Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/ǵneh₃-

This Proto-Indo-European entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

    Root

    *ǵneh₃- (perfective)[1][2][3][4]

    1. to recognise, to know

    Derived terms

    Terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *ǵneh₃- (99 c, 0 e)
    • *ǵe-ǵnóh₃-e ~ *ǵe-ǵn̥h₃-ḗr (perfect)[2][5]
      • Proto-Indo-Iranian:
    • *ǵnéh₃-s-ti ~ *ǵnh₃-s-énti (“to recognize”, athematic s-present)[6]
      • Proto-Anatolian:
        • Hittite: [script needed] (kane/išš-zi, “to recognize, acknowledge”)
      • Proto-Italic: *gnōs-
        • ⇒ Latin: ignōrō (“to be ignorant”)
    • *ǵnéh₃-t ~ *ǵn̥h₃-ént (root aorist)
    • *ǵn̥h₃-sḱé-ti (sḱe-present)
    • *ǵn̥-né-h₃-ti ~ *ǵn̥-n-h₃-énti (nasal-infix present)
    • *ǵn̥h₃-tó-s
    • *ǵneh₃-meh₂
    • *ǵnéh₃-mn̥ ~ *ǵn̥h₃-mén-s
      • Proto-Hellenic:
        • Ancient Greek: γνῶμα (gnôma)
      • Proto-Slavic: *znàmę (see there for further descendants)
    • *ǵnéh₃-mō
      • Proto-Hellenic:
        • Ancient Greek: γνώμων (gnṓmōn) (see there for further descendants)
    • *ǵneh₃-no-[3]
      • Proto-Balto-Slavic:
        • Proto-Slavic: *znanъ (“known”, ppp. of *znati)
      • Proto-Indo-Iranian:
    • *ǵneh₃-os-[3]
      • Proto-Indo-Iranian:
        • Proto-Indo-Aryan:
          • Vedic Sanskrit: ज्ञास् (jñā́s, “a near relative”)
    • *ǵneh₃-ri-
      • Proto-Italic: *gnōriā
        • Latin: glōria (see there for further descendants)
    • *ǵn̥h₃-ró-s[3]
    • *ǵnéh₃-ti-s ~ *ǵn̥h₃-téy-s[7]
      • Proto-Germanic: *knōdiz
      • Proto-Hellenic:
      • Proto-Indo-Iranian:
        • Proto-Iranian:
          • Avestan: 𐬰𐬀𐬌𐬥𐬙𐬌 (zainti, “understanding”)
            • → Middle Persian: [script needed] (znt' /⁠Zand⁠/, “Zand of Avesta”)
        • Proto-Indo-Aryan:
      • ⇒ Proto-Italic: *gnōtiō
        • Latin: nōtiō (see there for further descendants)
    • *ǵn̥h₃-wo-
    • *ǵn̥h₃-yo-m
      • Proto-Germanic: *kunją (“omen”)
    • *ǵnoh₃-dʰlo-
      • Proto-Italic:
        • Latin: *gnōbulum (“landmark, recognition, sign”)
    Unsorted formations
    • Proto-Balto-Slavic: *źnōˀtei (see there for further descendants)
    • Proto-Celtic: *gnūstis (“face”)
    • Proto-Germanic: *knēaną (apparently from *ǵnēh₃-) (see there for further descendants)
    • Proto-Tocharian: *āknātsā

    Descendants

    • Proto-Indo-Iranian:
    • Proto-Tocharian: *knā-

    References

    1. ^ Ringe, Donald (2006), From Proto-Indo-European to Proto-Germanic (A Linguistic History of English; 1)‎[1], Oxford: Oxford University Press, →ISBN, page 34
    2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 Rix, Helmut, editor (2001), “*g̑neh₃-”, in Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben [Lexicon of Indo-European Verbs] (in German), 2nd edition, Wiesbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag, →ISBN, pages 168-170
    3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 Wodtko, Dagmar S.; Irslinger, Britta; Schneider, Carolin (2008), “*g̑neh₃-”, in Nomina im indogermanischen Lexikon [Nouns in the Indo-European Lexicon] (in German), Heidelberg: Universitätsverlag Winter, pages 154-162
    4. ^ Mallory, J. P., Adams, D. Q., editors (1997), “*g̑neh₃-”, in Encyclopedia of Indo-European Culture, London, Chicago: Fitzroy Dearborn Publishers, pages 336-337
    5. ^ De Vaan, Michiel (2008), Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 413
    6. ^ Kloekhorst, Alwin (2008), “kane/išš-zi”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Hittite Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 5), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 434-435: “*ǵnéh₃-s-ti, *ǵnh₃-s-énti”
    7. ^ Casaretto, Antje (2004), Nominale Wortbildung der gotischen Sprache: Die Derivation der Substantive (in German), Heidelberg: Universitätsverlag Winter, →ISBN, page 510

    Further reading

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