永久

Chinese

		forever; always; perpetual(ly)	(long) time; (long) duration of time
simp. and trad. (永久)		永	久

Pronunciation

Mandarin
(Pinyin): yǒngjiǔ

(Zhuyin): ㄩㄥˇ ㄐㄧㄡˇ
Cantonese (Jyutping): wing⁵ gau²
Hakka
(Sixian, PFS): yún-kiú

(Hailu, HRS): rhun^ˊ giu^ˊ
Southern Min (Hokkien, POJ): éng-kiú / éng-kú

Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)⁺
  - Hanyu Pinyin: yǒngjiǔ [Phonetic: yóngjiǔ]
  - Zhuyin: ㄩㄥˇ ㄐㄧㄡˇ
  - Tongyong Pinyin: yǒngjiǒu
  - Wade–Giles: yung³-chiu³
  - Yale: yǔng-jyǒu
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: yeongjeou
  - Palladius: юнцзю (junczju)
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /jʊŋ²¹⁴⁻³⁵ t͡ɕi̯oʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/
Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)⁺
  - Jyutping: wing⁵ gau²
  - Yale: wíhng gáu
  - Cantonese Pinyin: wing⁵ gau²
  - Guangdong Romanization: wing⁵ geo²
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /wɪŋ¹³ kɐu̯³⁵/
Hakka
- (Northern Sixian, incl. Miaoli)
  - Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: yún-kiú
  - Hakka Romanization System: iun^ˋ giu^ˋ
  - Hagfa Pinyim: yun³ giu³
  - Sinological IPA: /i̯un³¹ ki̯u³¹/
- (Southern Sixian, incl. Neipu)
  - Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: yún-kiú
  - Hakka Romanization System: (r)iun^ˋ giu^ˋ
  - Hagfa Pinyim: yun³ giu³
  - Sinological IPA: /(j)i̯un³¹ ki̯u³¹/
- (Hailu, incl. Zhudong)
  - Hakka Romanization System: rhun^ˊ giu^ˊ
  - Sinological IPA: /ʒun²⁴⁻³³ kiu²⁴/
Southern Min
- (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou, General Taiwanese)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: éng-kiú
  - Tâi-lô: íng-kiú
  - Phofsit Daibuun: efngkiuo
  - Sinological IPA (Kaohsiung): /iɪŋ⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ kiu⁴¹/
  - Sinological IPA (Xiamen, Zhangzhou, Taipei): /iɪŋ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ kiu⁵³/
  - Sinological IPA (Quanzhou): /iɪŋ⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ kiu⁵⁵⁴/
- (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: éng-kú
  - Tâi-lô: íng-kú
  - Phofsit Daibuun: efngkuo
  - Sinological IPA (Quanzhou): /iɪŋ⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ ku⁵⁵⁴/
  - Sinological IPA (Xiamen, Zhangzhou): /iɪŋ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ ku⁵³/

Middle Chinese: hjwaengX kjuwX

Rime
Character	永	久
Reading #	1/1	1/1
Initial (聲)	云 (35)	見 (28)
Final (韻)	庚 (112)	尤 (136)
Tone (調)	Rising (X)	Rising (X)
Openness (開合)	Closed	Open
Division (等)	III	III
Fanqie	于憬切	舉有切
Baxter	hjwaengX	kjuwX
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/ɦˠwiæŋ^X/	/kɨu^X/
Pan Wuyun	/ɦʷᵚiaŋ^X/	/kiu^X/
Shao Rongfen	/ɣiuaŋ^X/	/kiəu^X/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/ɦwiajŋ^X/	/kuw^X/
Li Rong	/ɣiuɐŋ^X/	/kiu^X/
Wang Li	/ɣĭwɐŋ^X/	/kĭəu^X/
Bernhard Karlgren	/i̯wɐŋ^X/	/ki̯ə̯u^X/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	yǒng	jiǔ
Expected Cantonese Reflex	wing⁵	gau²

Old Chinese
(Baxter–Sagart): /*[ɢ]ʷraŋʔ [k]ʷəʔ/

(Zhengzhang): /*ɢʷraŋʔ kʷlɯʔ/

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	永	久
Reading #	1/1	1/1
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	yǒng	jiǔ
Middle Chinese	‹ hjwæng^X ›	‹ kjuw^X ›
Old Chinese	/*[ɢ]ʷraŋʔ/	/*[k]ʷəʔ/
English	long (time)	a long time
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. [t] as coda may in fact be -t or -p; Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	永	久
Reading #	1/1	1/1
No.	15423	6969
Phonetic component	永	久
Rime group	陽	之
Rime subdivision	0	0
Corresponding MC rime	永	久
Old Chinese	/*ɢʷraŋʔ/	/*kʷlɯʔ/

Adjective

永久

permanent; long-lasting; eternal

Synonyms

edit

久遠 / 久远 (jiǔyuǎn)
久長 / 久长 (jiǔcháng) (literary or Hakka, Min)
延延 (yányán) (literary)
延長 / 延长 (yáncháng) (literary)
彌遠 / 弥远 (míyuǎn) (literary)
恆久 / 恒久 (héngjiǔ)
悠久 (yōujiǔ)
悠長 / 悠长 (yōucháng)
曠世 / 旷世 (kuàngshì) (literary)
永恆 / 永恒 (yǒnghéng)
漫長 / 漫长 (màncháng)
終古 / 终古 (zhōnggǔ) (literary)
迢迢 (tiáotiáo) (literary)
長久 / 长久 (chángjiǔ)
長遠 / 长远 (chángyuǎn)

Antonyms

短暫／短暂 (duǎnzàn)
臨時／临时 (línshí)
暫時／暂时 (zànshí)

Derived terms

永久凍土 / 永久冻土 (yǒngjiǔ dòngtǔ)
永久居民 (yǒngjiǔ jūmín)
永久居留權 / 永久居留权 (yǒngjiǔ jūliúquán)
永久性 (yǒngjiǔxìng)
永久產權 / 永久产权 (yǒngjiǔ chǎnquán)

Descendants

Sino-Xenic (永久):

→ Japanese: 永久(えいきゅう) (eikyū)
→ Korean: 영구(永久) (yeonggu)
→ Vietnamese: vĩnh cửu (永久)

Japanese

Etymology 1

Kanji in this term
永	久
えい Grade: 5	きゅう Grade: 5
on'yomi

Pronunciation

(Tokyo) えーきゅう [èékyúú] (Heiban – [0])
IPA^(key): [e̞ːkʲɨː]

Adjective

永(えい)久(きゅう) • (eikyū) ^{←えいきう (eikiu)^?}-na (adnominal 永(えい)久(きゅう)な (eikyū na), adverbial 永(えい)久(きゅう)に (eikyū ni))

eternal

Inflection

Inflection of 永久
Stem forms
Imperfective (未然形)	永久だろ	えいきゅうだろ	eikyū daro
Continuative (連用形)	永久で	えいきゅうで	eikyū de
Terminal (終止形)	永久だ	えいきゅうだ	eikyū da
Attributive (連体形)	永久な	えいきゅうな	eikyū na
Hypothetical (仮定形)	永久なら	えいきゅうなら	eikyū nara
Imperative (命令形)	永久であれ	えいきゅうであれ	eikyū de are
Key constructions
Informal negative	永久ではない永久じゃない	えいきゅうではないえいきゅうじゃない	eikyū de wa nai eikyū ja nai
Informal past	永久だった	えいきゅうだった	eikyū datta
Informal negative past	永久ではなかった永久じゃなかった	えいきゅうではなかったえいきゅうじゃなかった	eikyū de wa nakatta eikyū ja nakatta
Formal	永久です	えいきゅうです	eikyū desu
Formal negative	永久ではありません永久じゃありません	えいきゅうではありませんえいきゅうじゃありません	eikyū de wa arimasen eikyū ja arimasen
Formal past	永久でした	えいきゅうでした	eikyū deshita
Formal negative past	永久ではありませんでした永久じゃありませんでした	えいきゅうではありませんでしたえいきゅうじゃありませんでした	eikyū de wa arimasen deshita eikyū ja arimasen deshita
Conjunctive	永久で	えいきゅうで	eikyū de
Conditional	永久なら（ば）	えいきゅうなら（ば）	eikyū nara (ba)
Provisional	永久だったら	えいきゅうだったら	eikyū dattara
Volitional	永久だろう	えいきゅうだろう	eikyū darō
Adverbial	永久に	えいきゅうに	eikyū ni
Degree	永久さ	えいきゅうさ	eikyūsa

Noun

永(えい)久(きゅう) • (eikyū) ^{←えいきう (eikiu)^?}

permanence; continuing forever; being timeless; being eternally unchanging; eternity

Synonyms

永遠(えいえん) (eien)

Proper noun

永(えい)久(きゅう) • (Eikyū) ^{←えいきう (Eikiu)^?}

the Eikyū era, 1113–1118

Etymology 2

Kanji in this term
永	久
とわ
Grade: 5	Grade: 5
jukujikun

For pronunciation and definitions of 永久 – see the following entry.

【とわ】	[adjective] constant, permanent, everlasting [noun] eternity [noun] constancy, permanence, everlastingness Alternative spellings 永遠, 常

(This term, 永久, is an alternative spelling of the above term.)

Etymology 3

Kanji in this term
永	久
とこしえ
Grade: 5	Grade: 5
jukujikun

For pronunciation and definitions of 永久 – see the following entry.

【とこしえ】

[adjective] eternal, permanent

[noun] eternity, permanence

Alternative spellings
常しえ, 長しえ, 永久しえ

(This term, 永久, is an alternative spelling of the above term.)

Etymology 4

Kanji in this term
永	久
とこしなえ
Grade: 5	Grade: 5
jukujikun

For pronunciation and definitions of 永久 – see the following entry.

【とこしなえ】

[adjective] the way in which something continues unchanged for a long period of time; eternal, everlasting

[noun] This term needs a translation to English.

Alternative spellings
常しなえ, 長しなえ

(This term, 永久, is an alternative spelling of the above term.)

Etymology 5

Kanji in this term
永	久
とことわ
Grade: 5	Grade: 5
jukujikun

For pronunciation and definitions of 永久 – see the following entry.

【常とことわ】5

[adjective] (archaic, rare) permanent, eternal

[adjective] (archaic, rare) usual, ordinary

[noun] (archaic, rare) permanence, eternity

Alternative spellings
常とわ, 恒とわ

(This term, 永久, is an alternative spelling (rare) of the above term.)

References

“〈永久〉”, in 漢字ぺディア [Kanjipedia]‎^[1] (in Japanese), The Japan Kanji Aptitude Testing Foundation, 2015–2026

Korean

Hanja in this term
永	久

Noun

永久 • (yeonggu) (hangeul 영구)

hanja form^? of 영구

Vietnamese

chữ Hán Nôm in this term
永	久

Adjective

永久

chữ Hán form of vĩnh cửu (“everlasting”)

Chinese

Pronunciation

Adjective

Synonyms

Antonyms

Derived terms

Descendants

Japanese

Etymology 1

Pronunciation

Adjective

Inflection

Noun

Synonyms

Proper noun

See also

Etymology 2

Etymology 3

Etymology 4

Etymology 5

References

Korean

Noun

Vietnamese

Adjective