Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/tewh₂-

This Proto-Indo-European entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

    Root

    *tewh₂-[1][2][3]

    1. to swell, grow fat
      Synonyms: *h₂eyd-, *ḱewh₁-, *peyh₂-
    2. to become strong
      Synonyms: *h₂ewg-, *h₂weks-

    Alternative reconstructions

    • *h₁tewh₂-[4]

    Derived terms

    Terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *tewh₂- (34 c, 0 e)
    • *téwh₂-ti ~ *tuh₂-énti (athematic root present)[1]
      • Proto-Balto-Slavic:
        • Proto-Slavic: *tỳti (“to become fat”) (see there for further descendants)
      • Proto-Indo-Iranian: *táwHti
        • Proto-Indo-Aryan: *táwHti
          • Sanskrit: तवीति (tavīti)
        • Proto-Iranian: *táwHti (“to be able, strong”) (see there for further descendants)
    • *te-tewh₂-t (reduplicated root athematic)[4]
      • Proto-Indo-Iranian: *tuHtawt
        • Proto-Indo-Aryan: *tuHtawt
          • Sanskrit: तूतोत् (tūtot), तूतो (tūto)
    • *te-tówh₂-e ~ *te-tuh₂-ḗr (reduplicated stative)[1][4]
      • Proto-Indo-Iranian: *tutā́wa
        • Proto-Indo-Aryan: *tutā́wa
          • Vedic Sanskrit: तूताव (tūtā́va, “to be strong, have power”, 3sg.prf.act.)
        • Proto-Iranian: *tutā́wa
          • Younger Avestan: 𐬙𐬏𐬙𐬀𐬎𐬎𐬀 (tūtauua, “is possible”, pf.)
    • *towh₂-éye-ti (eye-present)[5]
      • Proto-Balto-Slavic: *táwīˀtei
        • Proto-Slavic: *toviti (“to fatten, cause to gain weight”) (see there for further descendants)
    • *tuh₂-éh₁(ye)-ti (eh₁(ye)-stative)[6][4]
      • Proto-Hellenic:
        • Ancient Greek: ἐτάζω (etázō, “to text, examine”)
      • Proto-Italic: *towēo[5] (or from *towh₂-éye-ti[5])
        • Latin: tueor (“to look at, watch over”)
    • *téwh₂-mn̥ ~ *tuh₂-mén-s
      • Proto-Italic: *tōmentom[7]
        • Latin: tōmentum (see there for further descendants)
    • *téwh₂-mō ~ *tuh₂-m̥nés
      • Proto-Indo-Iranian: *táwmā
        • Proto-Iranian: *táwmā (“strength, power, capacity”)
          • Old Persian: 𐎫𐎢𐎶𐎠 (t-u-m-a /⁠taumā⁠/, nom.-acc.sg.), 𐎫𐎢𐎶𐎴𐎡𐏁𐎡𐎹 (t-u-m-n-i-š-i-y /⁠taumanišaiy⁠/, nom.-acc.pl.)
    • *tewh₂-ó-s (“strong”)
      • Proto-Indo-Iranian: *tawHás (see there for further descendants)
    • *téwh₂-o-s (“might, power”)[8]
      • Proto-Hellenic:
      • Proto-Indo-Iranian: *táwHas
        • Proto-Iranian: *táwHas
          • Avestan: tauuah n
    • *tḗwh₂-ō ~ *tuh₂-nés
      • Proto-Indo-Iranian: *tā́wHā ~ *tāwHnás
        • Proto-Iranian: *tā́wHā ~ *tāwHnáh
          • ⇒ Proto-Iranian: *hwatā́wHā ~ *hwatāwHnás (see there for further descendants)
    • *tewh₂-s- (“swelling”)[2][9][10]
      • ⇒ *téwh₂s-ih₂[10]
        • Proto-Indo-Iranian: *táwHsiH (“strength, power”) (see there for further descendants)
      • ⇒ *téwh₂s-mn̥ ~ *tuh₂s-mén-s[11]
        • Proto-Celtic: *tewsman[11]
          • Middle Irish: tuaimm
            • Irish: túaim
      • ⇒? *tuHs-ont- (“thousand”)
    • *tewh₂-tyó-s[6]
      • Proto-Germanic: *þeudjaz (“favorable”) (see there for further descendants)
    • *téwh₂-y-os[12]
      • Proto-Indo-Iranian: *táwHyas (“stronger”)
        • Proto-Indo-Aryan: *táwHyas
          • Sanskrit: तवीयस् (távīyas)
        • Proto-Iranian: *táwHyaH
          • Old Persian: 𐎫𐎢𐎻𐎡𐎹𐎠 (t-u-vi-i-y-a /⁠tauvīyā⁠/)
    • *towh₂-ó-s (“strong, mighty, powerful”)
      • Proto-Indo-Iranian: *tāwHás
        • Proto-Indo-Aryan: *tāwHás
          • Sanskrit: तवस् (tavás)
            • ⇒ Sanskrit: तवस्वान् (tavasvān, “powerful”)
            • ⇒ Sanskrit: तवस्य n (tavasyá, “power”)
        • Proto-Iranian: *tāwHáh
          • Parthian: 𐫤𐫀𐫇𐫃 (tʾwg, “strong”)
    • *towh₂-ṓs
      • Proto-Indo-Iranian: *tawHā́s (“strength, might”) (see there for further descendants)
    • *tówh₂-t-s ~ *téwh₂-t-s
      • Proto-Italic: *towtos
        • Latin: tōtus (“whole, all”)
    • *tuh₂-edʰ-eh₂[13]
      • Proto-Hellenic: *twádʰā[13]
        • >? Ancient Greek: σάθη (sáthē, “membrum virile”)
    • *tuh₂-el-o-s[13]
      • Proto-Hellenic: *twálos[13]
        • >? Ancient Greek: σάλος (sálos, “rolling swell of the sea”)
    • *tuh₂-bʰ- (“hump, bump”)[2][14]
      • ⇒? Proto-Germanic: *þūbǭ
        • Old Norse: þúfa (“mound”) (see there for further descendants)
      • ⇒? Proto-Hellenic: *tū́pʰā
        • Ancient Greek: τῡ́φη (tū́phē) (see there for further descendants)
      • ⇒? Proto-Italic: *tūβos
        • Latin: tūber (see there for further descendants)
          • ⇒ Latin: prōtūberō (“to bulge up”), extūberō (“to bulge out”) (see there for further descendants)
    • *tuh₂-mó-s[13]
      • Proto-Hellenic: *twámos[13] (< *tuh₂ₔmos[13])
        • >? Ancient Greek: σάμος (sámos, “height”)
      • Proto-Italic:[13]
        • >? Latin: tama (“tumour, swelling”)
    • *tuh₂-mṓ
      • >? Proto-Germanic: *þūmô (“thumb”) (see there for further descendants)
      • Proto-Indo-Iranian: *tuHmā́[15]
        • >? Proto-Iranian: *tuHmā́ (“great multitude, ten thousand”) (see there for further descendants)
    • *tuh₂-teh₂
      • Proto-Balto-Slavic:
        • Latvian: tūte (“power, energy”)
    • *tuh₂-ró-s[2][16][17]
      • Proto-Hellenic: *tūrós (“cheese”) (see there for further descendants)
      • Proto-Indo-Iranian: *tuHrás
        • Sanskrit: तुर (turá, “strong, powerful, abundant”)
      • Proto-Italic: *tūros[17]
        • ⇒ Proto-Italic: *tūrāō[18] (+ *-āō)
          • >? Latin: *tūrō
            • ⇒ Latin: obtūrō (“to block”) (see there for further descendants)
            • ⇒ Latin: rētūrō
        • ⇒ Proto-Italic: *turgēō (+ *-(a)gēō?)
          • >? Latin: turgeō (“to swell”) (see there for further descendants)
    • *tuh₂-sn-eh₂[2][19]
      • Proto-Celtic: *tusnā (“wave”) (see there for further descendants)
    • *tuh₂-tó-s[4][6]
      • Proto-Italic: *tūtos
        • Latin: tūtus (“safe, secure”)
    • *tuh₂-wént-s
      • Proto-Indo-Iranian: *tuHwánts
        • Proto-Iranian: *tuHwā́s
          • Old Persian: 𐎬𐎵𐎢𐎺𐎫𐎶 (tu-(u)-nu-u-v-t-m /⁠tunuvaⁿtam, tūnuvaⁿtam⁠/, “powerful”, acc.sg.)
    • *tuh₂-wó-s[5] or *twéh₂-u-s ~ *tuh₂-éw-s[20]
      • Proto-Hellenic: *twáwos[1] (< *tuh₂ₔwos)
        • Ancient Greek: σάος (sáos), σῶς (sôs, “safe, healthy, intact”)
    • *túh₂-yo-s (“strong”)
      • Proto-Indo-Iranian: *túHyas
        • Proto-Indo-Aryan: *túHyas
    • *tu-tuh₂-mó-s
      • Proto-Hellenic:
      • Proto-Indo-Iranian: *tuHtuHmás
        • Proto-Iranian: *tuHtuHmás
          • Sanskrit: तूतुम (tūtumá, “strong”)
    Unsorted formations
    • Proto-Albanian: *twana
    • Proto-Armenian:
    • Proto-Balto-Slavic:
      • Lithuanian: tvi̇̀nti (“to rise, swell”)
    • Proto-Balto-Slavic:
      • Lithuanian: čiūtys pl (“large number”)
    • Proto-Balto-Slavic:
      • Lithuanian: tvãnas (“flood”)

    References

    1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 Rix, Helmut, editor (2001), “*teuh₂-”, in Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben [Lexicon of Indo-European Verbs] (in German), 2nd edition, Wiesbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag, →ISBN, pages 639-640
    2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 Pokorny, Julius (1959), “tēu-, təu-, teu̯ə-, tu̯ō-, tū̆-”, in Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch [Indo-European Etymological Dictionary] (in German), volume III, Bern, München: Francke Verlag, page 1080
    3. ^ Sakhno, Serguei (2017–2018), “Chapter XIII: Slavic”, in Klein, Jared S., Joseph, Brian D., Fritz, Matthias, editors, Handbook of Comparative and Historical Indo-European Linguistics: An International Handbook (Handbücher zur Sprach- und Kommunikationswissenschaft [Handbooks of Linguistics and Communication Science]; 41.2), Berlin; Boston: De Gruyter Mouton, →ISBN, § The lexicon of Slavic, page 1576: “PIE *teuh2- ‘swell, grow fat’”
    4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 Hinge, George (2007), “The authority of truth and the origin of ὅσιος and ἔτυμος (= Skt. satyá‑ and tūtumá‑) with an excursus on pre-consonantal laryngeal loss”, in Greek and Latin from an Indo-European perspective‎[1], Cambridge: Proceedings of the Cambridge Philological Society
    5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 5.3 De Vaan, Michiel (2008), “tueor”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 632: “PIt. *-tow-e- ‘to protect’; PIE *touh₂-eie- [pr.caus.]?”
    6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 Kroonen, Guus (2013), “*peudja-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)‎[2], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 539: “*tewh₂-tió- (IE?); *tuh₂-tó-”
    7. ^ De Vaan, Michiel (2008), “tōmentum”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 622: “PIt. *towamn?; PIE *teuh₂-mn [n.] ‘swelling’?”
    8. ^ Kroonen, Guus (2013), “*þewa-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)‎[3], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 541
    9. ^ Harðarson, Jón Axel (2017–2018), “Chapter IX: Germanic”, in Klein, Jared S., Joseph, Brian D., Fritz, Matthias, editors, Handbook of Comparative and Historical Indo-European Linguistics: An International Handbook (Handbücher zur Sprach- und Kommunikationswissenschaft [Handbooks of Linguistics and Communication Science]; 41.2), Berlin; Boston: De Gruyter Mouton, →ISBN, § The morphology of Germanic, page 925: “*teu̯h2-s- ‘swelling’”
    10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 Mayrhofer, Manfred (1992–2001), “táviṣi- f. Kraft, Stärke”, in Etymologisches Wörterbuch des Altindoarischen [Etymological Dictionary of Old Indo-Aryan]‎[4] (in German), Heidelberg: Carl Winter Universitätsverlag, page 639: “idg. *teu̯H̥s-ih₂-; Idg. *teu̯H̥-s° neben *teu̯H-es-”
    11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 Zair, Nicholas (2012), The reflexes of the Proto-Indo-European laryngeals in Celtic, Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, page 235: “*teu̯sman; *teu̯h₂-s-mn̥”
    12. ^ Byrd, Andrew Miles (2015), The Indo-European Syllable (Brill's Studies in Indo-European Languages & Linguistics; 15), Leiden: Brill, page 216: “*teu̯h2-io̯s-”
    13. ↑ 13.0 13.1 13.2 13.3 13.4 13.5 13.6 13.7 Mihaylova, Biliana (2009), “Some cases of the converse of Sievers’ law in Greek”, in The sound of Indo-European: Phonetics, phonemics, and morphophonemics (Roots of Europe - Language, Culture, and Migrations)‎[5], University of Copenhagen
    14. ^ Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010), “τύφη”, in Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 1521: “IE *tuH-bʰ- ‘hump, bump’”
    15. ^ Tremblay, Xavier (2005), “Irano-Tocharica et Tocharo-Iranica”, in Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies‎[6], volume 68, number 3, page 437
    16. ^ Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010), “τυρός”, in Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 1520: “*tuH-ró-”
    17. ↑ 17.0 17.1 Mayrhofer, Manfred (1992–2001), “turá-1 Adj. rasch, eifrig, strebend, kraftvoll vordringend”, in Etymologisches Wörterbuch des Altindoarischen [Etymological Dictionary of Old Indo-Aryan]‎[7] (in German), Heidelberg: Carl Winter Universitätsverlag, page *tuH-ró-; lat. *tūro-s of 655-656
    18. ^ De Vaan, Michiel (2008), “obtūrō, -āre”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 632
    19. ^ Zair, Nicholas (2012), The reflexes of the Proto-Indo-European laryngeals in Celtic, Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, page 155: “*tŭsnā; *tuh₂-sneh₂”
    20. ^ Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010), “σῶς”, in Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 1440-1441
    21. ^ Olsen, Birgit Anette (1999), The noun in Biblical Armenian: origin and word-formation: with special emphasis on the Indo-European heritage (Trends in linguistics. Studies and monographs; 119), Berlin, New York: Mouton de Gruyter, page 63
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