cruach

See also: crúach

Irish

Pronunciation

  • IPA(key): /kɾˠuəx/[1][2][3]
  • (Ulster) IPA(key): /kɾˠɔx/[4] (in the phrase cruach fhéir (“hayrick”) /kɾˠɔxˈeːɾʲ/)

Etymology 1

    From crua (“hard”) +‎ -ach.

    Alternative forms

    Noun

    cruach f (genitive singular cruach)

    1. steel (metal alloy)
    Declension
    Declension of cruach (fourth declension, no plural)
    bare forms
    singular
    nominative cruach
    vocative a chruach
    genitive cruach
    dative cruach
    forms with the definite article
    singular
    nominative an chruach
    genitive na cruach
    dative leis an gcruach
    don chruach
    Derived terms

    Further reading

    • Dinneen, Patrick S. (1927), “cruaḋaċ”, in Foclóir Gaeḋilge agus Béarla, 2nd edition, Dublin: Irish Texts Society, page 273; reprinted with additions 1996, →ISBN
    • Ó Dónaill, Niall (1977), “cruach”, in Foclóir Gaeilge–Béarla, Dublin: An Gúm, →ISBN
    • de Bhaldraithe, Tomás (1959), “cruach”, in English-Irish Dictionary, An Gúm
    • “cruach”, in New English-Irish Dictionary, Foras na Gaeilge, 2013–2026

    Etymology 2

      From Middle Irish crúach, from Old Irish crúach (“stack; mountain, hill”),[5] from Proto-Celtic *krouk- (“heap”), probably from Proto-Indo-European *krewH- (“to heap up”), shared with Proto-Germanic *hraukaz (“heap”), Lithuanian kruvà (“heap”).[6][7]

      Noun

      cruach f (genitive singular cruaiche, nominative plural cruacha)

      1. stack (of corn or hay), pile
      2. (geography) hill, mountain
      Declension
      Declension of cruach (second declension)
      bare forms
      singular plural
      nominative cruach cruacha
      vocative a chruach a chruacha
      genitive cruaiche cruach
      dative cruach
      cruaich (archaic, dialectal)       		cruacha
      forms with the definite article
      singular plural
      nominative an chruach na cruacha
      genitive na cruaiche na gcruach
      dative leis an gcruach
      leis an gcruaich (archaic, dialectal)
      don chruach
      don chruaich (archaic, dialectal)       		leis na cruacha
      Descendants
      • → English: croagh
      • →⇒ Yola: kurkeen

      Further reading

      • Dinneen, Patrick S. (1927), “cruaċ”, in Foclóir Gaeḋilge agus Béarla, 2nd edition, Dublin: Irish Texts Society, page 273; reprinted with additions 1996, →ISBN
      • Ó Dónaill, Niall (1977), “cruach”, in Foclóir Gaeilge–Béarla, Dublin: An Gúm, →ISBN
      • de Bhaldraithe, Tomás (1959), “cruach”, in English-Irish Dictionary, An Gúm
      • “cruach”, in New English-Irish Dictionary, Foras na Gaeilge, 2013–2026

      Etymology 3

        From Old Irish crúachaid (“to heap, pile”),[8] from crúach (“heap, pile”).

        Verb

        cruach (present analytic cruachann, future analytic cruachfaidh, verbal noun cruachadh, past participle cruachta)

        1. (transitive) to stack, pile
        Conjugation
        Conjugation of cruach (first conjugation – A)
        indicative singular plural direct relative autonomous
        first second third first second third
        present cruachaim cruachann tú;
        cruachair†         		cruachann sé, sí cruachaimid; cruachann muid cruachann sibh cruachann siad;
        cruachaid†         		a chruachann; a chruachas cruachtar
        past chruach mé; chruachas chruach tú; chruachais chruach sé, sí chruachamar; chruach muid chruach sibh; chruachabhair chruach siad; chruachadar a chruach cruachadh
        past habitual chruachainn /
        cruachainn‡         		chruachtá /
        cruachtᇠ        		chruachadh sé, sí /
        cruachadh sé, sí‡         		chruachaimis; chruachadh muid /
        cruachaimis‡; cruachadh muid‡         		chruachadh sibh /
        cruachadh sibh‡         		chruachaidís; chruachadh siad /
        cruachaidís‡; cruachadh siad‡         		a chruachadh chruachtaí /
        cruachtaí‡
        singular plural direct relative autonomous
        first second third first second third
        future cruachfaidh mé;
        cruachfad         		cruachfaidh tú;
        cruachfair†         		cruachfaidh sé, sí cruachfaimid;
        cruachfaidh muid         		cruachfaidh sibh cruachfaidh siad;
        cruachfaid†         		a chruachfaidh; a chruachfas cruachfar
        conditional chruachfainn /
        cruachfainn‡         		chruachfá /
        cruachfᇠ        		chruachfadh sé, sí /
        cruachfadh sé, sí‡         		chruachfaimis; chruachfadh muid /
        cruachfaimis‡; cruachfadh muid‡         		chruachfadh sibh /
        cruachfadh sibh‡         		chruachfaidís; chruachfadh siad /
        cruachfaidís‡; cruachfadh siad‡         		a chruachfadh chruachfaí /
        cruachfaí‡
        subjunctive singular plural direct relative autonomous
        first second third first second third
        present go gcruacha mé;
        go gcruachad†         		go gcruacha tú;
        go gcruachair†         		go gcruacha sé, sí go gcruachaimid;
        go gcruacha muid         		go gcruacha sibh go gcruacha siad;
        go gcruachaid†         		— go gcruachtar
        past dá gcruachainn dá gcruachtá dá gcruachadh sé, sí dá gcruachaimis;
        dá gcruachadh muid         		dá gcruachadh sibh dá gcruachaidís;
        dá gcruachadh siad         		— dá gcruachtaí
        imperative singular plural direct relative autonomous
        first second third first second third
        — cruachaim cruach cruachadh sé, sí cruachaimis cruachaigí;
        cruachaidh†         		cruachaidís — cruachtar
        past participle cruachta
        verbal noun cruachadh

        † archaic or dialect form
        ‡ dependent form

        Derived terms

        Further reading

        • Dinneen, Patrick S. (1927), “cruaċaim”, in Foclóir Gaeḋilge agus Béarla, 2nd edition, Dublin: Irish Texts Society, page 272; reprinted with additions 1996, →ISBN
        • Ó Dónaill, Niall (1977), “cruach”, in Foclóir Gaeilge–Béarla, Dublin: An Gúm, →ISBN
        • de Bhaldraithe, Tomás (1959), “cruach”, in English-Irish Dictionary, An Gúm
        • “cruach”, in New English-Irish Dictionary, Foras na Gaeilge, 2013–2026

        Mutation

        Mutated forms of cruach
        radical lenition eclipsis
        cruach chruach gcruach

        Note: Certain mutated forms of some words can never occur in standard Modern Irish.
        All possible mutated forms are displayed for convenience.

        References

        References
        1. ^ Sjoestedt, M. L. (1931), Phonétique d’un parler irlandais de Kerry [Phonetics of an Irish Dialect of Kerry] (in French), Paris: Librairie Ernest Leroux, § 209, page 105
        2. ^ Finck, F. N. (1899), Die araner mundart [The Aran Dialect] (in German), Zweiter Band: Wörterbuch [Second volume: Dictionary], Marburg: Elwert’sche Verlagsbuchhandlung, page 163
        3. ^ Quiggin, E. C. (1906), A Dialect of Donegal, Cambridge University Press, § 151, page 59
        4. ^ Quiggin, E. C. (1906), A Dialect of Donegal, Cambridge University Press, § 27, page 14
        5. ^ Gregory Toner, Sharon Arbuthnot, Máire Ní Mhaonaigh, Marie-Luise Theuerkauf, Dagmar Wodtko, editors (2019), “1 crúach”, in eDIL: Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language
        6. ^ Matasović, Ranko (2009), “krowko-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 9), Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, pages 226-27
        7. ^ Pokorny, Julius (1959), Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch [Indo-European Etymological Dictionary] (in German), volume 2, Bern, München: Francke Verlag, page 616
        8. ^ Gregory Toner, Sharon Arbuthnot, Máire Ní Mhaonaigh, Marie-Luise Theuerkauf, Dagmar Wodtko, editors (2019), “crúachaid”, in eDIL: Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language

        Scottish Gaelic

        Pronunciation

        • IPA(key): /kʰɾuəx/

        Etymology 1

          From Old Irish crúach (“stack of corn; rick; heap, conical pile; mountain, hill”), from Proto-Celtic *krouk- (“heap”).[1]

          Noun

          cruach f (genitive singular cruaiche, plural cruachan)

          1. pile, heap, stack
          Derived terms

          Etymology 2

            From Old Irish crúachaid (“to heap, pile”),[2] from crúach (“heap, pile”).

            Verb

            cruach (past chruach, future cruachaidh, verbal noun cruachadh, past participle cruachte)

            1. to pile or heap up
            2. to make into a stack

            Mutation

            Mutation of cruach
            radical lenition
            cruach chruach

            Note: Certain mutated forms of some words can never occur in standard Scottish Gaelic.
            All possible mutated forms are displayed for convenience.

            References

            1. ^ Matasović, Ranko (2009), “krowko-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 9), Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, pages 226-27
            2. ^ Gregory Toner, Sharon Arbuthnot, Máire Ní Mhaonaigh, Marie-Luise Theuerkauf, Dagmar Wodtko, editors (2019), “crúachaid”, in eDIL: Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language
            This article is issued from Wiktionary. The text is available under Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0 unless otherwise noted. Additional terms may apply for the media files.