貧窮

See also: 贫穷

Chinese

		poor	exhausted; poor
trad. (貧窮)		貧	窮
simp. (贫穷)		贫	穷

Pronunciation

Mandarin
(Pinyin): pínqióng

(Zhuyin): ㄆㄧㄣˊ ㄑㄩㄥˊ
Cantonese (Jyutping): pan⁴ kung⁴
Southern Min (Hokkien, POJ): pîn-kiông / pîn-kêng

Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)⁺
  - Hanyu Pinyin: pínqióng
  - Zhuyin: ㄆㄧㄣˊ ㄑㄩㄥˊ
  - Tongyong Pinyin: píncyóng
  - Wade–Giles: pʻin²-chʻiung²
  - Yale: pín-chyúng
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: pynchyong
  - Palladius: пиньцюн (pinʹcjun)
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /pʰin³⁵ t͡ɕʰi̯ʊŋ³⁵/
Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)⁺
  - Jyutping: pan⁴ kung⁴
  - Yale: pàhn kùhng
  - Cantonese Pinyin: pan⁴ kung⁴
  - Guangdong Romanization: pen⁴ kung⁴
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /pʰɐn²¹ kʰʊŋ²¹/
Southern Min
- (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: pîn-kiông
  - Tâi-lô: pîn-kiông
  - Phofsit Daibuun: pinkioong
  - Sinological IPA (Xiamen, Quanzhou): /pin²⁴⁻²² kiɔŋ²⁴/
  - Sinological IPA (Zhangzhou): /pin¹³⁻²² kiɔŋ¹³/
- (Hokkien: Quanzhou, General Taiwanese)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: pîn-kêng
  - Tâi-lô: pîn-kîng
  - Phofsit Daibuun: pinkeeng
  - Sinological IPA (Taipei): /pin²⁴⁻¹¹ kiɪŋ²⁴/
  - Sinological IPA (Quanzhou): /pin²⁴⁻²² kiɪŋ²⁴/
  - Sinological IPA (Kaohsiung): /pin²³⁻³³ kiɪŋ²³/

Middle Chinese: bin gjuwng

Rime
Character	貧	窮
Reading #	1/1	1/1
Initial (聲)	並 (3)	群 (30)
Final (韻)	眞 (44)	東 (2)
Tone (調)	Level (Ø)	Level (Ø)
Openness (開合)	Open	Open
Division (等)	III	III
Fanqie	符巾切	渠弓切
Baxter	bin	gjuwng
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/bˠiɪn/	/ɡɨuŋ/
Pan Wuyun	/bᵚin/	/ɡiuŋ/
Shao Rongfen	/bien/	/ɡiuŋ/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/bjin/	/guwŋ/
Li Rong	/bjĕn/	/ɡiuŋ/
Wang Li	/bǐĕn/	/ɡĭuŋ/
Bernhard Karlgren	/bʱi̯ĕn/	/gi̯uŋ/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	pín	qióng
Expected Cantonese Reflex	pan⁴	kung⁴

Old Chinese
(Baxter–Sagart): /*[b]rə[n] [ɡ](r)uŋ/

(Zhengzhang): /*brɯn ɡuŋ/

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	貧	窮
Reading #	1/1	1/2
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	pín	qióng
Middle Chinese	‹ bin ›	‹ gjuwng ›
Old Chinese	/*[b]rə[n]/	/*[ɡ](r)uŋ/
English	poor	poor
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. [t] as coda may in fact be -t or -p; Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	貧	窮
Reading #	1/1	1/1
No.	3140	4145
Phonetic component	分	躬
Rime group	文	終
Rime subdivision	1	0
Corresponding MC rime	貧	窮
Old Chinese	/*brɯn/	/*ɡuŋ/

Adjective

貧窮

poor; impoverished
上年我探望過一些非洲的貧窮家庭。 [MSC, trad.]
上年我探望过一些非洲的贫穷家庭。 [MSC, simp.]
Shàngnián wǒ tànwàng guò yīxiē Fēizhōu de pínqióng jiātíng. [Pinyin]
I visited some impoverished families in Africa last year.

Synonyms

Dialectal synonyms of 貧窮 (“poor; impoverished; poverty-striken”) [map]

Variety	Location	Words edit
Classical Chinese		貧, 窮
Formal (Written Standard Chinese)		窮, 貧窮, 窮困, 貧困, 赤貧, 貧乏, 貧苦, 貧寒, 苦寒
Northeastern Mandarin	Taiwan	窮, 貧窮
Northeastern Mandarin	Singapore	窮, 貧窮, 窮苦
Jiaoliao Mandarin	Yantai (Muping)	窮
Central Plains Mandarin	Luoyang	窮
	Wanrong	窮
	Xi'an	窮
Lanyin Mandarin	Yinchuan	窮
Southwestern Mandarin	Chengdu	苦寒
Jianghuai Mandarin	Nanjing	窮
Cantonese	Guangzhou	窮
	Hong Kong	窮
	Taishan	窮
Gan	Nanchang	窮
Gan	Pingxiang	窮
Hakka	Meixian	窮
Jin	Taiyuan	窮
Northern Min	Jian'ou	窮無
Eastern Min	Fuzhou	窮
Southern Min	Xiamen	宋凶, 㾪赤, 窮㾪, 窮赤, 赤窮, 赤
	Quanzhou	宋凶, 窮赤, 赤窮, 赤
	Hui'an	窮赤
	Zhangzhou	宋凶, 散, 散赤, 赤, 䆀空, 無空
	Tainan	散, 散赤, 散食, 散凶, 窮赤, 窮散, 窮苦
	Manila (Hokkien)	窮, 無錢, 宋凶
	Raoping	磽
	Shantou	窮, 磽
	Jieyang	窮, 磽
	Leizhou	窮, 蒯
Wu	Shanghai	窮
	Suzhou	窮
	Danyang	窮
	Hangzhou	窮
	Jinhua	倒灶

Antonyms

富裕 (fùyù)

Derived terms

在職貧窮 / 在职贫穷 (zàizhí pínqióng)

Descendants

Sino-Xenic (貧窮):

→ Japanese: 貧窮(ひんきゅう) (hinkyū)

Japanese

Kanji in this term
貧	窮
ひん Grade: 5	きゅう Grade: S
on'yomi

Pronunciation

(Tokyo) ひんきゅう [hìńkyúú] (Heiban – [0])
IPA^(key): [çĩŋʲkʲɨː]

Noun

貧(ひん)窮(きゅう) • (hinkyū)

extreme poverty

Verb

貧(ひん)窮(きゅう)する • (hinkyū suru) suru (stem 貧(ひん)窮(きゅう)し (hinkyū shi), past 貧(ひん)窮(きゅう)した (hinkyū shita))

to suffer extreme poverty

Conjugation

Conjugation of "貧窮する" (See Appendix:Japanese verbs)
Katsuyōkei ("stem forms")
Mizenkei ("imperfective")	貧窮し	ひんきゅうし	hinkyū shi
Ren’yōkei ("continuative")	貧窮し	ひんきゅうし	hinkyū shi
Shūshikei ("terminal")	貧窮する	ひんきゅうする	hinkyū suru
Rentaikei ("attributive")	貧窮する	ひんきゅうする	hinkyū suru
Kateikei ("hypothetical")	貧窮すれ	ひんきゅうすれ	hinkyū sure
Meireikei ("imperative")	貧窮せよ¹ 貧窮しろ²	ひんきゅうせよ¹ ひんきゅうしろ²	hinkyū seyo¹ hinkyū shiro²
Key constructions
Passive	貧窮される	ひんきゅうされる	hinkyū sareru
Causative	貧窮させる貧窮さす	ひんきゅうさせるひんきゅうさす	hinkyū saseru hinkyū sasu
Potential	貧窮できる	ひんきゅうできる	hinkyū dekiru
Volitional	貧窮しよう	ひんきゅうしよう	hinkyū shiyō
Negative	貧窮しない	ひんきゅうしない	hinkyū shinai
Negative continuative	貧窮せず	ひんきゅうせず	hinkyū sezu
Formal	貧窮します	ひんきゅうします	hinkyū shimasu
Perfective	貧窮した	ひんきゅうした	hinkyū shita
Conjunctive	貧窮して	ひんきゅうして	hinkyū shite
Hypothetical conditional	貧窮すれば	ひんきゅうすれば	hinkyū sureba

¹ Written imperative
² Spoken imperative

References

“貧窮”, in 漢字ぺディア [Kanjipedia]‎^[1] (in Japanese), The Japan Kanji Aptitude Testing Foundation, 2015–2026