悩む

Japanese

Kanji in this term
悩
なや
Grade: S
kun'yomi
Alternative spelling
惱む (kyūjitai)

Etymology

From Old Japanese. Appears in the Man'yōshū completed in 759 CE.[1][2]

May be derived from 萎える (naeru, “to weaken; to wither; to bend; to become limp; to become listless”),[1] from the classical form 萎ゆ (nayu) in the irrealis verb stem naya- + suppositional suffix む (mu).

Pronunciation

  • Tokyo pitch accent of conjugated forms of 悩む
Plain 悩む なやむ [nàyáꜜmù]
Conjunctive 悩んで なやんで [nàyáꜜǹdè]
Perfective 悩んだ なやんだ [nàyáꜜǹdà]
Negative 悩まない なやまない [nàyámáꜜnàì]
Negative perfective 悩まなかった なやまなかった [nàyámáꜜnàkàttà]
Hypothetical conditional 悩めば なやめば [nàyáꜜmèbà]
Past conditional 悩んだら なやんだら [nàyáꜜǹdàrà]
Imperative 悩め なやめ [nàyáꜜmè]
Volitional 悩もう なやもー [nàyámóꜜò]
Desiderative 悩みたい なやみたい [nàyámítáꜜì]
Formal 悩みます なやみます [nàyámímáꜜsù]
Formal negative 悩みません なやみません [nàyámímáséꜜǹ]
Formal volitional 悩みましょう なやみましょー [nàyámímáshóꜜò]
Formal perfective 悩みました なやみました [nàyámímáꜜshìtà]
Continuative 悩み
悩みに 		なやみ
なやみに 		[nàyáꜜmì]
[nàyáꜜmì nì]
Negative continuative 悩まず
悩まずに 		なやまず
なやまずに 		[nàyámáꜜzù]
[nàyámáꜜzù nì]
Passive 悩まれる なやまれる [nàyámáréꜜrù]
Causative 悩ませる
悩ます 		なやませる
なやます 		[nàyámáséꜜrù]
[nàyámáꜜsù]
Potential 悩める なやめる [nàyáméꜜrù]

Verb

悩(なや)む • (nayamu) transitive or intransitive godan (stem 悩(なや)み (nayami), past 悩(なや)んだ (nayanda))

Japanese verb pair
active 悩ます, 悩める
mediopassive 悩む
  1. [from early 1000s] (intransitive) (in reaction to something not going as expected) to worry, to be bothered, to be emotionally distressed, to dwell on, to be vexed
    Synonyms: 心配する (shinpai suru, “to worry”), 思い煩う (omoiwazurau, “to be anxious about, to dwell on”), 困る (komaru, “to be stuck, to be in difficulty”), 当惑する (tōwaku suru, “to be perplexed”)
  2. [from 720] (intransitive) to suffer physically, to suffer physical distress; to fall ill, to get sick
    Synonyms: 苦しむ (kurushimu, “to suffer”), 悶える (modaeru, “to be anguished”), 病む (yamu, “to get sick”)
  3. [from 720] (intransitive, auxiliary) (attaches to the 連用形 (ren'yōkei, “continuative or stem form”) of another verb) to get stuck, to go sideways, to not go well
    行(ゆき)悩(なや)む
    yukinayamu
    to be deadlocked, to be stuck, to make no progress
  4. [from 1680s] (transitive, archaic) to make do, to manage to do
    Synonym: 工面する (kumen suru)
  5. [from 1680s] (transitive, archaic) to deal with a difficulty, to manage a challenge, to handle something
    Synonyms: あしらう (ashirau), 取り扱う (toriatsukau)

Usage notes

In modern Japanese, this verb is intransitive. In Classical Japanese, it appears in some texts as transitive.

Conjugation

Conjugation of "悩む" (See Appendix:Japanese verbs)
Katsuyōkei ("stem forms")
Mizenkei ("imperfective") 悩ま なやま nayama
Ren’yōkei ("continuative") 悩み なやみ nayami
Shūshikei ("terminal") 悩む なやむ nayamu
Rentaikei ("attributive") 悩む なやむ nayamu
Kateikei ("hypothetical") 悩め なやめ nayame
Meireikei ("imperative") 悩め なやめ nayame
Key constructions
Passive 悩まれる なやまれる nayamareru
Causative 悩ませる
悩ます 		なやませる
なやます 		nayamaseru
nayamasu
Potential 悩める なやめる nayameru
Volitional 悩もう なやもう nayamō
Negative 悩まない なやまない nayamanai
Negative continuative 悩まず なやまず nayamazu
Formal 悩みます なやみます nayamimasu
Perfective 悩んだ なやんだ nayanda
Conjunctive 悩んで なやんで nayande
Hypothetical conditional 悩めば なやめば nayameba
Classical conjugation of "悩む" (マ行四段活用, see Appendix:Japanese verbs.)
Stem forms
Irrealis (未然形) 悩ま なやま nayama
Continuative (連用形) 悩み なやみ nayami
Terminal (終止形) 悩む なやむ nayamu
Attributive (連体形) 悩む なやむ nayamu
Realis (已然形) 悩め なやめ nayame
Imperative (命令形) 悩め なやめ nayame
Key constructions
Negative 悩まず なやまず nayamazu
Contrasting conjunction 悩めど なやめど nayamedo
Causal conjunction 悩めば なやめば nayameba
Conditional conjunction 悩まば なやまば nayamaba
Past tense (firsthand knowledge) 悩みき なやみき nayamiki
Past tense (secondhand knowledge) 悩みけり なやみけり nayamikeri
Perfect tense (conscious action) 悩みつ なやみつ nayamitu
Perfect tense (natural event) 悩みぬ なやみぬ nayaminu
Perfect-continuative tense 悩めり
悩みたり		 なやめり
なやみたり		 nayameri
nayamitari
Volitional 悩まむ なやまむ nayamamu

Verb

悩(なや)む • (nayamu) transitive †nidan

  1. [from 1560s] to vex, to cause distress: see modern 悩(なや)める (nayameru)
    Synonym: 悩ます (nayamasu)

Conjugation

Classical conjugation of "悩む" (マ行下二段活用, see Appendix:Japanese verbs.)
Stem forms
Irrealis (未然形) 悩め なやめ nayame
Continuative (連用形) 悩め なやめ nayame
Terminal (終止形) 悩む なやむ nayamu
Attributive (連体形) 悩むる なやむる nayamuru
Realis (已然形) 悩むれ なやむれ nayamure
Imperative (命令形) 悩めよ なやめよ nayameyo
Key constructions
Negative 悩めず なやめず nayamezu
Contrasting conjunction 悩むれど なやむれど nayamuredo
Causal conjunction 悩むれば なやむれば nayamureba
Conditional conjunction 悩めば なやめば nayameba
Past tense (firsthand knowledge) 悩めき なやめき nayameki
Past tense (secondhand knowledge) 悩めけり なやめけり nayamekeri
Perfect tense (conscious action) 悩めつ なやめつ nayametu
Perfect tense (natural event) 悩めぬ なやめぬ nayamenu
Perfect-continuative tense 悩めたり なやめたり nayametari
Volitional 悩めむ なやめむ nayamemu

Derived terms

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 “悩”, in 日本国語大辞典 [Nihon Kokugo Daijiten]‎[1] (in Japanese), concise edition, Tokyo: Shogakukan, 2006
  2. ^
    c. 759, Man’yōshū, book 15, poem 3694:
    , text here
  3. ^ Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN
  • “悩む”, in 漢字ぺディア [Kanjipedia]‎[2] (in Japanese), The Japan Kanji Aptitude Testing Foundation, 2015–2026
  • Ineko Kondō, Fumi Takano, Mary E. Althaus, et al. (2002), Shogakukan Progressive Japanese-English Dictionary, third edition, Tokyo: Shōgakukan, →ISBN
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