oga

See also: Appendix:Variations of "oga"

English

Etymology

From Yoruba ọ̀gá (“chief, master”).

Pronunciation

Noun

oga (plural ogas)

  1. (West Africa) A chief, employer, or superior.
    • 2013, Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie, chapter 50, in Americanah:
      Nigeria is not a nation of sandwich-eating people and his last oga did not eat bread in the afternoon.

Anagrams

Elfdalian

Etymology

From Old Norse auga, from Proto-Norse *ᚨᚢᚷᛟ (*augo), from Proto-Germanic *augô, ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *h₃ekʷ- (“eye; to see”).

Noun

oga n

  1. eye

Estonian

Etymology

From Proto-Finnic *oka, possibly borrowed from Proto-Baltic. Cognates include Finnish oas, oka (dialectal), Votic õgaz, Ingrian oas, Livvi ovas, Ludian ogas and Veps ogah.

Pronunciation

  • IPA(key): /ˈoɡ̊ɑ/, [ˈoɡ̊ɑ]
  • Rhymes: -oɡɑ
  • Hyphenation: o‧ga

Noun

oga (genitive oga, partitive oga)

  1. (botany) thorn, prickle
    Synonym: okas
  2. (zootomy) spine (a strong and sharp thorn-like covering, bone or similar formation)
  3. spike, barb
    Riided jäid okastraadi ogadesse kinni. ― Clothes got caught in the spikes of the barbed wire.

Declension

Declension of oga (ÕS type 17/elu, no gradation)
singular plural
nominative oga ogad
accusative nom.
gen. oga
genitive ogade
partitive oga ogasid
illative okka
ogasse 		ogadesse
inessive ogas ogades
elative ogast ogadest
allative ogale ogadele
adessive ogal ogadel
ablative ogalt ogadelt
translative ogaks ogadeks
terminative ogani ogadeni
essive ogana ogadena
abessive ogata ogadeta
comitative ogaga ogadega

Synonyms

  • (thorn, prickle): okas

Derived terms

Compounds

  • ogaannoona
  • ogahai
  • ogajätke
  • ogamelon
  • ogaputk
  • ogarai
  • ogasiilik
  • ogaujur
  • ogaõun

References

  • oga in Sõnaveeb (Eesti Keele Instituut)
  • “oga”, in [EKSS] Eesti keele seletav sõnaraamat [Descriptive Dictionary of the Estonian Language] (in Estonian) (online version), Tallinn: Eesti Keele Sihtasutus (Estonian Language Foundation), 2009

Gun

Pronunciation

  • Audio (Nigeria):(file)

Noun

ogá (plural ogá lẹ) (Nigeria)

  1. bow (weapon)

Hausa

Etymology

From Yoruba ọ̀gá (“chief”).

Pronunciation

  • IPA(key): /ʔò.ɡáː/
    • (Standard Kano Hausa) IPA(key): [ʔò.ɡáː]

Noun

ògā m (possessed form ògan)

  1. boss, someone in charge

Latvian

Etymology

From Proto-Baltic *wog-, from Proto-Balto-Slavic *ṓˀgāˀ, from Proto-Indo-European *h₂ógeh₂. Cognates include Lithuanian úoga, Old Church Slavonic агода (agoda), and possibly Tocharian B oko.[1]

Pronunciation

  • IPA(key): [ˈuɔ̯̂ɡa]

Noun

ôga f (4th declension)

  1. berry (small fruits of various species)
    ogu sula ― berry juice
    ogu krūms ― berry bush
    ogu ķekars ― berry bunch
    iet ogās, iet lasīt ogas ― to go pick berries
    ogu laiks ― berry time (season)

Declension

Declension of oga (4th)
singular
(vienskaitlis) 		plural
(daudzskaitlis)
nominative oga ogas
genitive ogas ogu
dative ogai ogām
accusative ogu ogas
instrumental ogu ogām
locative ogā ogās
vocative oga ogas

Derived terms

References

  1. ^ Karulis, Konstantīns (1992), “oga”, in Latviešu Etimoloģijas Vārdnīca [Latvian Etymological Dictionary]‎[1] (in Latvian), Rīga: AVOTS, →ISBN

Nigerian Pidgin

Etymology

From Yoruba ọ̀gá.

Noun

oga

  1. boss, master, senior
    • 2020, Holy Bible Nigerian Pidgin English‎[2], Nigeria: Wycliffe Bible Translators, Inc., Rut [Ruth] 2:13:
      Rut kon sey, “My oga, yu really dey good to mi, bikos yu don trit mi like yor savant, even doh I nor bi yor savant!”
      Ruth then said, “My boss, you have really been good to me because you have treated me like your servant, even though I am not your servant!”

Old Dutch

Alternative forms

Etymology

From Proto-West Germanic *augā.

Noun

ōga n

  1. eye

Inflection

Declension of ōga (neuter an-stem noun)
case singular plural
nominative ōga ōgon, ōga
accusative ōga ōgon, ōga
genitive ōgin ōgono
dative ōgin ōgon

Alternative forms

Descendants

  • Middle Dutch: ôge
    • Dutch: oog
    • Limburgish: oug

Further reading

  • “ōga”, in Oudnederlands Woordenboek, 2012

Old English

Etymology

From Proto-West Germanic *ōgan, from Proto-Germanic *ōganą (“to be afraid”).

Pronunciation

  • IPA(key): /ˈoː.ɡɑ/, [ˈoː.ɣɑ]

Noun

ōga m

  1. horror or terror

Declension

Weak:

singular plural
nominative ōga ōgan
accusative ōgan ōgan
genitive ōgan ōgena
dative ōgan ōgum

Old Saxon

Etymology

From Proto-West Germanic *augā.

Compare Old English ēage, Old Frisian āge, Old Dutch ōga, Old High German ouga, Old Norse auga, Gothic 𐌰𐌿𐌲𐍉 (augō).

Noun

ōga n

  1. eye
    • 9th c. Heliand, verse 5494
      ...endi im undar is ōgun spīwun,...
      ...and they spat at him under his eyes,...

Declension

ōga (neuter n-stem)
singular plural
nominative ōga ōgon, ōgun, ōgan
accusative ōga ōgon, ōgun, ōgan
genitive ōgen, ōgan, ōgon ōgono
dative ōgen, ōgan, ōgon ōgun, ōgon
instrumental — —

Descendants

  • Middle Low German: ôge
    • Low German: Oge
      • German Low German: Oog
        Hamburgisch: Oog
        Westphalian:
        (Can we clean up(+) this sense? (is this Ravensbergisch or another Lippisch term? what's the source? Lippisch (Korl Biegemann, Wilhelm Oesterhaus, kinder-lippe.de) has "Auge", also "Äoge", see below. This was added in diff & diff.)) Ravensbergisch-Lippisch: Äuge
        Lippisch: Auge, Äoge
        Ravensbergisch: äuge (scientific), Auge
        Sauerländisch: Äoge, Auge, Eyege, Ouge, Oue
        Westmünsterländisch: Ooge, Oog
    • Plautdietsch: Uag

References

Köbler, Gerhard (2014), Altsächsisches Wörterbuch‎[3] (in German), 5th edition

Rwanda-Rundi

Etymology

From Proto-Bantu *-jóga.

Verb

-óga (infinitive (Rwanda) kôga or (Rundi) kwôga, perfective -óze)

  1. bathe, immerse

Derived terms

  • -oza (“wash, clean”)

Swahili

Etymology

Inherited from Proto-Bantu *-jóga.

Pronunciation

Verb

-oga (infinitive kuoga)

  1. to wash oneself, to bathe

Usage notes

In some dialects, this verb may conjugate like a monosyllabic verb; see Appendix:Swahili verbs for those conjugated forms.

Conjugation

Conjugation of -oga
Positive present -naoga
Subjunctive -oge
Negative -ogi
Imperative singular oga
Infinitives
Positive kuoga
Negative kutooga
Imperatives
Singular oga
Plural ogeni
Tensed forms
Habitual huoga
Positive past positive subject concord + -lioga
Negative past negative subject concord + -kuoga
Positive present (positive subject concord + -naoga)
Singular Plural
1st person ninaoga/naoga tunaoga
2nd person unaoga mnaoga
3rd person m-wa(I/II) anaoga wanaoga
other classes positive subject concord + -naoga
Negative present (negative subject concord + -ogi)
Singular Plural
1st person siogi hatuogi
2nd person huogi hamwogi
3rd person m-wa(I/II) haogi hawaogi
other classes negative subject concord + -ogi
Positive future positive subject concord + -taoga
Negative future negative subject concord + -taoga
Positive subjunctive (positive subject concord + -oge)
Singular Plural
1st person nioge tuoge
2nd person uoge mwoge
3rd person m-wa(I/II) aoge waoge
other classes positive subject concord + -oge
Negative subjunctive positive subject concord + -sioge
Positive present conditional positive subject concord + -ngeoga
Negative present conditional positive subject concord + -singeoga
Positive past conditional positive subject concord + -ngalioga
Negative past conditional positive subject concord + -singalioga
Gnomic (positive subject concord + -aoga)
Singular Plural
1st person naoga twaoga
2nd person waoga mwaoga
3rd person m-wa(I/II) aoga waoga
m-mi(III/IV) waoga yaoga
ji-ma(V/VI) laoga yaoga
ki-vi(VII/VIII) chaoga vyaoga
n(IX/X) yaoga zaoga
u(XI) waoga see n(X) or ma(VI) class
ku(XV/XVII) kwaoga
pa(XVI) paoga
mu(XVIII) mwaoga
Perfect positive subject concord + -meoga
"Already" positive subject concord + -meshaoga
"Not yet" negative subject concord + -jaoga
"If/When" positive subject concord + -kioga
"If not" positive subject concord + -sipooga
Consecutive kaoga / positive subject concord + -kaoga
Consecutive subjunctive positive subject concord + -kaoge
Object concord (indicative positive)
Singular Plural
1st person -nioga -tuoga
2nd person -kuoga -waoga/-kuogeni/-waogeni
3rd person m-wa(I/II) -mwoga -waoga
m-mi(III/IV) -uoga -ioga
ji-ma(V/VI) -lioga -yaoga
ki-vi(VII/VIII) -kioga -vioga
n(IX/X) -ioga -zioga
u(XI) -uoga see n(X) or ma(VI) class
ku(XV/XVII) -kuoga
pa(XVI) -paoga
mu(XVIII) -muoga
Reflexive -jioga
Relative forms
General positive (positive subject concord + (object concord) + -oga- + relative marker)
Singular Plural
m-wa(I/II) -ogaye -ogao
m-mi(III/IV) -ogao -ogayo
ji-ma(V/VI) -ogalo -ogayo
ki-vi(VII/VIII) -ogacho -ogavyo
n(IX/X) -ogayo -ogazo
u(XI) -ogao see n(X) or ma(VI) class
ku(XV/XVII) -ogako
pa(XVI) -ogapo
mu(XVIII) -ogamo
Other forms (subject concord + tense marker + relative marker + (object concord) + -oga)
Singular Plural
m-wa(I/II) -yeoga -ooga
m-mi(III/IV) -ooga -yooga
ji-ma(V/VI) -looga -yooga
ki-vi(VII/VIII) -chooga -vyooga
n(IX/X) -yooga -zooga
u(XI) -ooga see n(X) or ma(VI) class
ku(XV/XVII) -kooga
pa(XVI) -pooga
mu(XVIII) -mooga
Some forms not commonly seen in modern Standard Swahili are absent from the table. See Appendix:Swahili verbs for more information.

Derived terms

Tooro

Etymology

Inherited from Proto-Bantu *-jóga.

Pronunciation

  • IPA(key): /óːɡa/

Verb

-oga (infinitive okwoga) (intransitive)

  1. to bathe, to wash (one's whole body)
    Coordinate term: -naaba

Conjugation

Conjugation of -oga
infinitives
affirmative okwoga
negative okutooga
imperatives
affirmative yoga
negative (see second-person negative subjunctive forms)
tense polarity basic forms relative forms1
present habitual affirmative
subject concord + -oga
person noun class singular plural
first person nyoga twoga
second person oyoga mwoga
third person 1/2 ayoga booga
3/4 gwoga eyoga
5/6 lyoga googa
7/8 kyoga byoga
9/10 eyoga zooga
11/10 rwoga
12/14 kooga bwoga
13 — twoga
14/6 bwoga googa
15/6 kwoga
16 hooga —
negative
ti- + subject concord + -oga
person noun class singular plural
first person tinyoga titwoga
second person toyoga timwoga
third person 1/2 tayoga tibooga
3/4 tigwoga teyoga
5/6 tiryoga tigooga
7/8 tikyoga tibyoga
9/10 teyoga tizooga
11/10 tirwoga
12/14 tikooga tibwoga
13 — titwoga
14/6 tibwoga tigooga
15/6 tikwoga
16 tihooga —
subject concord + -tooga
present continuous affirmative
ni- + subject concord + -oga
person noun class singular plural
first person ninyoga nitwoga
second person nooyoga nimwoga
third person 1/2 naayoga nibooga
3/4 nigwoga neeyoga
5/6 niryoga nigooga
7/8 nikyoga nibyoga
9/10 neeyoga nizooga
11/10 nirwoga
12/14 nikooga nibwoga
13 — nitwoga
14/6 nibwoga nigooga
15/6 nikwoga
16 nihooga —
subject concord + -rukwoga
negative
ti- + subject concord + -rukwoga
person noun class singular plural
first person tindukwoga titurukwoga
second person torukwoga timurukwoga
third person 1/2 tarukwoga tibarukwoga
3/4 tigurukwoga terukwoga
5/6 tirirukwoga tigarukwoga
7/8 tikirukwoga tibirukwoga
9/10 terukwoga tizirukwoga
11/10 tirurukwoga
12/14 tikarukwoga tiburukwoga
13 — titurukwoga
14/6 tiburukwoga tigarukwoga
15/6 tikurukwoga
16 tiharukwoga —
subject concord + -tarukwoga
present continuative affirmative
ni- + subject concord + -kyayoga
person noun class singular plural
first person ninkyayoga nitukyayoga
second person nookyayoga nimukyayoga
third person 1/2 naakyayoga nibakyayoga
3/4 nigukyayoga neekyayoga
5/6 nirikyayoga nigakyayoga
7/8 nikikyayoga nibikyayoga
9/10 neekyayoga nizikyayoga
11/10 nirukyayoga
12/14 nikakyayoga nibukyayoga
13 — nitukyayoga
14/6 nibukyayoga nigakyayoga
15/6 nikukyayoga
16 nihakyayoga —
subject concord + -rukukyayoga
negative
ti- + subject concord + -kyayoga
person noun class singular plural
first person tinkyayoga titukyayoga
second person tokyayoga timukyayoga
third person 1/2 takyayoga tibakyayoga
3/4 tigukyayoga tekyayoga
5/6 tirikyayoga tigakyayoga
7/8 tikikyayoga tibikyayoga
9/10 tekyayoga tizikyayoga
11/10 tirukyayoga
12/14 tikakyayoga tibukyayoga
13 — titukyayoga
14/6 tibukyayoga tigakyayoga
15/6 tikukyayoga
16 tihakyayoga —
subject concord + -takyayoga
virtual present affirmative
subject concord + -ayoga
person noun class singular plural
first person nayoga twayoga
second person wayoga mwayoga
third person 1/2 yayoga baayoga
3/4 gwayoga yayoga
5/6 lyayoga gaayoga
7/8 kyayoga byayoga
9/10 yayoga zaayoga
11/10 rwayoga
12/14 kaayoga bwayoga
13 — twayoga
14/6 bwayoga gaayoga
15/6 kwayoga
16 haayoga —
negative
ti- + subject concord + ayoga
person noun class singular plural
first person tinayoga titwayoga
second person tiwayoga timwayoga
third person 1/2 tiyayoga tibaayoga
3/4 tigwayoga tiyayoga
5/6 tiryayoga tigaayoga
7/8 tikyayoga tibyayoga
9/10 tiyayoga tizaayoga
11/10 tirwayoga
12/14 tikaayoga tibwayoga
13 — titwayoga
14/6 tibwayoga tigaayoga
15/6 tikwayoga
16 tihaayoga —
subject concord + -taayoga
present perfect affirmative
subject concord + -ogere
person noun class singular plural
first person nyogere twogere
second person oyogere mwogere
third person 1/2 ayogere boogere
3/4 gwogere eyogere
5/6 lyogere googere
7/8 kyogere byogere
9/10 eyogere zoogere
11/10 rwogere
12/14 koogere bwogere
13 — twogere
14/6 bwogere googere
15/6 kwogere
16 hoogere —
negative
ti- + subject concord + -ogere
person noun class singular plural
first person tinyogere titwogere
second person toyogere timwogere
third person 1/2 tayogere tiboogere
3/4 tigwogere teyogere
5/6 tiryogere tigoogere
7/8 tikyogere tibyogere
9/10 teyogere tizoogere
11/10 tirwogere
12/14 tikoogere tibwogere
13 — titwogere
14/6 tibwogere tigoogere
15/6 tikwogere
16 tihoogere —
subject concord + -toogere
near perfective affirmative
subject concord + -akooga
person noun class singular plural
first person nakooga twakooga
second person wakooga mwakooga
third person 1/2 yakooga baakooga
3/4 gwakooga yakooga
5/6 lyakooga gaakooga
7/8 kyakooga byakooga
9/10 yakooga zaakooga
11/10 rwakooga
12/14 kaakooga bwakooga
13 — twakooga
14/6 bwakooga gaakooga
15/6 kwakooga
16 haakooga —
negative
ti- + subject concord + -koogere
person noun class singular plural
first person tinkoogere titukoogere
second person tokoogere timukoogere
third person 1/2 takoogere tibakoogere
3/4 tigukoogere tekoogere
5/6 tirikoogere tigakoogere
7/8 tikikoogere tibikoogere
9/10 tekoogere tizikoogere
11/10 tirukoogere
12/14 tikakoogere tibukoogere
13 — titukoogere
14/6 tibukoogere tigakoogere
15/6 tikukoogere
16 tihakoogere —
subject concord + -takoogere
near past affirmative
subject concord + -ogerege
person noun class singular plural
first person nyogerege twogerege
second person oyogerege mwogerege
third person 1/2 ayogerege boogerege
3/4 gwogerege eyogerege
5/6 lyogerege googerege
7/8 kyogerege byogerege
9/10 eyogerege zoogerege
11/10 rwogerege
12/14 koogerege bwogerege
13 — twogerege
14/6 bwogerege googerege
15/6 kwogerege
16 hoogerege —
negative
ti- + subject concord + -ogerege
person noun class singular plural
first person tinyogerege titwogerege
second person toyogerege timwogerege
third person 1/2 tayogerege tiboogerege
3/4 tigwogerege teyogerege
5/6 tiryogerege tigoogerege
7/8 tikyogerege tibyogerege
9/10 teyogerege tizoogerege
11/10 tirwogerege
12/14 tikoogerege tibwogerege
13 — titwogerege
14/6 tibwogerege tigoogerege
15/6 tikwogerege
16 tihoogerege —
subject concord + -toogerege
remote past affirmative
subject concord + -kooga
person noun class singular plural
first person nkooga tukooga
second person okooga mukooga
third person 1/2 akooga bakooga
3/4 gukooga ekooga
5/6 likooga gakooga
7/8 kikooga bikooga
9/10 ekooga zikooga
11/10 rukooga
12/14 kakooga bukooga
13 — tukooga
14/6 bukooga gakooga
15/6 kukooga
16 hakooga —
subject concord + -ayogere
negative
subject concord + -tooge
person noun class singular plural
first person ntooge tutooge
second person otooge mutooge
third person 1/2 atooge batooge
3/4 gutooge etooge
5/6 litooge gatooge
7/8 kitooge bitooge
9/10 etooge ziitooge
11/10 rutooge
12/14 katooge butooge
13 — tutooge
14/6 butooge gatooge
15/6 kutooge
16 hatooge —
subject concord + -tarayogere
experiential perfective affirmative
subject concord + -rayogere
person noun class singular plural
first person ndayogere turayogere
second person orayogere murayogere
third person 1/2 arayogere barayogere
3/4 gurayogere erayogere
5/6 lirayogere garayogere
7/8 kirayogere birayogere
9/10 erayogere zirayogere
11/10 rurayogere
12/14 karayogere burayogere
13 — turayogere
14/6 burayogere garayogere
15/6 kurayogere
16 harayogere —
negative
ti- + subject concord + -koogaga
person noun class singular plural
first person tinkoogaga titukoogaga
second person tokoogaga timukoogaga
third person 1/2 takoogaga tibakoogaga
3/4 tigukoogaga tekoogaga
5/6 tirikoogaga tigakoogaga
7/8 tikikoogaga tibikoogaga
9/10 tekoogaga tizikoogaga
11/10 tirukoogaga
12/14 tikakoogaga tibukoogaga
13 — titukoogaga
14/6 tibukoogaga tigakoogaga
15/6 tikukoogaga
16 tihakoogaga —
subject concord + -takoogaga
cessative perfective affirmative
subject concord + -aayogere
person noun class singular plural
first person naayogere twayogere
second person waayogere mwayogere
third person 1/2 yaayogere baayogere
3/4 gwayogere yaayogere
5/6 lyayogere gaayogere
7/8 kyayogere byayogere
9/10 yaayogere zaayogere
11/10 rwayogere
12/14 kaayogere bwayogere
13 — twayogere
14/6 bwayogere gaayogere
15/6 kwayogere
16 haayogere —
past habitual affirmative
subject concord + -ayogaga
person noun class singular plural
first person nayogaga twayogaga
second person wayogaga mwayogaga
third person 1/2 yayogaga baayogaga
3/4 gwayogaga yayogaga
5/6 lyayogaga gaayogaga
7/8 kyayogaga byayogaga
9/10 yayogaga zaayogaga
11/10 rwayogaga
12/14 kaayogaga bwayogaga
13 — twayogaga
14/6 bwayogaga gaayogaga
15/6 kwayogaga
16 haayogaga —
negative
ti- + subject concord + ayogaga
person noun class singular plural
first person tinayogaga titwayogaga
second person tiwayogaga timwayogaga
third person 1/2 tiyayogaga tibaayogaga
3/4 tigwayogaga tiyayogaga
5/6 tiryayogaga tigaayogaga
7/8 tikyayogaga tibyayogaga
9/10 tiyayogaga tizaayogaga
11/10 tirwayogaga
12/14 tikaayogaga tibwayogaga
13 — titwayogaga
14/6 tibwayogaga tigaayogaga
15/6 tikwayogaga
16 tihaayogaga —
subject concord + -taayogaga
near future affirmative
subject concord + -raayoga
person noun class singular plural
first person ndaayoga turaayoga
second person oraayoga muraayoga
third person 1/2 araayoga baraayoga
3/4 guraayoga eraayoga
5/6 liraayoga garaayoga
7/8 kiraayoga biraayoga
9/10 eraayoga ziraayoga
11/10 ruraayoga
12/14 karaayoga buraayoga
13 — turaayoga
14/6 buraayoga garaayoga
15/6 kuraayoga
16 haraayoga —
negative
ti- + subject concord + -aayoge
person noun class singular plural
first person tinaayoge titwayoge
second person tiwaayoge timwayoge
third person 1/2 tiyaayoge tibaayoge
3/4 tigwayoge tiyaayoge
5/6 tiryayoge tigaayoge
7/8 tikyayoge tibyayoge
9/10 tiyaayoge tizaayoge
11/10 tirwayoge
12/14 tikaayoge tibwayoge
13 — titwayoge
14/6 tibwayoge tigaayoge
15/6 tikwayoge
16 tihaayoge —
subject concord + -taayoge
remote future affirmative
subject concord + -lyoga
person noun class singular plural
first person ndyoga tulyoga
second person olyoga mulyoga
third person 1/2 alyoga balyoga
3/4 gulyoga eryoga
5/6 liryoga galyoga
7/8 kiryoga biryoga
9/10 eryoga ziryoga
11/10 rulyoga
12/14 kalyoga bulyoga
13 — tulyoga
14/6 bulyoga galyoga
15/6 kulyoga
16 halyoga —
negative
ti- + subject concord + -lyoga
person noun class singular plural
first person tindyoga titulyoga
second person tolyoga timulyoga
third person 1/2 talyoga tibalyoga
3/4 tigulyoga teryoga
5/6 tiriryoga tigalyoga
7/8 tikiryoga tibiryoga
9/10 teryoga tiziryoga
11/10 tirulyoga
12/14 tikalyoga tibulyoga
13 — titulyoga
14/6 tibulyoga tigalyoga
15/6 tikulyoga
16 tihalyoga —
subject concord + -talyoga
future habitual affirmative
subject concord + -raayogaga
person noun class singular plural
first person ndaayogaga turaayogaga
second person oraayogaga muraayogaga
third person 1/2 araayogaga baraayogaga
3/4 guraayogaga eraayogaga
5/6 liraayogaga garaayogaga
7/8 kiraayogaga biraayogaga
9/10 eraayogaga ziraayogaga
11/10 ruraayogaga
12/14 karaayogaga buraayogaga
13 — turaayogaga
14/6 buraayogaga garaayogaga
15/6 kuraayogaga
16 haraayogaga —
negative
ti- + subject concord + -aayogege
person noun class singular plural
first person tinaayogege titwayogege
second person tiwaayogege timwayogege
third person 1/2 tiyaayogege tibaayogege
3/4 tigwayogege tiyaayogege
5/6 tiryayogege tigaayogege
7/8 tikyayogege tibyayogege
9/10 tiyaayogege tizaayogege
11/10 tirwayogege
12/14 tikaayogege tibwayogege
13 — titwayogege
14/6 tibwayogege tigaayogege
15/6 tikwayogege
16 tihaayogege —
subject concord + -taayogege
subjunctive affirmative
subject concord + oge
person noun class singular plural
first person nyoge twoge
second person oyoge mwoge
third person 1/2 ayoge booge
3/4 gwoge eyoge
5/6 lyoge googe
7/8 kyoge byoge
9/10 eyoge zooge
11/10 rwoge
12/14 kooge bwoge
13 — twoge
14/6 bwoge googe
15/6 kwoge
16 hooge —
negative
subject concord + -tooga
person noun class singular plural
first person ntooga tutooga
second person otooga mutooga
third person 1/2 atooga batooga
3/4 gutooga etooga
5/6 litooga gatooga
7/8 kitooga bitooga
9/10 etooga zitooga
11/10 rutooga
12/14 katooga butooga
13 — tutooga
14/6 butooga gatooga
15/6 kutooga
16 hatooga —
—
subjunctive habitual affirmative
subject concord + ogege
person noun class singular plural
first person nyogege twogege
second person oyogege mwogege
third person 1/2 ayogege boogege
3/4 gwogege eyogege
5/6 lyogege googege
7/8 kyogege byogege
9/10 eyogege zoogege
11/10 rwogege
12/14 koogege bwogege
13 — twogege
14/6 bwogege googege
15/6 kwogege
16 hoogege —
hypothetical affirmative
subject concord + -aakwoga
person noun class singular plural
first person naakwoga twakwoga
second person waakwoga mwakwoga
third person 1/2 yaakwoga baakwoga
3/4 gwakwoga yaakwoga
5/6 lyakwoga gaakwoga
7/8 kyakwoga byakwoga
9/10 yaakwoga zaakwoga
11/10 rwakwoga
12/14 kaakwoga bwakwoga
13 — twakwoga
14/6 bwakwoga gaakwoga
15/6 kwakwoga
16 haakwoga —
negative
ti- + subject concord + -aakwoga
person noun class singular plural
first person tinaakwoga titwakwoga
second person tiwaakwoga timwakwoga
third person 1/2 tiyaakwoga tibaakwoga
3/4 tigwakwoga tiyaakwoga
5/6 tiryakwoga tigaakwoga
7/8 tikyakwoga tibyakwoga
9/10 tiyaakwoga tizaakwoga
11/10 tirwakwoga
12/14 tikaakwoga tibwakwoga
13 — titwakwoga
14/6 tibwakwoga tigaakwoga
15/6 tikwakwoga
16 tihaakwoga —
subject concord + -taakwoga
conditional affirmative
subject concord + -aakwogere
person noun class singular plural
first person naakwogere twakwogere
second person waakwogere mwakwogere
third person 1/2 yaakwogere baakwogere
3/4 gwakwogere yaakwogere
5/6 lyakwogere gaakwogere
7/8 kyakwogere byakwogere
9/10 yaakwogere zaakwogere
11/10 rwakwogere
12/14 kaakwogere bwakwogere
13 — twakwogere
14/6 bwakwogere gaakwogere
15/6 kwakwogere
16 haakwogere —
negative
ti- + subject concord + -aakwogere
person noun class singular plural
first person tinaakwogere titwakwogere
second person tiwaakwogere timwakwogere
third person 1/2 tiyaakwogere tibaakwogere
3/4 tigwakwogere tiyaakwogere
5/6 tiryakwogere tigaakwogere
7/8 tikyakwogere tibyakwogere
9/10 tiyaakwogere tizaakwogere
11/10 tirwakwogere
12/14 tikaakwogere tibwakwogere
13 — titwakwogere
14/6 tibwakwogere tigaakwogere
15/6 tikwakwogere
16 tihaakwogere —
subject concord + -taakwogere

1 The forms in this column are reduced relative forms; full relative forms require an augment before the subject concord.


Derived terms

  • Verbal derivations:
    • Applicative: -ogera
    • Short causative: -ogya
    • Long causative: -ogesa

References

  • Kaji, Shigeki (2007), A Rutooro Vocabulary‎[4], Tokyo: Research Institute for Languages and Cultures of Asia and Africa (ILCAA), →ISBN, page 236
  • Rubongoya, L. T. (2013), Katondogorozi y'Orunyoro-Rutooro n'Orungereza [Runyoro–Rutooro-English and English-Runyoro–Rutooro dictionary]‎[5], Kampala: Modrug Publishers, →ISBN, page 309
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