Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/ǵn̥h₃sḱéti
Proto-Indo-European
Etymology
From *ǵneh₃- (“to recognise, to know”) + *-sḱéti (durative verbal suffix).
Verb
*ǵn̥h₃sḱéti (imperfective)[1][2][3]
- to recognise
Reconstruction notes
- The zero-grade form *ǵn̥h₃sḱéti ought to produce Latin *nāscō rather than Latin nōscō, which would be expected from the full-grade.[3] Thus, Sihler reconstructs Proto-Indo-European *ǵneh₃sḱéti, despite the general tendency for sḱé-presents to showcase the zero-grade of the root.[4] However, De Vaan alternatively suggests that the full-grade was introduced into the Latin term from the aorist or perhaps the perfect, possibly because the expected *nāscō was identical with nāscō (“to be born”).[3] In support of his reconstruction, Sihler notes that Ancient Greek γιγνώσκω (gignṓskō) may also showcase the full grade,[4] although Beekes reconstructs a zero-grade form as the ancestor of the Greek term.[5] Beekes does suggest full-grade vocalism in Albanian njoh, which Oryol traces back to influence from the aorist njova.[6]
- The EIEC suggests that all of these formations may be independent innovations.[7]
Conjugation
| Imperfective, thematic | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 3rd singular | *ǵn̥h₃sḱéti | ||||
| 3rd plural | *ǵn̥h₃sḱónti | ||||
| Active voice | Present indicative | Past indicative | Imperative | Subjunctive | Optative |
| 1st singular | *ǵn̥h₃sḱóh₂ | *ǵn̥h₃sḱóm | — | *ǵn̥h₃sḱṓh₂ | *ǵn̥h₃sḱóyh₁m̥ |
| 2nd singular | *ǵn̥h₃sḱési | *ǵn̥h₃sḱés | *ǵn̥h₃sḱé | *ǵn̥h₃sḱḗsi | *ǵn̥h₃sḱóys |
| 3rd singular | *ǵn̥h₃sḱéti | *ǵn̥h₃sḱét | *ǵn̥h₃sḱétu | *ǵn̥h₃sḱḗti | *ǵn̥h₃sḱóyt |
| 1st dual | *ǵn̥h₃sḱówos | *ǵn̥h₃sḱówe | — | *ǵn̥h₃sḱṓwos | *ǵn̥h₃sḱóywe |
| 2nd dual | *ǵn̥h₃sḱétes | *ǵn̥h₃sḱétom | *ǵn̥h₃sḱétom | *ǵn̥h₃sḱḗtes | *ǵn̥h₃sḱóytom |
| 3rd dual | *ǵn̥h₃sḱétes | *ǵn̥h₃sḱétām | *ǵn̥h₃sḱétām | *ǵn̥h₃sḱḗtes | *ǵn̥h₃sḱóytām |
| 1st plural | *ǵn̥h₃sḱómos | *ǵn̥h₃sḱóme | — | *ǵn̥h₃sḱṓmos | *ǵn̥h₃sḱóyme |
| 2nd plural | *ǵn̥h₃sḱéte | *ǵn̥h₃sḱéte | *ǵn̥h₃sḱéte | *ǵn̥h₃sḱḗte | *ǵn̥h₃sḱóyte |
| 3rd plural | *ǵn̥h₃sḱónti | *ǵn̥h₃sḱónt | *ǵn̥h₃sḱóntu | *ǵn̥h₃sḱṓnti | *ǵn̥h₃sḱóyh₁n̥t |
| Participle | *ǵn̥h₃sḱónts | ||||
| Middle voice | Present indicative | Past indicative | Imperative | Subjunctive | Optative |
| 1st singular | *ǵn̥h₃sḱóh₂er | *ǵn̥h₃sḱóh₂e | — | *ǵn̥h₃sḱṓh₂er | *ǵn̥h₃sḱóyh₂e |
| 2nd singular | *ǵn̥h₃sḱéth₂er | *ǵn̥h₃sḱéth₂e | *ǵn̥h₃sḱéso | *ǵn̥h₃sḱḗth₂er | *ǵn̥h₃sḱóyth₂e |
| 3rd singular | *ǵn̥h₃sḱétor | *ǵn̥h₃sḱéto | *? | *ǵn̥h₃sḱḗtor | *ǵn̥h₃sḱóyto, *ǵn̥h₃sḱóyh₁o |
| 1st dual | *ǵn̥h₃sḱówosdʰh₂ | *ǵn̥h₃sḱówedʰh₂ | — | *ǵn̥h₃sḱṓwosdʰh₂ | *ǵn̥h₃sḱóywedʰh₂ |
| 2nd dual | *? | *? | *? | *? | *? |
| 3rd dual | *? | *? | *? | *? | *? |
| 1st plural | *ǵn̥h₃sḱómosdʰh₂ | *ǵn̥h₃sḱómedʰh₂ | — | *ǵn̥h₃sḱṓmosdʰh₂ | *ǵn̥h₃sḱóymedʰh₂ |
| 2nd plural | *ǵn̥h₃sḱédʰh₂we | *ǵn̥h₃sḱédʰh₂we | *ǵn̥h₃sḱédʰh₂we | *ǵn̥h₃sḱḗdʰh₂we | *ǵn̥h₃sḱóydʰh₂we |
| 3rd plural | *ǵn̥h₃sḱóntor | *ǵn̥h₃sḱónto | *? | *ǵn̥h₃sḱṓntor | *ǵn̥h₃sḱóyro |
| Participle | *ǵn̥h₃sḱómnos | ||||
Alternative reconstructions
- *ǵneh₃sḱéti[4]
Descendants
- Proto-Albanian: *gnāska
- Albanian: njoh
- Proto-Armenian:
- Old Armenian: ճանաչեմ (čanačʻem), ճանաչենամ (čanačʻenam) (post-Classical) (< earlier *ծանաչեմ (*canačʻem))
- Armenian: ճանաչել (čanačʻel), ճանչնալ (čančʻnal) (Western Armenian)
- Old Armenian: ճանաչեմ (čanačʻem), ճանաչենամ (čanačʻenam) (post-Classical) (< earlier *ծանաչեմ (*canačʻem))
- >? Proto-Balto-Slavic: *źinˀtei (present stem *źinˀsté-)[8] (or secondarily created in East Baltic[9])
- ⇒ Proto-Hellenic: *gignṓskō (with secondary reduplication)
- Ancient Greek: γιγνώσκω (gignṓskō)
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ȷ́naHsćáti (with secondary full-grade)
- Proto-Iranian: *jnaHscáti
- Proto-Italic: *gnōskō (see there for further descendants)
References
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 Ringe, Donald (2006), From Proto-Indo-European to Proto-Germanic (A Linguistic History of English; 1)[1], Oxford: Oxford University Press, →ISBN, page 34: “*ǵn̥h₃-sḱé/ó-”
- ^ Rix, Helmut, editor (2001), Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben [Lexicon of Indo-European Verbs] (in German), 2nd edition, Wiesbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag, →ISBN, page 169
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 De Vaan, Michiel (2008), “nōscō, -ere”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 413-414
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 Sihler, Andrew L. (1995), New Comparative Grammar of Greek and Latin, Oxford, New York: Oxford University Press, →ISBN, page 507
- ^ Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010), “γιγνώσκω”, in Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 273
- ^ Oryol, Vladimir E. (1998), “njoh”, in Albanian Etymological Dictionary, Leiden; Boston; Köln: Brill, →ISBN, page 305
- ^ Mallory, J. P., Adams, D. Q., editors (1997), “*ĝneh₃-”, in Encyclopedia of Indo-European Culture, London, Chicago: Fitzroy Dearborn Publishers, pages 336-337
- ^ Lipp, Reiner (2009), Die indogermanischen und einzelsprachlichen Palatale im Indoiranischen: Neurekonstruktion, Nuristan-Sprachen, Genese der indoarischen Retroflexe, Indoarisch von Mitanni (Indogermanische Bibliothek; 3) (in German), volume 1, Heidelberg: Winter, page 17: “idg. *ĝn̥h₃-ské- > baltoslaw. *ǰin- sčé- > *ǰin-sté- > urbalt. ǰín-sta- > lit. pa-žį́stu”
- ^ Villanueva Svensson, Miguel (2008), “Lithuanian žinóti „to know “.”, in Baltistica, volume 43.2, page 175-6 of 175-199