cruaigh

Irish

Alternative forms

  • cruadhuigh (obsolete)[1]

Etymology

From Old Irish crúadaigid.[2] By surface analysis, crua +‎ -igh.

Verb

cruaigh (present analytic cruann, future analytic cruafaidh, verbal noun cruachan, past participle cruaite)

  1. (ambitransitive) to harden, stiffen, toughen, toughen up
  2. (intransitive) to set (solidify), firm up (become firmer in consistency), congeal
  3. (intransitive) to harden (become less sensitive), grow callous
    Chruaigh a chroí.
    His heart hardened, he grew hard-hearted
  4. (intransitive) to become hard, difficult
    Chruaigh an saol le linn an chogaidh.
    Life became hard during the war.

Conjugation

Conjugation of cruaigh (first conjugation – C)
indicative singular plural direct relative autonomous
first second third first second third
present cruaim cruann tú;
cruair† 		cruann sé, sí cruaimid; cruann muid cruann sibh cruann siad;
cruaid† 		a chruann; a chruas cruaitear
past chruaigh mé; chruas chruaigh tú;
chruais 		chruaigh sé, sí chruamar; chruaigh muid chruaigh sibh; chruabhair chruaigh siad; chruadar a chruaigh cruadh
past habitual chruainn /
cruainn‡ 		chruaiteá /
cruaiteᇠ		chruadh sé, sí /
cruadh sé, sí‡ 		chruaimis; chruadh muid /
cruaimis‡; cruadh muid‡ 		chruadh sibh /
cruadh sibh‡ 		chruaidís; chruadh siad /
cruaidís‡; cruadh siad‡ 		a chruadh chruaití /
cruaití‡
singular plural direct relative autonomous
first second third first second third
future cruafaidh mé;
cruafad 		cruafaidh tú;
cruafair† 		cruafaidh sé, sí cruafaimid;
cruafaidh muid 		cruafaidh sibh cruafaidh siad;
cruafaid† 		a chruafaidh; a chruafas cruafar
conditional chruafainn /
cruafainn‡ 		chruafá /
cruafᇠ		chruafadh sé, sí /
cruafadh sé, sí‡ 		chruafaimis; chruafadh muid /
cruafaimis‡; cruafadh muid‡ 		chruafadh sibh /
cruafadh sibh‡ 		chruafaidís; chruafadh siad /
cruafaidís‡; cruafadh siad‡ 		a chruafadh chruafaí /
cruafaí‡
subjunctive singular plural direct relative autonomous
first second third first second third
present go gcrua mé;
go gcruad† 		go gcrua tú;
go gcruair† 		go gcrua sé, sí go gcruaimid;
go gcrua muid 		go gcrua sibh go gcrua siad;
go gcruaid† 		— go gcruaitear
past dá gcruainn dá gcruaiteá dá gcruadh sé, sí dá gcruaimis;
dá gcruadh muid 		dá gcruadh sibh dá gcruaidís;
dá gcruadh siad 		— dá gcruaití
imperative singular plural direct relative autonomous
first second third first second third
— cruaim cruaigh cruadh sé, sí cruaimis cruaigí;
cruaidh† 		cruaidís — cruaitear
past participle cruaite
verbal noun cruachan

† archaic or dialect form
‡ dependent form

Synonyms

Mutation

Mutated forms of cruaigh
radical lenition eclipsis
cruaigh chruaigh gcruaigh

Note: Certain mutated forms of some words can never occur in standard Modern Irish.
All possible mutated forms are displayed for convenience.

References

  1. ^ “cruaigh”, in Historical Irish Corpus, 1600–1926, Royal Irish Academy
  2. ^ Gregory Toner, Sharon Arbuthnot, Máire Ní Mhaonaigh, Marie-Luise Theuerkauf, Dagmar Wodtko, editors (2019), “crúadaigid”, in eDIL: Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language

Further reading

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