    Wuyun         		/ȵit̚/ /puonX/
    Shao
    Rongfen         		/ȵʑjet̚/ /puənX/
    Edwin
    Pulleyblank         		/ȵit̚/ /pwənX/
    Li
    Rong         		/ȵiĕt̚/ /puənX/
    Wang
    Li         		/ȵʑĭĕt̚/ /puənX/
    Bernhard
    Karlgren         		/ȵʑi̯ĕt̚/ /puənX/
    Expected
    Mandarin
    Reflex         		rì běn
    Expected
    Cantonese
    Reflex         		jat6 bun2

    Proper noun

    日本

    1. Japan (a country and archipelago of East Asia)
      日本電視劇／日本电视剧  ―  Rìběn diànshìjù  ―  Japanese TV drama

    Synonyms

    Derived terms

    Descendants

    Sino-Xenic (日本):

    Others:

    See also

    Japanese

    Etymology 1

    Kanji in this term
    日 本
    に
    Grade: 1     		ほん
    Grade: 1
    nanori goon

    /nitɨpoɴ/ → /nip̚poɴ/ → /niɸoɴ/ → /nihoɴ/

    Coined in Japan of Sinic elements, as compound of 日 (nichi, “sun”) +‎ 本 (hon, “origin”) and literally meaning "origin of the sun". The hon element was apparently pronounced /poɴ/ when first coined. Over time, the initial /p/ lenited, becoming /ɸ/ as shown in the Nifon entry in the 1603 Nippo Jisho ("Japanese-Portuguese Dictionary").[1] This then became the /h/ sound in modern Japanese.[2][3]

    More information

    In older texts, this was read as kun'yomi as 日の本 (Hinomoto). The on'yomi readings Nippon and Nihon became more common in the Heian period, with both persisting into modern use.[3] The Nihon reading appears to be the most common in everyday Japanese usage.[4]

    This appellation comes from Prince Shōtoku's famous letter from Prince Shōtoku to Emperor Yang of Sui sent via the Japanese mission to Sui China in 607, wherein we see the first mention of Japan as the Land of the Rising Sun, and a description of China as Land of the Setting Sun:

    日出處天子致書日沒處天子無恙云云 [Classical Chinese, trad.]
    日出处天子致书日没处天子无恙云云 [Classical Chinese, simp.]
    rì chū chù tiānzǐ zhìshū rì méi chù tiānzǐ wúyàng yúnyún [Pinyin]
    ...the son of heaven of the land of the rising sun sends a letter to the son of heaven of the place where the sun sets, for good health and so on.

    日出處 (literally “sun + emerge + place”) here refers to Japan, while 日沒處 (literally “sun + sink + place”) refers to China. "Sun emerge place" both refers to the eastward position of Japan relative to China, and metaphorically places the Yamato Kingship during Empress Suiko's reign on a similar footing as to the Sui dynasty under Emperor Yang's rule.

    The earliest date for the specific spelling 日本 (literally “sun source”) instead of the periphrastic 日出處 (literally “sun emerge place”) may be 664, as mentioned in a fragment of the 733 text 海外国記 (Kaigai Kokki, “Record of Overseas Countries”), describing a letter given in 664 to a Tang emissary arriving in Dazaifu.[5] However, it remains an open question whether this instance of 日本 might have been a change in name that happened between the actual event in 664 and the recording of that event in 733.[5] More certainly, the Japanese source Shoku Nihongi relates that a 702 or 703 mission from Japan to the Tang court requested that the Chinese change the official name from 倭 (Wa) to 日本 (Nippon), and this appears to be corroborated by accounts in the Chinese source Old Book of Tang.[5][6]

    Despite the spelling, the term may have been read out as the older name Yamato for some time afterwards, as suggested by kana glosses in sources such as the Man'yōshū poetry anthology of 759.[2][7]

    Doublet of ジャパン (Japan).

    Pronunciation

    • (Tokyo) にほん [nìhóꜜǹ] (Nakadaka – [2])[8][9]
    • IPA(key): [ɲ̟ihõ̞ɴ]
    • Audio:(file)
    • にほんの
    • Category:Japanese terms with Nakadaka pitch accent deaccented before の (Tōkyō)

    Proper noun

    日(に)本(ほん) • (Nihon) 

    1. Japan (ellipsis of 日本国 (Nihon-koku): a country and archipelago of East Asia)
      • 1603, Vocabvlario da Lingoa de Iapam (Nippo Jisho) [Vocabulary of the Language of Japan] (in Portuguese), Nagasaki, page 463:
        Nifon ニホン (日本) 日本.
        Nifon. Land of the rising sun.
    2. a surname
    Derived terms
    Descendants

    Etymology 2

    Kanji in this term
    日 本
    にち > にっ
    Grade: 1     		ほん > ぽん
    Grade: 1
    goon

    /nitɨpoɴ/ → /nip̚poɴ/

    Phonetic variant of Nihon above, maintaining the /p/ sound.

    Pronunciation

    • (Tokyo) にっぽん [nìppóꜜǹ] (Nakadaka – [3])[8][9]
    • IPA(key): [ɲ̟ip̚põ̞ɴ]
    • Audio:(file)
    • にっぽんの
    • Category:Japanese terms with Nakadaka pitch accent deaccented before の (Tōkyō)

    Proper noun

    日(にっ)本(ぽん) • (Nippon) 

    1. Japan (ellipsis of 日本国 (Nippon-koku): a country and archipelago of East Asia)
      • 1603, Vocabvlario da Lingoa de Iapam (Nippo Jisho) [Vocabulary of the Language of Japan] (in Portuguese), Nagasaki, page 466:
        Nippon ニッポン（日本） Fino moto. (日の本) 日本.
        (please add an English translation of this quotation)
      • 1998 November 30 [1990 November 25], Fujiko F. Fujio, のび太(た)とアニマル惑星(プラネット) [Nobita and the Animal Planet] (大長編ドラえもん; 10), 22nd edition, volume 10 (fiction), Tokyo: Shogakukan, →ISBN, page 27:
        ぼくらは日本(にっぽん)からきたんだけど…。
        Bokura wa Nippon kara kita n da kedo….
        We’re from Japan, by the way….
        ニッポン？きいたことない。
        Nippon? Kiita koto nai.
        Japan? I’ve never heard of that before.
    2. a surname
    Usage notes
    • Nippon is the official reading of 日本, although Nihon is also acknowledged.
    • In everyday conversation, Nihon is more common.
    • Politically, Nippon appears to be correlated with right-wing groups, and Nihon with left-wing groups.
    Derived terms
    Descendants

    Etymology 3

    Kanji in this term
    日 本
    じつ > じっ
    Grade: 1     		ほん > ぽん
    Grade: 1
    kan'on

    */zitʉpon/ → /zip̚pon/ → /ʑip̚pon/

    Uses the kan'on reading jitsu for 日, as compared to the goon reading nichi. First appears in texts from the early 1600s,[10] notably the 1603 Japanese-Portuguese dictionary Nippo Jisho. Probably influenced by European-language terminology for the country,[10][3] such as Portuguese Japão or Dutch Japan, in turn arising from Hokkien 日本 (Ji̍t-pún) via Malay Jepun, or from Teochew 日本 (rig8 bung2) via Indonesian Malay Jepang.

    Pronunciation

    • (Tokyo) じっぽん [jìppóꜜǹ] (Nakadaka – [3])
    • IPA(key): [d͡ʑip̚põ̞ɴ]

    Proper noun

    日(じっ)本(ぽん) • (Jippon) 

    1. (archaic) Japan
      • 1603, Vocabvlario da Lingoa de Iapam (Nippo Jisho) [Vocabulary of the Language of Japan] (in Portuguese), Nagasaki, page 365:
        Iippon ジッポン (日本) Fino moto. (日の本) 東洋. すなわち、日本.
        (please add an English translation of this quotation)
      • [Note:The quoted ii in iippon is the 16th century Portuguese romanization representing ji, pronounced *[ʒi] in Portuguese, since i and j weren't consistently distinguished orthographically.]

    Coordinate terms

    References

    1. ^ Doi, Tadao (1603–1604), Hōyaku Nippo Jisho (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Iwanami Shoten, published 1980, →ISBN.
    2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 “日本”, in 日本国語大辞典 [Nihon Kokugo Daijiten]‎[1] (in Japanese), concise edition, Tokyo: Shogakukan, 2006
    3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN
    4. ^ 2012, ニホンVSニッポン 「日本」の読み方、どっちが優勢?, The Nikkei
    5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 “日本”, in 日本大百科全書：ニッポニカ (Nippon Dai Hyakka Zensho: Nipponica, “Encyclopedia Nipponica”)‎[2] (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Shogakukan, 1984
    6. ^ Fogel, Joshua A. (29 April 2015), The Cultural Dimensions of Sino-Japanese Relations: Essays on the Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries‎[3], Routledge, →ISBN, page 140
    7. ^
      c. 759, Man’yōshū, book 1, poem 63:
    8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 NHK Broadcasting Culture Research Institute, editor (1998), NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 [NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary] (in Japanese), Tokyo: NHK Publishing, Inc., →ISBN
    9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 Kindaichi, Kyōsuke et al., editors (1997), 新明解国語辞典 [Shin Meikai Kokugo Jiten] (in Japanese), Fifth edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN
    10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 Shōgaku Tosho (1988), 国語大辞典（新装版） [Unabridged Dictionary of Japanese (Revised Edition)] (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Shogakukan, →ISBN

    Anagrams

    Korean

    Hanja in this term
    日本

    Proper noun

    日本 • (Ilbon) (hangeul 일본)

    1. hanja form? of 일본 : Japan (a country and archipelago of East Asia)

    Okinawan

    Kanji in this term
    日 本
    Grade: 1 Grade: 1
    irregular

    Proper noun

    日本(やまとぅ) (Yamatu) 

    1. alternative form of 大和 (Yamatu): Japan (a country and archipelago of East Asia)

    Old Japanese

    Etymology

    The kanji spelling is influenced by 日の本 (pi1 no2 mo(2)to2).

    Proper noun

    日本 (Yamato2) (kana やまと)

    1. alternative spelling of 大和 (Yamato2): Yamato, ancient name of Japan

    Derived terms

    • 日本武尊 (Yamato2 Takeru no2 mi1ko2to2)
    • 大日本 (Opoyamato2)

    Vietnamese

    chữ Hán Nôm in this term
    日本

    Proper noun

    日本

    1. chữ Hán form of Nhật Bản: Japan (a country and archipelago of East Asia)
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