crudus

Latin

Etymology

Disputed. Perhaps from Proto-Indo-European *krewh₂-.

  • It may be dissimilated from earlier *crūrus, from Proto-Italic *krūros, itself from *kruh₂rós, from *krewh₂- (“raw meat, fresh blood”).[1] Alternatively, Sihler suggests dissimilation from a pre-form *krowros.[2] However, de Vaan argues that the required dissimilation is unusual and "cannot be accepted without further support."[3]
  • Nussbaum has suggested that the term may derive from *krewh₂-idʰos. However, according to de Vaan, such a PIE form would be expected to develop into Proto-Italic *krowiðos, which could only produce crūdus via syncope. Thus, de Vaan doubts this etymology, arguing that syncope is unusual for adjectives in -idus.[3]
  • De Vaan alternatively suggests a possible derivation from *krowoðos, from *krewh₂-odʰ-os.[3]

Cognate with English raw.

Pronunciation

Adjective

crūdus (feminine crūda, neuter crūdum, comparative crūdior, superlative crūdissimus); first/second-declension adjective

  1. raw, bloody, bleeding
  2. immature, unripe, premature
  3. unprepared, raw, uncooked
  4. (figuratively) crude, cruel, rough

Declension

First/second-declension adjective.

singular plural
masculine feminine neuter masculine feminine neuter
nominative crūdus crūda crūdum crūdī crūdae crūda
genitive crūdī crūdae crūdī crūdōrum crūdārum crūdōrum
dative crūdō crūdae crūdō crūdīs
accusative crūdum crūdam crūdum crūdōs crūdās crūda
ablative crūdō crūdā crūdō crūdīs
vocative crūde crūda crūdum crūdī crūdae crūda

Descendants

  • Aromanian: crud
  • → Asturian: crudu
  • Catalan: cru
  • Dalmatian: croit
  • Franco-Provençal: cru
  • Friulian: crût, crûd
  • Italian: crudo
  • Ligurian: crûo
  • → Middle English: crude
    • English: crude (see there for further descendants)
  • Occitan: crus
  • Old French: cru, creu
  • Old Galician-Portuguese: cruu
    • Galician: cru
    • Portuguese: cru (see there for further descendants)
  • Piedmontese: cru
  • Romanian: crud
  • Romansh: criv, criu, criev, crüj
  • Sardinian: cru, crudu, cruo, cruu
  • Sicilian: crudu
  • → Spanish: crudo
  • ⇒ Translingual: Crudia
  • Venetan: cruo, cru, cruf

References

  1. ^ Mallory, J. P., Adams, D. Q., editors (1997), Encyclopedia of Indo-European Culture, London, Chicago: Fitzroy Dearborn Publishers, page 71
  2. ^ Sihler, Andrew L. (1995), New Comparative Grammar of Greek and Latin, Oxford, New York: Oxford University Press, →ISBN, page 226
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 De Vaan, Michiel (2008), “crūdus”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 146
  • “crudus”, in Charlton T. Lewis and Charles Short (1879), A Latin Dictionary, Oxford: Clarendon Press
  • “crudus”, in Charlton T. Lewis (1891), An Elementary Latin Dictionary, New York: Harper & Brothers
  • “crudus”, in Gaffiot, Félix (1934), Dictionnaire illustré latin-français, Hachette.
  • crudus in Ramminger, Johann (16 July 2016 (last accessed)), Neulateinische Wortliste: Ein Wörterbuch des Lateinischen von Petrarca bis 1700‎[1], pre-publication website, 2005-2016
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