困苦
Chinese
| distress; sleepy; doze off | bitter; intensely; miserable bitter; intensely; miserable; painful | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| trad. (困苦) | 困 | 苦 | |
| simp. #(困苦) | 困 | 苦 | |
Pronunciation
- Mandarin
- Cantonese (Jyutping): kwan3 fu2
- Hakka
- Puxian Min (Pouseng Ping'ing): kong4 kou3 / kuong4 kou3
- Southern Min (Hokkien, POJ): khùn-khó͘
- Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)+
- Hanyu Pinyin: kùnkǔ
- Zhuyin: ㄎㄨㄣˋ ㄎㄨˇ
- Tongyong Pinyin: kùnkǔ
- Wade–Giles: kʻun4-kʻu3
- Yale: kwùn-kǔ
- Gwoyeu Romatzyh: kuennkuu
- Palladius: куньку (kunʹku)
- Sinological IPA (key): /kʰu̯ən⁵¹ kʰu²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/
- (Standard Chinese)+
- Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)+
- Jyutping: kwan3 fu2
- Yale: kwan fú
- Cantonese Pinyin: kwan3 fu2
- Guangdong Romanization: kuen3 fu2
- Sinological IPA (key): /kʷʰɐn³³ fuː³⁵/
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)+
- Hakka
- (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
- Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: khun-khú
- Hakka Romanization System: kun kuˋ
- Hagfa Pinyim: kun4 ku3
- Sinological IPA: /kʰun⁵⁵ kʰu³¹/
- (Hailu, incl. Zhudong)
- Hakka Romanization System: kunˇ kuˊ
- Sinological IPA: /kʰun¹¹ kʰu²⁴/
- (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
- Puxian Min
- (Putian)
- Pouseng Ping'ing: kong4 kou3 [Phonetic: kong1 kou3]
- Báⁿ-uā-ci̍: keo̍ng-kô
- Sinological IPA (key): /kʰɔŋ⁴²⁻⁵⁵ kʰɔu⁴⁵³/
- (Xianyou)
- Pouseng Ping'ing: kuong4 kou3 [Phonetic: kuong1 kou3]
- Sinological IPA (key): /kʰuoŋ⁴²⁻⁵⁵ kʰɔu³³²/
- (Putian)
- Southern Min
- (Hokkien)
- Pe̍h-ōe-jī: khùn-khó͘
- Tâi-lô: khùn-khóo
- Phofsit Daibuun: quonqor
- Sinological IPA (Xiamen): /kʰun²¹⁻⁵³ kʰɔ⁵³/
- Sinological IPA (Quanzhou): /kʰun⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ kʰɔ⁵⁵⁴/
- Sinological IPA (Zhangzhou): /kʰun²¹⁻⁵³ kʰɔ⁵³/
- Sinological IPA (Taipei): /kʰun¹¹⁻⁵³ kʰɔ⁵³/
- Sinological IPA (Kaohsiung): /kʰun²¹⁻⁴¹ kʰɔ⁴¹/
- (Hokkien)
Adjective
困苦
Synonyms
- 厄 (literary, or in compounds)
- 困乏 (kùnfá) (formal)
- 困窘 (kùnjiǒng)
- 困窮 / 困穷 (kùnqióng)
- 困難 / 困难
- 困頓 / 困顿 (kùndùn)
- 宋凶 (Hokkien)
- 散 (Hokkien)
- 散凶 (Hokkien)
- 散赤 (Hokkien)
- 清苦 (qīngkǔ) (especially of scholars and intellectuals)
- 淡薄 (dànbó) (literary)
- 清貧 / 清贫 (qīngpín) (especially of scholars and intellectuals)
- 㾪赤 (Hokkien)
- 磽 / 硗 (Teochew)
- 䆀康 (Hokkien)
- 空乏 (kòngfá) (literary)
- 窄
- 窘促 (jiǒngcù) (literary)
- 窘困 (jiǒngkùn)
- 窘迫 (jiǒngpò)
- 窮 / 穷 (qióng)
- 窮乏 / 穷乏 (qióngfá) (literary)
- 窮困 / 穷困 (qióngkùn)
- 窮㾪 / 穷㾪 (Hokkien)
- 窮苦 / 穷苦 (qióngkǔ)
- 窮赤 / 穷赤 (Hokkien)
- 艱苦 / 艰苦 (Hokkien)
- 苦寒 (kǔhán)
- 貧乏 / 贫乏 (pínfá)
- 貧困 / 贫困 (pínkùn)
- 貧寒 / 贫寒 (pínhán)
- 貧瘠 / 贫瘠 (pínjí) (literary)
- 貧窮 / 贫穷 (pínqióng)
- 貧苦 / 贫苦 (pínkǔ)
Noun
困苦
Synonyms
Derived terms
Descendants
Japanese
| Kanji in this term | |
|---|---|
| 困 | 苦 |
| こん Grade: 6 |
く Grade: 3 |
| on'yomi | |
Pronunciation
Noun
困苦 • (konku) ←こんく (konku)?
Verb
困苦する • (konku suru) ←こんく (konku)?suru (stem 困苦し (konku shi), past 困苦した (konku shita))
- to suffer
Conjugation
| Katsuyōkei ("stem forms") | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Mizenkei ("imperfective") | 困苦し | こんくし | konku shi |
| Ren’yōkei ("continuative") | 困苦し | こんくし | konku shi |
| Shūshikei ("terminal") | 困苦する | こんくする | konku suru |
| Rentaikei ("attributive") | 困苦する | こんくする | konku suru |
| Kateikei ("hypothetical") | 困苦すれ | こんくすれ | konku sure |
| Meireikei ("imperative") | 困苦せよ¹ 困苦しろ² |
こんくせよ¹ こんくしろ² |
konku seyo¹ konku shiro² |
| Key constructions | |||
| Passive | 困苦される | こんくされる | konku sareru |
| Causative | 困苦させる 困苦さす |
こんくさせる こんくさす |
konku saseru konku sasu |
| Potential | 困苦できる | こんくできる | konku dekiru |
| Volitional | 困苦しよう | こんくしよう | konku shiyō |
| Negative | 困苦しない | こんくしない | konku shinai |
| Negative continuative | 困苦せず | こんくせず | konku sezu |
| Formal | 困苦します | こんくします | konku shimasu |
| Perfective | 困苦した | こんくした | konku shita |
| Conjunctive | 困苦して | こんくして | konku shite |
| Hypothetical conditional | 困苦すれば | こんくすれば | konku sureba |
¹ Written imperative
² Spoken imperative
References
- “困苦”, in 漢字ぺディア [Kanjipedia][1] (in Japanese), The Japan Kanji Aptitude Testing Foundation, 2015–2026