艱苦
See also: 艰苦
Chinese
| difficult; hard; hardship | bitter; intensely; miserable bitter; intensely; miserable; painful | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| trad. (艱苦) | 艱 | 苦 | |
| simp. (艰苦) | 艰 | 苦 | |
Pronunciation
- Mandarin
- Cantonese (Jyutping): gaan1 fu2
- Hakka
- Southern Min
- Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)+
- Hanyu Pinyin: jiānkǔ
- Zhuyin: ㄐㄧㄢ ㄎㄨˇ
- Tongyong Pinyin: jiankǔ
- Wade–Giles: chien1-kʻu3
- Yale: jyān-kǔ
- Gwoyeu Romatzyh: jiankuu
- Palladius: цзяньку (czjanʹku)
- Sinological IPA (key): /t͡ɕi̯ɛn⁵⁵ kʰu²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/
- (Standard Chinese)+
- Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)+
- Jyutping: gaan1 fu2
- Yale: gāan fú
- Cantonese Pinyin: gaan1 fu2
- Guangdong Romanization: gan1 fu2
- Sinological IPA (key): /kaːn⁵⁵ fuː³⁵/
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)+
- Hakka
- (Northern Sixian, incl. Miaoli)
- Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: kân-khú / kiên-khú
- Hakka Romanization System: ganˊ kuˋ / gienˊ kuˋ
- Hagfa Pinyim: gan1 ku3 / gian1 ku3
- Sinological IPA: /kan²⁴ kʰu³¹/, /ki̯en²⁴ kʰu³¹/
- (Southern Sixian, incl. Neipu)
- Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: kân-khú / kiân-khú
- Hakka Romanization System: ganˊ kuˋ / gianˊ kuˋ
- Hagfa Pinyim: gan1 ku3 / gian1 ku3
- Sinological IPA: /kan²⁴ kʰu³¹/, /ki̯an²⁴ kʰu³¹/
- (Hailu, incl. Zhudong)
- Hakka Romanization System: ganˋ kuˊ
- Sinological IPA: /kan⁵³ kʰu²⁴/
- (Northern Sixian, incl. Miaoli)
- Southern Min
- (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou, General Taiwanese, Philippines)
- Pe̍h-ōe-jī: kan-khó͘
- Tâi-lô: kan-khóo
- Phofsit Daibuun: kanqor
- Sinological IPA (Quanzhou, Philippines): /kan³³ kʰɔ⁵⁵⁴/
- Sinological IPA (Taipei): /kan⁴⁴⁻³³ kʰɔ⁵³/
- Sinological IPA (Kaohsiung): /kan⁴⁴⁻³³ kʰɔ⁴¹/
- Sinological IPA (Xiamen, Zhangzhou): /kan⁴⁴⁻²² kʰɔ⁵³/
- (Hokkien: Zhangzhou)
- Pe̍h-ōe-jī: kian-khó͘
- Tâi-lô: kian-khóo
- Phofsit Daibuun: kienqor
- Sinological IPA (Zhangzhou): /kiɛn⁴⁴⁻²² kʰɔ⁵³/
- (Hokkien: Penang, Philippines)
- Pe̍h-ōe-jī: khan-khó͘
- Tâi-lô: khan-khóo
- Phofsit Daibuun: qanqor
- Sinological IPA (Penang): /kʰan³³⁻²¹ kʰɔ⁴⁴⁵/
- Sinological IPA (Philippines): /kʰan³³ kʰɔ⁵⁵⁴/
- (Teochew)
- Peng'im: gang1 kou2
- Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: kang khóu
- Sinological IPA (key): /kaŋ³³⁻²³ kʰou⁵²/
- (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou, General Taiwanese, Philippines)
Adjective
艱苦
- arduous; laborious
- (Hokkien, Teochew) difficult; hard
- (Hokkien, Teochew) agonizing; hard to bear; unwell
- (Hokkien) poor; impoverished
Synonyms
- (laborious):
- 不容易 (bùróngyì)
- 勤 (qín) (literary, or in compounds)
- 困難 / 困难
- 疑難 / 疑难 (yínán)
- 硬斗 (Hokkien)
- 硬氣 / 硬气 (Quanzhou Hokkien, Xiamen Hokkien)
- 硬水 (Hokkien)
- 硬繚 / 硬缭 (Hokkien)
- 硬頭 / 硬头 (Xiamen Hokkien, Zhangzhou Hokkien)
- 良苦 (liángkǔ) (literary)
- 艱巨 / 艰巨 (jiānjù)
- 艱辛 / 艰辛 (jiānxīn)
- 艱難 / 艰难 (jiānnán)
- 苦難 / 苦难 (kǔnàn)
- 辛勞 / 辛劳 (xīnláo)
- 辛苦 (xīnkǔ)
- 難 / 难
Dialectal synonyms of 辛苦 (“laborious”) [map]
| Variety | Location | Words |
|---|---|---|
| Formal (Written Standard Chinese) | 辛苦, 累人, 吃重, 吃力 | |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Beijing | 辛苦 |
| Taiwan | 辛苦 | |
| Malaysia | 辛苦 | |
| Singapore | 辛苦 | |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou | 辛苦 |
| Hong Kong | 辛苦 | |
| Taishan | 辛苦 | |
| Dongguan | 辛苦 | |
| Kuala Lumpur (Guangfu) | 辛苦 | |
| Singapore (Guangfu) | 辛苦 | |
| Hakka | Miaoli (N. Sixian) | 辛苦 |
| Pingtung (Neipu; S. Sixian) | 辛苦 | |
| Hsinchu County (Zhudong; Hailu) | 辛苦 | |
| Taichung (Dongshi; Dabu) | 辛苦 | |
| Hsinchu County (Qionglin; Raoping) | 辛苦 | |
| Yunlin (Lunbei; Zhao'an) | 辛苦 | |
| Eastern Min | Fuzhou | 辛苦 |
| Singapore (Fuqing) | 辛苦 | |
| Southern Min | Xiamen | 艱苦 |
| Quanzhou | 艱苦 | |
| Zhangzhou | 艱苦 | |
| Penang (Hokkien) | 艱苦 | |
| Singapore (Hokkien) | 艱苦 | |
| Manila (Hokkien) | 艱苦 | |
| Shantou | 艱苦 | |
| Shantou (Chenghai) | 艱苦 | |
| Jieyang | 艱苦 | |
| Singapore (Teochew) | 艱苦 | |
| Pontianak (Teochew) | 艱苦 | |
| Wenchang | 艱苦 | |
| Singapore (Hainanese) | 艱苦 | |
| Southern Pinghua | Nanning (Tingzi) | 辛苦 |
| Wu | Shanghai | 辛苦, 衰瘏, 吃力 |
| Shanghai (Chongming) | 辛 | |
| Suzhou | 辛苦 | |
| Danyang | 吃力 | |
| Hangzhou | 吃力 | |
| Ningbo | 𢜭力, 吃力 | |
| Jinhua | 著力, 吃力 | |
Dialectal synonyms of 難 (“difficult”) [map]
- (poor):
- 厄 (literary, or in compounds)
- 困乏 (kùnfá) (formal)
- 困窘 (kùnjiǒng)
- 困窮 / 困穷 (kùnqióng)
- 困苦 (kùnkǔ)
- 困難 / 困难
- 困頓 / 困顿 (kùndùn)
- 宋凶 (Hokkien)
- 散 (Hokkien)
- 散凶 (Hokkien)
- 散赤 (Hokkien)
- 清苦 (qīngkǔ) (especially of scholars and intellectuals)
- 淡薄 (dànbó) (literary)
- 清貧 / 清贫 (qīngpín) (especially of scholars and intellectuals)
- 㾪赤 (Hokkien)
- 磽 / 硗 (Teochew)
- 䆀康 (Hokkien)
- 空乏 (kòngfá) (literary)
- 窄
- 窘促 (jiǒngcù) (literary)
- 窘困 (jiǒngkùn)
- 窘迫 (jiǒngpò)
- 窮 / 穷 (qióng)
- 窮乏 / 穷乏 (qióngfá) (literary)
- 窮困 / 穷困 (qióngkùn)
- 窮㾪 / 穷㾪 (Hokkien)
- 窮苦 / 穷苦 (qióngkǔ)
- 窮赤 / 穷赤 (Hokkien)
- 苦寒 (kǔhán)
- 貧乏 / 贫乏 (pínfá)
- 貧困 / 贫困 (pínkùn)
- 貧寒 / 贫寒 (pínhán)
- 貧瘠 / 贫瘠 (pínjí) (literary)
- 貧窮 / 贫穷 (pínqióng)
- 貧苦 / 贫苦 (pínkǔ)
Derived terms
Verb
艱苦
- (Xiamen, Quanzhou and Taiwanese Hokkien) to fall ill; to be ill
Synonyms
Dialectal synonyms of 生病 (“to fall ill; to be ill”) [map]
Descendants
Japanese
| Kanji in this term | |
|---|---|
| 艱 | 苦 |
| かん Hyōgai |
く Grade: 3 |
| on'yomi | |
Pronunciation
Noun
艱苦 • (kanku)
Verb
艱苦する • (kanku suru) suru (stem 艱苦し (kanku shi), past 艱苦した (kanku shita))
- to suffer
Conjugation
| Katsuyōkei ("stem forms") | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Mizenkei ("imperfective") | 艱苦し | かんくし | kanku shi |
| Ren’yōkei ("continuative") | 艱苦し | かんくし | kanku shi |
| Shūshikei ("terminal") | 艱苦する | かんくする | kanku suru |
| Rentaikei ("attributive") | 艱苦する | かんくする | kanku suru |
| Kateikei ("hypothetical") | 艱苦すれ | かんくすれ | kanku sure |
| Meireikei ("imperative") | 艱苦せよ¹ 艱苦しろ² |
かんくせよ¹ かんくしろ² |
kanku seyo¹ kanku shiro² |
| Key constructions | |||
| Passive | 艱苦される | かんくされる | kanku sareru |
| Causative | 艱苦させる 艱苦さす |
かんくさせる かんくさす |
kanku saseru kanku sasu |
| Potential | 艱苦できる | かんくできる | kanku dekiru |
| Volitional | 艱苦しよう | かんくしよう | kanku shiyō |
| Negative | 艱苦しない | かんくしない | kanku shinai |
| Negative continuative | 艱苦せず | かんくせず | kanku sezu |
| Formal | 艱苦します | かんくします | kanku shimasu |
| Perfective | 艱苦した | かんくした | kanku shita |
| Conjunctive | 艱苦して | かんくして | kanku shite |
| Hypothetical conditional | 艱苦すれば | かんくすれば | kanku sureba |
¹ Written imperative
² Spoken imperative
References
- ^ Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN
- ^ Yamada, Tadao et al., editors (2020), 新明解国語辞典 [Shin Meikai Kokugo Jiten] (in Japanese), Eighth edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN
Vietnamese
| chữ Hán Nôm in this term | |
|---|---|
| 艱 | 苦 |
Adjective
艱苦