肯定

Chinese

		to agree; to consent; to be ready (to do something) to agree; to consent; to be ready (to do something); willing	to set; to fix; to determine to set; to fix; to determine; to decide; to stabilize; to order
trad. (肯定)		肯	定
simp. ^#(肯定)		肯	定

Pronunciation

Mandarin
(Pinyin): kěndìng

(Zhuyin): ㄎㄣˇ ㄉㄧㄥˋ
Cantonese (Jyutping): hang² ding⁶
Hakka
(Sixian, PFS): khién-thin

(Hailu, HRS): kien^ˊ tin^˖
Jin (Wiktionary): keng² ding³
Southern Min
(Hokkien, POJ): khéng-tēng / khńg-tēng / khún-tēng

(Teochew, Peng'im): kêng² dian⁷

Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)⁺
  - Hanyu Pinyin: kěndìng
  - Zhuyin: ㄎㄣˇ ㄉㄧㄥˋ
  - Tongyong Pinyin: kěndìng
  - Wade–Giles: kʻên³-ting⁴
  - Yale: kěn-dìng
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: keendinq
  - Palladius: кэньдин (kɛnʹdin)
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /kʰən²¹⁴⁻²¹ tiŋ⁵¹/
Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)⁺
  - Jyutping: hang² ding⁶
  - Yale: háng dihng
  - Cantonese Pinyin: hang² ding⁶
  - Guangdong Romanization: heng² ding⁶
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /hɐŋ³⁵ tɪŋ²²/
Hakka
- (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
  - Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: khién-thin
  - Hakka Romanization System: kien^ˋ tin
  - Hagfa Pinyim: kian³ tin⁴
  - Sinological IPA: /kʰi̯en³¹ tʰin⁵⁵/
- (Hailu, incl. Zhudong)
  - Hakka Romanization System: kien^ˊ tin^˖
  - Sinological IPA: /kʰien²⁴⁻³³ tʰin³³/
Jin
- (Taiyuan)⁺
  - Wiktionary: keng² ding³
  - Sinological IPA (old-style): /kʰəŋ⁵³ tiŋ⁴⁵/
Southern Min
- (Hokkien: Xiamen, Zhangzhou, General Taiwanese)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: khéng-tēng
  - Tâi-lô: khíng-tīng
  - Phofsit Daibuun: qefngdeng
  - Sinological IPA (Taipei): /kʰiɪŋ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ tiɪŋ³³/
  - Sinological IPA (Xiamen, Zhangzhou): /kʰiɪŋ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ tiɪŋ²²/
  - Sinological IPA (Kaohsiung): /kʰiɪŋ⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ tiɪŋ³³/
- (Hokkien: Quanzhou)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: khńg-tēng
  - Tâi-lô: khńg-tīng
  - Phofsit Daibuun: qngfdeng
  - Sinological IPA (Quanzhou): /kʰŋ̍⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ tiɪŋ⁴¹/
- (Hokkien: variant in Taiwan)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: khún-tēng
  - Tâi-lô: khún-tīng
  - Phofsit Daibuun: qwndeng
  - Sinological IPA (Taipei): /kʰun⁵³⁻⁴⁴ tiɪŋ³³/
  - Sinological IPA (Kaohsiung): /kʰun⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ tiɪŋ³³/
- (Teochew)
  - Peng'im: kêng² dian⁷
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: khéng tiāⁿ
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /kʰeŋ⁵²⁻³⁵ tĩã¹¹/

Adjective

肯定

(attributive) certain; affirmative; positive
fixed; certain; sure

Synonyms

(certain): 正面 (zhèngmiàn)
(fixed): 固定 (gùdìng), 確定／确定 (quèdìng), 一定 (yīdìng)

Adverb

肯定

surely; definitely; must be
一路走來肯定不容易。 [MSC, trad.]
一路走来肯定不容易。 [MSC, simp.]
Yīlù zǒu lái kěndìng bùróngyì. [Pinyin]
The journey must have been difficult.

我們肯定是沒有錢做什麼廣告了。 [MSC, trad.]
我们肯定是没有钱做什么广告了。 [MSC, simp.]
Wǒmen kěndìng shì méiyǒu qián zuò shénme guǎnggào le. [Pinyin]
We definitely wouldn't have money for advertising.

Synonyms

edit

一定 (yīdìng)
保準 / 保准 (bǎozhǔn) (colloquial)
保管 (bǎoguǎn)
保險 / 保险 (bǎoxiǎn) (dialectal)
勢必 / 势必 (shìbì)
定必 (ding⁶ bit¹) (Cantonese)
局 (Zhangzhou Hokkien)
必定 (bìdìng)
必然 (bìrán)
決計 / 决计 (juéjì)
準保 / 准保 (zhǔnbǎo)
準定 / 准定 (zhǔndìng)
無疑 / 无疑 (wúyí)
硬額 / 硬额 (Quanzhou Hokkien)

Verb

肯定

to approve; to confirm; to affirm
- 2013, “歹逗陣”, in 潘協慶 [Tom Pan] (lyrics), 陳子鴻 [Eric Chen] (music), 遠走高飛‎^[2], performed by 江蕙 [Jody Chiang] and 陳嘉樺 [Ella Chen]:
  
  等別人來肯定　不如一個人卡清靜 [Taiwanese Hokkien, trad.]
  等别人来肯定　不如一个人卡清静 [Taiwanese Hokkien, simp.]
  tán pa̍t-lâng lâi khún-tēng, put-lû chi̍t ê lâng khah chheng-chēng [Pe̍h-ōe-jī]
  Waiting for others' affirmation is not as good as being in the traquility of being alone
to be certain

Antonyms

(antonym(s) of “to confirm”): 否定 (fǒudìng)

Noun

肯定

approval; validation; affirmation

Derived terms

性別肯定手術 / 性别肯定手术 (xìngbié kěndìng shǒushù)
肯定命題 / 肯定命题
肯定性
自我肯定

Related terms

當然／当然 (dāngrán)
確定／确定 (quèdìng)
一定 (yīdìng)

Japanese

Kanji in this term
肯	定
こう Grade: S	てい Grade: 3
on'yomi

Pronunciation

(Tokyo) こーてー [kòótéé] (Heiban – [0])^[1]^[2]^[3]^[4]
IPA^(key): [ko̞ːte̞ː]

Noun

肯(こう)定(てい) • (kōtei)

affirmation
Antonym: 否定 (hitei)

Derived terms

肯定的(こうていてき) (kōteiteki)

Verb

肯(こう)定(てい)する • (kōtei suru) suru (stem 肯(こう)定(てい)し (kōtei shi), past 肯(こう)定(てい)した (kōtei shita))

affirm, answer yes

Conjugation

Conjugation of "肯定する" (See Appendix:Japanese verbs)
Katsuyōkei ("stem forms")
Mizenkei ("imperfective")	肯定し	こうていし	kōtei shi
Ren’yōkei ("continuative")	肯定し	こうていし	kōtei shi
Shūshikei ("terminal")	肯定する	こうていする	kōtei suru
Rentaikei ("attributive")	肯定する	こうていする	kōtei suru
Kateikei ("hypothetical")	肯定すれ	こうていすれ	kōtei sure
Meireikei ("imperative")	肯定せよ¹ 肯定しろ²	こうていせよ¹ こうていしろ²	kōtei seyo¹ kōtei shiro²
Key constructions
Passive	肯定される	こうていされる	kōtei sareru
Causative	肯定させる肯定さす	こうていさせるこうていさす	kōtei saseru kōtei sasu
Potential	肯定できる	こうていできる	kōtei dekiru
Volitional	肯定しよう	こうていしよう	kōtei shiyō
Negative	肯定しない	こうていしない	kōtei shinai
Negative continuative	肯定せず	こうていせず	kōtei sezu
Formal	肯定します	こうていします	kōtei shimasu
Perfective	肯定した	こうていした	kōtei shita
Conjunctive	肯定して	こうていして	kōtei shite
Hypothetical conditional	肯定すれば	こうていすれば	kōtei sureba

¹ Written imperative
² Spoken imperative

Antonyms

否(ひ)定(てい)する (hitei suru)

References

^ Yamada, Tadao et al., editors (2011), 新明解国語辞典 [Shin Meikai Kokugo Jiten] (in Japanese), Seventh edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN
^ Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN
^ NHK Broadcasting Culture Research Institute, editor (1998), NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 [NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary] (in Japanese), Tokyo: NHK Publishing, Inc., →ISBN
^ “肯定”, in 日本国語大辞典 [Nihon Kokugo Daijiten]‎^[1] (in Japanese), 2nd edition, Tokyo: Shogakukan, 2000-2002, released online 2007, →ISBN, concise edition entry available here

“肯定”, in 漢字ぺディア [Kanjipedia]‎^[3] (in Japanese), The Japan Kanji Aptitude Testing Foundation, 2015–2026

Korean

Hanja in this term
肯	定

Noun

肯定 • (geungjeong) (hangeul 긍정)

hanja form^? of 긍정 (“affirmation”)

Vietnamese

chữ Hán Nôm in this term
肯	定

Verb

肯定

chữ Hán form of khẳng định (“to affirm”)

[SMK7-1] Yamada, Tadao et al., editors (2011), 新明解国語辞典 [Shin Meikai Kokugo Jiten] (in Japanese), Seventh edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN

[DJR-2] Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN

[NHK-3] NHK Broadcasting Culture Research Institute, editor (1998), NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 [NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary] (in Japanese), Tokyo: NHK Publishing, Inc., →ISBN

[NKD2-4] “肯定”, in 日本国語大辞典 [Nihon Kokugo Daijiten]‎^[1] (in Japanese), 2nd edition, Tokyo: Shogakukan, 2000-2002, released online 2007, →ISBN, concise edition entry available here

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