留守

Chinese

		leave (message); to retain; to stay leave (message); to retain; to stay; to remain; to keep; to preserve	to guard
simp. and trad. (留守)		留	守

Pronunciation

Mandarin
(Pinyin): liúshǒu

(Zhuyin): ㄌㄧㄡˊ ㄕㄡˇ
Cantonese (Jyutping): lau⁴ sau²
Southern Min (Hokkien, POJ): liû-siú

Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)⁺
  - Hanyu Pinyin: liúshǒu
  - Zhuyin: ㄌㄧㄡˊ ㄕㄡˇ
  - Tongyong Pinyin: lióushǒu
  - Wade–Giles: liu²-shou³
  - Yale: lyóu-shǒu
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: lioushoou
  - Palladius: люшоу (ljušou)
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /li̯oʊ̯³⁵ ʂoʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/
Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)⁺
  - Jyutping: lau⁴ sau²
  - Yale: làuh sáu
  - Cantonese Pinyin: lau⁴ sau²
  - Guangdong Romanization: leo⁴ seo²
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /lɐu̯²¹ sɐu̯³⁵/
Southern Min
- (Hokkien)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: liû-siú
  - Tâi-lô: liû-siú
  - Phofsit Daibuun: liusiuo
  - Sinological IPA (Xiamen): /liu²⁴⁻²² siu⁵³/
  - Sinological IPA (Quanzhou): /liu²⁴⁻²² siu⁵⁵⁴/
  - Sinological IPA (Zhangzhou): /liu¹³⁻²² siu⁵³/
  - Sinological IPA (Taipei): /liu²⁴⁻¹¹ siu⁵³/
  - Sinological IPA (Kaohsiung): /liu²³⁻³³ siu⁴¹/

Middle Chinese: ljuw syuwX

Rime
Character	留	守
Reading #	1/2	1/2
Initial (聲)	來 (37)	書 (26)
Final (韻)	尤 (136)	尤 (136)
Tone (調)	Level (Ø)	Rising (X)
Openness (開合)	Open	Open
Division (等)	III	III
Fanqie	力求切	書九切
Baxter	ljuw	syuwX
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/lɨu/	/ɕɨu^X/
Pan Wuyun	/liu/	/ɕiu^X/
Shao Rongfen	/liəu/	/ɕiəu^X/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/luw/	/ɕuw^X/
Li Rong	/liu/	/ɕiu^X/
Wang Li	/lĭəu/	/ɕĭəu^X/
Bernhard Karlgren	/li̯ə̯u/	/ɕi̯ə̯u^X/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	liú	shǒu
Expected Cantonese Reflex	lau⁴	sau²

Old Chinese
(Baxter–Sagart): /*C.ru s-tuʔ/

(Zhengzhang): /*m·ru qʰljuʔ/

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	留	守
Reading #	1/1	1/2
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	liú	shǒu
Middle Chinese	‹ ljuw ›	‹ syuw^X ›
Old Chinese	/*C.ru/	/*s-tuʔ/
English	stay, remain	keep, guard
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. [t] as coda may in fact be -t or -p; Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	留	守
Reading #	1/2	1/2
No.	8882	11666
Phonetic component	卯	守
Rime group	幽	幽
Rime subdivision	1	1
Corresponding MC rime	劉	首
Old Chinese	/*m·ru/	/*qʰljuʔ/
Notes	說文丣聲誤，金文實卯聲	從宀從寸象掌守護家業之事，或許肘亦聲

Verb

留守

(historical) to act as the monarch during his absence from the capital
- 呂后年長，常留守，希見上，益疏。 [Classical Chinese, trad.]
  吕后年长，常留守，希见上，益疏。 [Classical Chinese, simp.]
  From: The Records of the Grand Historian, by Sima Qian, c. 91 BCE
  Lǚhòu niánzhǎng, cháng liúshǒu, xī jiàn shàng, yì shū. [Pinyin]
  As Empress Lü grew old, she often presided for the Emperor as he toured the country, but she was seldom with him, and their intimacy waned day by day.
to stay behind; to remain for military duty while the main forces depart
to be left behind
留守兒童／留守儿童 ― liúshǒu értóng ― left-behind children
- 鍾儀君子，入就南冠之囚；季孫行人，留守西河之館。 [Classical Chinese, trad.]
  钟仪君子，入就南冠之囚；季孙行人，留守西河之馆。 [Classical Chinese, simp.]
  From: c. 578, Yu Xin (庾信), The Lament for the South (《哀江南賦》)
  Zhōng Yí jūnzǐ, rùjiù nánguān zhī qiú; Jìsūn xíngrén, liúshǒu xīhé zhī guǎn. [Pinyin]
  A junzi like Zhong Yi, I too in captivity remained firm;
  A mere officer, I was left behind as others went back.

Derived terms

留守兒童 / 留守儿童 (liúshǒu értóng)

Japanese

Kanji in this term
留	守
る Grade: 5	す Grade: 3
goon

Pronunciation

(Tokyo) るす [rúꜜsù] (Atamadaka – [1])^[1]^[2]^[3]
IPA^(key): [ɾɯ̟sɨ]

Noun

留(る)守(す) • (rusu)

absence
- 1964, Abe Tomoji, “Warai to hangeki [Counter-attack with laughter]”, in Shinchō, volume 61, page 14:
  
  妻(つま)は彼(かれ)の留(る)守(す)に信(のぶ)貴(たか)から電(でん)話(わ)がかかってきた
  tsuma wa kare no rusu ni Nobutaka kara denwa ga kakatte-kita
  His wife received a phone call from Nobutaka during his absence

Derived terms

居(い)留(る)守(す) (irusu): pretending to be absent from home
御(お)留(る)守(す) (o-rusu)
神(かみ)の留(る)守(す) (kami no rusu)
留(る)守(す)居(い) (rusui)
留(る)守(す)中(ちゅう) (rusuchū)
留(る)守(す)勝(が)ち (rusugachi)
留(る)守(す)神(がみ) (rusugami)
留(る)守(す)宅(たく) (rusutaku)
留(る)守(す)所(どころ) (rusudokoro)
留(る)守(す)番(ばん) (rusuban)
留(る)守(す)録(ろく) (rusuroku)
留(る)守(す)を預(あず)かる (rusu o azukaru)
留(る)守(す)を使(つか)う (rusu o tsukau)

Proper noun

留(る)守(す) • (Rusu)

a surname

Verb

留(る)守(す)する • (rusu suru) intransitive suru (stem 留(る)守(す)し (rusu shi), past 留(る)守(す)した (rusu shita))

be absent, be out

Conjugation

Conjugation of "留守する" (See Appendix:Japanese verbs)
Katsuyōkei ("stem forms")
Mizenkei ("imperfective")	留守し	るすし	rusu shi
Ren’yōkei ("continuative")	留守し	るすし	rusu shi
Shūshikei ("terminal")	留守する	るすする	rusu suru
Rentaikei ("attributive")	留守する	るすする	rusu suru
Kateikei ("hypothetical")	留守すれ	るすすれ	rusu sure
Meireikei ("imperative")	留守せよ¹ 留守しろ²	るすせよ¹ るすしろ²	rusu seyo¹ rusu shiro²
Key constructions
Passive	留守される	るすされる	rusu sareru
Causative	留守させる留守さす	るすさせるるすさす	rusu saseru rusu sasu
Potential	留守できる	るすできる	rusu dekiru
Volitional	留守しよう	るすしよう	rusu shiyō
Negative	留守しない	るすしない	rusu shinai
Negative continuative	留守せず	るすせず	rusu sezu
Formal	留守します	るすします	rusu shimasu
Perfective	留守した	るすした	rusu shita
Conjunctive	留守して	るすして	rusu shite
Hypothetical conditional	留守すれば	るすすれば	rusu sureba

¹ Written imperative
² Spoken imperative

References

^ Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN
^ NHK Broadcasting Culture Research Institute, editor (1998), NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 [NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary] (in Japanese), Tokyo: NHK Publishing, Inc., →ISBN
^ Kindaichi, Kyōsuke et al., editors (1997), 新明解国語辞典 [Shin Meikai Kokugo Jiten] (in Japanese), Fifth edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN

“留守”, in 漢字ぺディア [Kanjipedia]‎^[1] (in Japanese), The Japan Kanji Aptitude Testing Foundation, 2015–2026

Korean

Hanja in this term
留	守

Noun

留守 • (yusu) (hangeul 유수)

hanja form^? of 유수