挟む

See also: 挾む

Japanese

Etymology 1

Kanji in this term
挟
はさ Grade: S
kun'yomi

Alternative spellings
挾む (kyūjitai) 挿む

Likely from Old Japanese. First attested in isolation with unambiguous phonetics in 950.^[1] Also attested in compound verb sashihasamu in the Kojiki of 712,^[1] but the relevant section of text is written in kundoku (a kind of written Classical Chinese read out in Japanese) in the ideographic spelling 刺挟, and the phonetic realization as Japanese is not clearly attested until later.

Derivationally, this appears to be Old Japanese root pasa (modern hasa) + verb-forming suffix む (mu, “seem like, look like; treat like; make like”). Root pasa may be a kind of ablaut cognate with poso as reflected in modern adjective 細い (hosoi, “narrow”), and adverbs 細々 (hosoboso, “narrowly”, iterative, repetitive), ほっそり (hossori, “narrowly, skinnily”, stative).^[2] Root pasa is also reflected in modern noun 稲架 (hasa, “frame for drying sheaves of harvested rice”).^[3]^[4]

Pronunciation

(Tokyo) はさむ [hàsáꜜmù] (Nakadaka – [2])^[5]^[6]^[7]
IPA^(key): [ha̠sa̠mɯ̟]

Tokyo pitch accent of conjugated forms of 挟む

Plain	挟む	はさむ	`[hàsáꜜmù]`
Conjunctive	挟んで	はさんで	`[hàsáꜜǹdè]`
Perfective	挟んだ	はさんだ	`[hàsáꜜǹdà]`
Negative	挟まない	はさまない	`[hàsámáꜜnàì]`
Negative perfective	挟まなかった	はさまなかった	`[hàsámáꜜnàkàttà]`
Hypothetical conditional	挟めば	はさめば	`[hàsáꜜmèbà]`
Past conditional	挟んだら	はさんだら	`[hàsáꜜǹdàrà]`
Imperative	挟め	はさめ	`[hàsáꜜmè]`
Volitional	挟もう	はさもー	`[hàsámóꜜò]`
Desiderative	挟みたい	はさみたい	`[hàsámítáꜜì]`
Formal	挟みます	はさみます	`[hàsámímáꜜsù]`
Formal negative	挟みません	はさみません	`[hàsámímáséꜜǹ]`
Formal volitional	挟みましょう	はさみましょー	`[hàsámímáshóꜜò]`
Formal perfective	挟みました	はさみました	`[hàsámímáꜜshìtà]`
Continuative	挟み挟みに	はさみはさみに	`[hàsáꜜmì]` `[hàsáꜜmì nì]`
Negative continuative	挟まず挟まずに	はさまずはさまずに	`[hàsámáꜜzù]` `[hàsámáꜜzù nì]`
Passive	挟まれる	はさまれる	`[hàsámáréꜜrù]`
Causative	挟ませる挟ます	はさませるはさます	`[hàsámáséꜜrù]` `[hàsámáꜜsù]`
Potential	挟める	はさめる	`[hàsáméꜜrù]`

Verb

挟(はさ)む • (hasamu) transitive godan (stem 挟(はさ)み (hasami), past 挟(はさ)んだ (hasanda))

Japanese verb pair
active	挟む
mediopassive	挟まる

[from 950] to securely insert, inject, stick into, sandwich between, pinch / catch / hold between, especially such that it does not easily come out
本(ほん)に挟(はさ)む、箸(はし)で挟(はさ)む
hon ni hasamu, hashi de hasamu
to stick into / sandwich in a book, to pinch / catch / hold with chopsticks
[from 1116] to put in between, to put in the middle
[from 1560] to possess, to hold, to accompany
[from 1890s] to hold in one's heart
[date uncertain] to hear about, to pick up on, to get wind of: often as part of the longer phrase 耳に挟む (mimi ni hasamu, literally “to stick into one's ear”)
[from 1880s] to interject, to jump in to a conversation: often as part of the longer phrase 口を挟む (kuchi o hasamu, literally “to stick one's mouth in”)

Conjugation

Conjugation of "挟む" (See Appendix:Japanese verbs)
Katsuyōkei ("stem forms")
Mizenkei ("imperfective")	挟ま	はさま	hasama
Ren’yōkei ("continuative")	挟み	はさみ	hasami
Shūshikei ("terminal")	挟む	はさむ	hasamu
Rentaikei ("attributive")	挟む	はさむ	hasamu
Kateikei ("hypothetical")	挟め	はさめ	hasame
Meireikei ("imperative")	挟め	はさめ	hasame
Key constructions
Passive	挟まれる	はさまれる	hasamareru
Causative	挟ませる挟ます	はさませるはさます	hasamaseru hasamasu
Potential	挟める	はさめる	hasameru
Volitional	挟もう	はさもう	hasamō
Negative	挟まない	はさまない	hasamanai
Negative continuative	挟まず	はさまず	hasamazu
Formal	挟みます	はさみます	hasamimasu
Perfective	挟んだ	はさんだ	hasanda
Conjunctive	挟んで	はさんで	hasande
Hypothetical conditional	挟めば	はさめば	hasameba

Classical conjugation of "挟む" (マ行四段活用, see Appendix:Japanese verbs.)
Stem forms
Irrealis (未然形)	挟ま	はさま	fasama
Continuative (連用形)	挟み	はさみ	fasami
Terminal (終止形)	挟む	はさむ	fasamu
Attributive (連体形)	挟む	はさむ	fasamu
Realis (已然形)	挟め	はさめ	fasame
Imperative (命令形)	挟め	はさめ	fasame
Key constructions
Negative	挟まず	はさまず	fasamazu
Contrasting conjunction	挟めど	はさめど	fasamedo
Causal conjunction	挟めば	はさめば	fasameba
Conditional conjunction	挟まば	はさまば	fasamaba
Past tense (firsthand knowledge)	挟みき	はさみき	fasamiki
Past tense (secondhand knowledge)	挟みけり	はさみけり	fasamikeri
Perfect tense (conscious action)	挟みつ	はさみつ	fasamitu
Perfect tense (natural event)	挟みぬ	はさみぬ	fasaminu
Perfect-continuative tense	挟めり挟みたり	はさめりはさみたり	fasameri fasamitari
Volitional	挟まむ	はさまむ	fasamamu

Etymology 2

Kanji in this term
挟
さしはさ Grade: S
kun'yomi

Alternative spellings
挾む (kyūjitai) 差し挟む (main spelling) 差挟む (less common) 挿む (less common)

Less common alternative spelling of compound verb 差し挟む (sashihasamu).^[1]^[8]

Listed as the only spelling in some references,^[5] not listed at all in others.^[6] May be avoided due to the resulting ambiguity with the homographic 挟む (hasamu) reading.

Definitions

For pronunciation and definitions of 挟む – see the following entry.

【差さし挟はさむ】

[verb] to interrupt; to cut in; to insert

[verb] to harbor; to entertain (a thought)

Alternative spelling
差挟む

(This term, 挟む, is an alternative spelling of the above term.)

References

↑ ^1.0 ^1.1 ^1.2 “挟む”, in 日本国語大辞典 [Nihon Kokugo Daijiten]‎^[1] (in Japanese), concise edition, Tokyo: Shogakukan, 2006
^ "Masato Yamazaki" (1995), “"On the Ablaut of Onomatopoeia in the Altaic Languages and Japanese"”, in 東北大学言語学論集 (Tōhoku Daigaku Gengogaku Ronshū, “Tōhoku University Linguistics Thesis Collection”)‎^[2], volume 4, page 211:
"It is noticeable that Old Japanese is abundant in the ablaut between a and o/ö, which was very productive in those days. A number of words which are still used today were created through the ablaut. For example, pasa 'nip' and pösö 'narrow', kura 'dark' and kuro - 'black', pira 'open (v.)' and pirö 'wide', and ka 'that' and kö 'this' and so on. See Matsumoto (1974)."
^ “稲架”, in 日本国語大辞典 [Nihon Kokugo Daijiten]‎^[3] (in Japanese), concise edition, Tokyo: Shogakukan, 2006
^ “稲架”, in デジタル大辞泉 [Digital Daijisen]‎^[4] (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Shogakukan, updated roughly every four months
↑ ^5.0 ^5.1 Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN
↑ ^6.0 ^6.1 NHK Broadcasting Culture Research Institute, editor (1998), NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 [NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary] (in Japanese), Tokyo: NHK Publishing, Inc., →ISBN
^ Kindaichi, Kyōsuke et al., editors (1997), 新明解国語辞典 [Shin Meikai Kokugo Jiten] (in Japanese), Fifth edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN
^ “挟む”, in デジタル大辞泉 [Digital Daijisen]‎^[5] (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Shogakukan, updated roughly every four months

“^△挟む”, in 漢字ぺディア [Kanjipedia]‎^[6] (in Japanese), The Japan Kanji Aptitude Testing Foundation, 2015–2026

[NKDc-1] 1.0 ^1.1 ^1.2 “挟む”, in 日本国語大辞典 [Nihon Kokugo Daijiten]‎^[1] (in Japanese), concise edition, Tokyo: Shogakukan, 2006

[Ablaut-2] "Masato Yamazaki" (1995), “"On the Ablaut of Onomatopoeia in the Altaic Languages and Japanese"”, in 東北大学言語学論集 (Tōhoku Daigaku Gengogaku Ronshū, “Tōhoku University Linguistics Thesis Collection”)‎^[2], volume 4, page 211:
"It is noticeable that Old Japanese is abundant in the ablaut between a and o/ö, which was very productive in those days. A number of words which are still used today were created through the ablaut. For example, pasa 'nip' and pösö 'narrow', kura 'dark' and kuro - 'black', pira 'open (v.)' and pirö 'wide', and ka 'that' and kö 'this' and so on. See Matsumoto (1974)."

[NKD-hasa-3] “稲架”, in 日本国語大辞典 [Nihon Kokugo Daijiten]‎^[3] (in Japanese), concise edition, Tokyo: Shogakukan, 2006

[DDJS-hasa-4] “稲架”, in デジタル大辞泉 [Digital Daijisen]‎^[4] (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Shogakukan, updated roughly every four months

[DJR-5] 5.0 ^5.1 Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN

[NHK-6] 6.0 ^6.1 NHK Broadcasting Culture Research Institute, editor (1998), NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 [NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary] (in Japanese), Tokyo: NHK Publishing, Inc., →ISBN

[SMK5-7] Kindaichi, Kyōsuke et al., editors (1997), 新明解国語辞典 [Shin Meikai Kokugo Jiten] (in Japanese), Fifth edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN

[DDJS-8] “挟む”, in デジタル大辞泉 [Digital Daijisen]‎^[5] (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Shogakukan, updated roughly every four months

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