kapur

Inherited from Malay kapur, from Proto-Malayic *kapur, from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *qapuʀ, from Proto-Austronesian *qapuʀ (“lime, calcium”). Doublet of kamper.

The initial k- is unexplained (expected reflex is *hapur) and may indicate an alternate byform *kapuʀ according to Blust and Trussel.

• (Standard Indonesian) IPA^(key): /ˈkapur/ [ˈka.pʊr]
• Rhymes: -apur
• Syllabification: ka‧pur

kapur (plural kapur-kapur)

1. lime (any inorganic material containing calcium, usually calcium oxide (quicklime) or calcium hydroxide (slaked lime))
2. chalk
   1. a soft, white, powdery limestone (calcium carbonate, CaCO₃)
   2. a piece of chalk, or nowadays processed compressed gypsum (calcium sulfate, CaSO₄), that is used for drawing and for writing on a blackboard (chalkboard)

      Synonym: kapur tulis

3. Cretaceous (geologic period within the Mesozoic)

kapur (active mengapur, passive dikapur)

1. (transitive) to whitewash (to paint over with a lime and water mixture so as to brighten up a wall or fence)

• Mayrhofer, Manfred (2001), Etymologisches Wörterbuch des Altindoarischen [Etymological Dictionary of Old Indo-Aryan]‎^[1] (in German), volume III, Heidelberg: Carl Winter Universitätsverlag, page 68
• Mayrhofer, Manfred (1956), Kurzgefasstes Etymologisches Wörterbuch des Altindischen [A Concise Etymological Sanskrit Dictionary]‎^[2] (in German), volume I, Heidelberg: Carl Winter Universitätsverlag, page 175
• Lokotsch, Karl (1927), Etymologisches Wörterbuch der europäischen Wörter orientalischen Ursprungs (in German), Heidelberg: Carl Winter’s Universitätsbuchhandlung, § 1100, page 88b

From Proto-Malayic *kapur, from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *qapuʀ, from Proto-Austronesian *qapuʀ (“lime, calcium”). Cognate with Tagalog apog (“lime”), Tsou hapuyu (“lime”), Eastern Cham ꨆꨚꨭꨩ (kapū). The initial k- is unexplained (expected reflex is *hapur) and may indicate an alternate byform *kapuʀ according to Blust and Trussel. Doublet of kamfor.

Compare the Austroasiatic loanwords: Proto-Mon-Khmer *knpur (“lime”) (whence Khmer កំបោរ (kɑmbao, “lime, quicklime; plaster”), Middle Mon gapuiw (“lime”) > Mon ဂပဵု (həpɒ, “lime, stalked lime”), Vietnamese vôi (“lime”), Muong pôl (“lime”)), as well as Khmer កប៌ូរ (kāpōr, “camphor”) and possibly Sanskrit कर्पूर (karpūra). Note also Thai ปูน (bpuun, “lime”).

Mayrhofer explains the anlaut variation observed in the descendants by the Austronesian prefix-variation kar- : kam- : ka-, which makes this one of the wanderwords attested to originate from Malay.

• (schwa-variety) IPA^(key): /ˈkapo(r)/ [ˈka.po(r)]
  • Rhymes: -apor, -apo

• (Baku) IPA^(key): /ˈkapur/ [ˈka.pur]
  • Rhymes: -apur, -pur, -ur
• Hyphenation: ka‧pur

kapur (Jawi spelling کاڤور, uncountable)

1. lime (calcium oxide, quicklime)

• > Indonesian: kapur (inherited)
• → Korean: 캠퍼 (kaempeo)
• → Medieval Latin: camphora
  • Catalan: càmfora
  • Italian: canfora
    • → Russian: камфо́ра (kamfóra), камфара́ (kamfará)
      • → Armenian: կամֆորա (kamfora)
      • → Kazakh: камфора (kamfora)
  • Old French: camphore, camphre
    • French: camphre
    • → English: camphor
      • → Japanese: カンフル (kanfuru)
      • → Malay: kamfor
    • → Middle English: camphire, caumfre
      • English: camphire
  • Portuguese: cânfora
  • → Byzantine Greek: καμφορά (kamphorá), κάμφορα (kámphora), κάμφρα (kámphra) (?), καφόρα (kaphóra), καμφούρα (kamphoúra)
    • Greek: καμφορά (kamforá), κάμφορα (kámfora)
      • → Romanian: camfor
      • → Russian: камфара́ (kamfará), ка́мфара (kámfara)
        • → Belarusian: камфара́ (kamfará), ка́мфара (kámfara)
  • → Finnish: kamferi
  • → Middle High German: kampfer, gaffer
    • → Czech: kafr
    • → German: Campher, Kampfer, Campher (sciences)
      • → Hungarian: kámfor
  • → Old Polish: kampor
    • Polish: kamfora
      • → Belarusian: камфо́ра (kamfóra), (Old Belarusian) камфоръ, (dialectal) кампор (kampór), кампора (kampóra)
  • → Serbo-Croatian:
    • Cyrillic script: ка̑мфор
    • Latin script: kȃmfor
  • → Slovak: kamfor, gáfor
  • → Slovene: kamfor
• → Middle Persian: 𐭪𐭠𐭯𐭥𐭫 (kʾp̄wl /⁠kāpūr⁠/)
  • → Arabic: كَافُور (kāfūr), قَافُور (qāfūr), قَفُّور (qaffūr) — obsolete
    • Andalusian Arabic: كافور (al-kāfūr)
      • → Spanish: alcanfor
        • → Tagalog: alkampor
      • → Portuguese: alcânfora
    • → Aramaic:

      Classical Syriac: ܟܐܦܘܪ, ܩܦܘܪ

      Jewish Babylonian Aramaic: כפורא, כופרא

    • → Byzantine Greek: καφουρά f (kaphourá), καφούρα f (kaphoúra), καφούριoν n (kaphoúrion), καφοῦριν n (kaphoûrin)
      • Greek: καφουρά (kafourá)
    • → Georgian: ქაფური (kapuri)
    • → Kurdish:

      Northern Kurdish: kafûr

      Central Kurdish: کافوور (kafûr)

      Southern Kurdish: کافوور (kafûr)

    • → Latin: caphura
      • → Catalan: càmfora
      • →? Albanian: kamfuri
    • → Persian: کافور (kâfur)
      • → Middle Armenian: քաֆուր (kʻafur)
        • Armenian: քաֆուր (kʻafur)
      • → Punjabi:

        Gurmukhi script: ਕਾਫ਼ੂਰ (kāfūr)

        Shahmukhi script: كافور (kāfūr)

    • → Turkish: kâfur
  • → Aramaic:
    • Classical Syriac: ܟܐܦܘܪ (kāp̄ūr)
    • Jewish Babylonian Aramaic: כאפור (kāp̄ūr)
  • → Old Armenian: քափուր (kʻapʻur), կափուր (kapʻur)
    • Armenian: քափուր (kʻapʻur)
• → Pali: kappūra
• → Sanskrit: कर्पूर (karpūra) (see there for further descendants)
• → Sogdian: ܟܦܐܘܪ (kpʾwr /⁠kapūr⁠/)
• → Tagalog: kapol

• Mayrhofer, Manfred (2001), Etymologisches Wörterbuch des Altindoarischen [Etymological Dictionary of Old Indo-Aryan]‎^[3] (in German), volume III, Heidelberg: Carl Winter Universitätsverlag, page 68
• Mayrhofer, Manfred (1956), Kurzgefasstes Etymologisches Wörterbuch des Altindischen [A Concise Etymological Sanskrit Dictionary]‎^[4] (in German), volume I, Heidelberg: Carl Winter Universitätsverlag, page 175
• Lokotsch, Karl (1927), Etymologisches Wörterbuch der europäischen Wörter orientalischen Ursprungs (in German), Heidelberg: Carl Winter’s Universitätsbuchhandlung, § 1100, page 88b

• "kapur" in Pusat Rujukan Persuratan Melayu (PRPM) [Malay Literary Reference Centre (PRPM)] (in Malay), Kuala Lumpur: Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka, 2017