crua

Catalan

Pronunciation

Adjective

crua

  1. feminine singular of cru

Irish

Etymology 1

    From Old Irish crúaid (“hard, stern”),[1] from Proto-Celtic *kroudis, from Proto-Indo-European *krewh₂-.

    Alternative forms

    Pronunciation

    • (Munster) IPA(key): /kɾˠuəɟ/, [kɾˠuɛ̯ɟ][2] (corresponding to the pre-reform spelling cruaidh)
    • (Connacht) IPA(key): /kɾˠuə/[3]
    • (Ulster) IPA(key): /kɾˠuəj/, [kɾˠui̯][4] (corresponding to the pre-reform spelling cruaidh)

    Adjective

    crua (comparative crua or cruacha)

    1. hard, firm
    2. difficult
    3. severe
    Declension
    Declension of crua
    Positive singular plural
    masculine feminine strong noun weak noun
    nominative crua chrua crua;
    chrua2
    vocative chrua crua
    genitive crua crua crua
    dative crua;
    chrua1     		chrua crua;
    chrua2
    Comparative níos crua
    Superlative is crua

    1 When the preceding noun is lenited and governed by the definite article.
    2 When the preceding noun ends in a slender consonant.

    • Alternative comparative form: cruacha (Cois Fharraige)
    Derived terms
    • casacht chrua thirim
    • crua sa bholg (“constipated”)
    • crua sa chorp
    • crua-adhmad (“hardwood”)
    • crua-ae (“liver”)
    • crua-ailse (“scirrhus”)
    • crua-aimsir (“severe weather”)
    • crua-chlár
    • crua-chré (“stoneware”)
    • crua-earra (“(article of) hardware”)
    • cruabhéalach
    • cruabheirithe
    • cruabhruite (“hard-baked; hard-boiled”)
    • cruach
    • cruachaol (“thin and hardy, wiry”)
    • cruachás (“predicament; difficulty, distress”)
    • cruacheist (“difficult question; conundrum”)
    • cruachiseal (“hardpan”)
    • cruachlár (“hardboard”)
    • cruachomhla (“hard valve”)
    • cruachraicneach
    • cruachroíoch
    • cruachroíocht (“hard-heartedness”)
    • cruacht (“hardness; hardiness; stinginess”)
    • cruadhéanta
    • cruaigh (“harden”)
    • cruáil (“hardship, adversity; cruelty; stinginess”)
    • crualuachair (“dwarf club-rush”)
    • cruamhuineálach
    • cruán (“solid; hard ground”)
    • deoch chrua (“drink of strong spirits”)
    • uisce crua (“hard water”)

    Further reading

    • Dinneen, Patrick S. (1927), “cruaiḋ”, in Foclóir Gaeḋilge agus Béarla, 2nd edition, Dublin: Irish Texts Society, page 573; reprinted with additions 1996, →ISBN
    • Ó Dónaill, Niall (1977), “crua”, in Foclóir Gaeilge–Béarla, Dublin: An Gúm, →ISBN

    Etymology 2

      From Middle Irish crúaide, from Old Irish crúaid (“hard”) + -e (noun-forming suffix)

      Alternative forms

      Noun

      crua f (genitive singular crua)

      1. hardness
      Declension
      Declension of crua (fourth declension, no plural)
      bare forms
      singular
      nominative crua
      vocative a chrua
      genitive crua
      dative crua
      forms with the definite article
      singular
      nominative an chrua
      genitive na crua
      dative leis an gcrua
      don chrua

      Noun

      crua m (genitive singular cruaite)

      1. alternative form of cruachan (“hardening”)
      Declension
      Declension of crua (irregular, no plural)
      bare forms
      singular
      nominative crua
      vocative a chrua
      genitive cruaite
      dative crua
      forms with the definite article
      singular
      nominative an crua
      genitive an chruaite
      dative leis an gcrua
      don chrua

      Further reading

      • Dinneen, Patrick S. (1927), “cruaiḋe”, in Foclóir Gaeḋilge agus Béarla, 2nd edition, Dublin: Irish Texts Society, page 274; reprinted with additions 1996, →ISBN
      • Ó Dónaill, Niall (1977), “crua”, in Foclóir Gaeilge–Béarla, Dublin: An Gúm, →ISBN

      Mutation

      Mutated forms of crua
      radical lenition eclipsis
      crua chrua gcrua

      Note: Certain mutated forms of some words can never occur in standard Modern Irish.
      All possible mutated forms are displayed for convenience.

      References

      1. ^ Gregory Toner, Sharon Arbuthnot, Máire Ní Mhaonaigh, Marie-Luise Theuerkauf, Dagmar Wodtko, editors (2019), “crúaid”, in eDIL: Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language
      2. ^ Sjoestedt, M. L. (1931), Phonétique d’un parler irlandais de Kerry [Phonetics of an Irish Dialect of Kerry] (in French), Paris: Librairie Ernest Leroux, § 45, page 24
      3. ^ Finck, F. N. (1899), Die araner mundart [The Aran Dialect] (in German), Zweiter Band: Wörterbuch [Second volume: Dictionary], Marburg: Elwert’sche Verlagsbuchhandlung, page 163
      4. ^ Quiggin, E. C. (1906), A Dialect of Donegal, Cambridge University Press, § 152, page 59

      Old Galician-Portuguese

      Etymology

      Inherited from Latin crūdam.

      Pronunciation

      • IPA(key): /ˈkɾu.a/
      • Rhymes: -ua

      Adjective

      crua

      1. feminine singular of cruu

      Descendants

      • Galician: crúa
      • Portuguese: crua

      Portuguese

      Pronunciation

       

      • Rhymes: -uɐ
      • Hyphenation: cru‧a

      Adjective

      crua

      1. feminine singular of cru

      Venetan

      Adjective

      crua f sg

      1. feminine singular of cruo
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