Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/tewtéh₂
Proto-Indo-European
Etymology
Often a derivation from the root *tewh₂- (“to be strong; swell”)[1] (referring to the strength of community) is considered, but the presence of a laryngeal renders this etymology doubtful.[2] Furthermore, Derksen rejects this connection on semantic grounds.[3] Adams and Mallory suggest a possible root of the shape *tew-,[4] which he considers to perhaps be the source of Latin tueor.[2] Due to the inability to derive the term from a PIE root and the restriction to the western Indo-European languages, it has been proposed that the term may derive from a non-IE substrate.[5] Moreover, de Vaan argues that terms for "people" are often loanwords.[6] Beekes does, however, concede that the substrate theory is "speculative."[3] The term may be suffixed with *-teh₂.
Noun
*tewtéh₂ f (non-ablauting)[7]
Reconstruction notes
Persian توده (tôde, “masses; heap; stack, hill, rick, tumulus”) and its Iranian cognates are sometimes considered descendants, but the semantic divergence is difficult to reconcile.[2]
The supposed Hittite cognate 𒌅𒍖𒍣𒅖 (tuzziš, “army; camp”) with the semantic shift "people" > "army" > "camp" has been criticized to be unlikely (the normal development would be "camp" > "army").[8] Kloekhorst furthermore argues that the Hittite word can formally only reflect an i-stem *tewt-i-, and finally endorses an alternative etymology proposed by Melchert, from PIE *dʰh₁-uti-.
Declension
| Thematic in *-eh₂ | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| singular | |||
| nominative | *tewtéh₂ | ||
| genitive | *tewtéh₂s | ||
| singular | dual | plural | |
| nominative | *tewtéh₂ | — | — |
| vocative | *tewtéh₂ | — | — |
| accusative | *tewtā́m | — | — |
| genitive | *tewtéh₂s | — | — |
| ablative | *tewtéh₂s | — | — |
| dative | *tewtéh₂ey | — | — |
| locative | *tewtéh₂, *tewtéh₂i | — | — |
| instrumental | *tewtéh₂h₁ | — | — |
Coordinate terms
- *déh₂mos (“segment (of people)”)
- *h₁léwdʰis (“people”)
- *pleh₁dʰwéh₁s (“mass (of people)”)
Derived terms
- *swe-tewtéh₂- (perhaps, + *swe- (“self”))
Descendants
- >? Proto-Albanian:
- >? Proto-Anatolian:
- Hittite: 𒌅𒍖𒍣𒅖 (tuzziš, “army; camp”) (uncertain)
- Proto-Balto-Slavic: *t(j)autāˀ
- Proto-Germanic: *þeudō (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Italic: *toutā (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Celtic: *toutā (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *tawtáH (see there for further descendants)
- Phrygian: τευτους (teutous, acc.pl.)
References
- ^ Rix, Helmut, editor (2001), Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben [Lexicon of Indo-European Verbs] (in German), 2nd edition, Wiesbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag, →ISBN, page 639
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 Mallory, J. P., Adams, D. Q., editors (1997), “*teutéha-”, in Encyclopedia of Indo-European Culture, London, Chicago: Fitzroy Dearborn Publishers, page 417
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 Derksen, Rick (2015), “tauta I”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Baltic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 13), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 461
- ^ Mallory, J. P., Adams, D. Q., editors (1997), “*teu-”, in Encyclopedia of Indo-European Culture, London, Chicago: Fitzroy Dearborn Publishers, page 198
- ^ Kloekhorst, Alwin (2008), Etymological Dictionary of the Hittite Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 5), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 908
- ^ De Vaan, Michiel (2008), “Ven. teuta”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 618-619
- ^ Ringe, Donald (2006), From Proto-Indo-European to Proto-Germanic (A Linguistic History of English; 1)[1], Oxford: Oxford University Press, →ISBN, page 103: “PIE *tewtéh₂ ‘tribe, people’”
- ^ Benveniste (1962: 122-5) apud Kloekhorst 2008: 908
Further reading
- Pokorny, Julius (1959), “tēu-”, in Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch [Indo-European Etymological Dictionary] (in German), volume 3, Bern, München: Francke Verlag, page 1084: “9. t-Ableitung teutā”