悩める

Japanese

Kanji in this term
悩
なや Grade: S
kun'yomi

Alternative spelling
惱める (kyūjitai)

Etymology 1

From 悩む (nayamu, “to be vexed, to be bothered about something; to suffer physical distress”), as a regular shift to the 下二段 (shimo nidan, “lower bigrade”) conjugation pattern.^[1]^[2]^[3] Compare a similar shift for つく (tsuku, “to stick to something”, intransitive) and つける (tsukeru, “to stick something to something else”, transitive).

First cited to 1563.^[1]

Pronunciation

(Tokyo) なやめる [nàyáméꜜrù] (Nakadaka – [3])^[3]
IPA^(key): [na̠ja̠me̞ɾɯ̟]

Tokyo pitch accent of conjugated forms of 悩める

Plain	悩める	なやめる	`[nàyáméꜜrù]`
Conjunctive	悩めて	なやめて	`[nàyáꜜmètè]`
Perfective	悩めた	なやめた	`[nàyáꜜmètà]`
Negative	悩めない	なやめない	`[nàyáméꜜnàì]`
Negative perfective	悩めなかった	なやめなかった	`[nàyáméꜜnàkàttà]`
Hypothetical conditional	悩めれば	なやめれば	`[nàyáméꜜrèbà]`
Past conditional	悩めたら	なやめたら	`[nàyáꜜmètàrà]`
Imperative	悩めろ悩めよ	なやめろなやめよ	`[nàyáméꜜrò]` `[nàyáméꜜyò]`
Volitional	悩めよう	なやめよー	`[nàyáméyóꜜò]`
Desiderative	悩めたい	なやめたい	`[nàyámétáꜜì]`
Formal	悩めます	なやめます	`[nàyámémáꜜsù]`
Formal negative	悩めません	なやめません	`[nàyámémáséꜜǹ]`
Formal volitional	悩めましょう	なやめましょー	`[nàyámémáshóꜜò]`
Formal perfective	悩めました	なやめました	`[nàyámémáꜜshìtà]`
Continuative	悩め悩めに	なやめなやめに	`[nàyáꜜmè]` `[nàyáꜜmè nì]`
Negative continuative	悩めず悩めずに	なやめずなやめずに	`[nàyáméꜜzù]` `[nàyáméꜜzù nì]`
Passive	悩められる	なやめられる	`[nàyáméráréꜜrù]`
Causative	悩めさせる悩めさす	なやめさせるなやめさす	`[nàyámésáséꜜrù]` `[nàyámésáꜜsù]`
Potential	悩められる悩めれる	なやめられるなやめれる	`[nàyáméráréꜜrù]` `[nàyáméréꜜrù]`

Verb

悩(なや)める • (nayameru)

[from 1563] (transitive) to vex, to annoy, to cause distress, to make someone suffer
Synonyms: 悩ます (nayamasu, “to vex”), 苦しめる (kurushimeru, “to make someone suffer”)
[from 1921] (intransitive, rare) to be vexed, to be bothered about something, to be distressed about something

Usage notes

Much like root verb 悩む (nayamu), this derivative nayameru has been used with both transitive and intransitive senses. The transitive sense appears to be far more common.

Etymology 2

Ultimately from 悩む (nayamu) in the 連用形 (ren'yōkei, “continuative or stem form”) of nayami + stative / resultative copula あり (ari, “to be”), in the 連体形 (rentaikei, “attributive”) conjugation. See further sound-shift details at り.

Pronunciation

(Tokyo) なやめる [nàyáméꜜrù] (Nakadaka – [3])
IPA^(key): [na̠ja̠me̞ɾɯ̟]

Tokyo pitch accent of conjugated forms of 悩める

Plain	悩める	なやめる	`[nàyáméꜜrù]`
Conjunctive	悩めて	なやめて	`[nàyáꜜmètè]`
Perfective	悩めた	なやめた	`[nàyáꜜmètà]`
Negative	悩めない	なやめない	`[nàyáméꜜnàì]`
Negative perfective	悩めなかった	なやめなかった	`[nàyáméꜜnàkàttà]`
Hypothetical conditional	悩めれば	なやめれば	`[nàyáméꜜrèbà]`
Past conditional	悩めたら	なやめたら	`[nàyáꜜmètàrà]`
Imperative	悩めろ悩めよ	なやめろなやめよ	`[nàyáméꜜrò]` `[nàyáméꜜyò]`
Volitional	悩めよう	なやめよー	`[nàyáméyóꜜò]`
Desiderative	悩めたい	なやめたい	`[nàyámétáꜜì]`
Formal	悩めます	なやめます	`[nàyámémáꜜsù]`
Formal negative	悩めません	なやめません	`[nàyámémáséꜜǹ]`
Formal volitional	悩めましょう	なやめましょー	`[nàyámémáshóꜜò]`
Formal perfective	悩めました	なやめました	`[nàyámémáꜜshìtà]`
Continuative	悩め悩めに	なやめなやめに	`[nàyáꜜmè]` `[nàyáꜜmè nì]`
Negative continuative	悩めず悩めずに	なやめずなやめずに	`[nàyáméꜜzù]` `[nàyáméꜜzù nì]`
Passive	悩められる	なやめられる	`[nàyáméráréꜜrù]`
Causative	悩めさせる悩めさす	なやめさせるなやめさす	`[nàyámésáséꜜrù]` `[nàyámésáꜜsù]`
Potential	悩められる悩めれる	なやめられるなやめれる	`[nàyáméráréꜜrù]` `[nàyáméréꜜrù]`

Verb

悩(なや)める • (nayameru)

the adnominal or attributive form of stative / resultative 悩めり (nayameri, “has been vexed”)

Usage notes

Also analyzable as a 連体詞(れんたいし) (rentaishi).

References

↑ ^1.0 ^1.1 “悩”, in 日本国語大辞典 [Nihon Kokugo Daijiten]‎^[1] (in Japanese), concise edition, Tokyo: Shogakukan, 2006
^ Matsumura, Akira, editor (1995), 大辞泉 [Daijisen] (in Japanese), First edition, Tokyo: Shogakukan, →ISBN
↑ ^3.0 ^3.1 Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN

[KDJ2-1] 1.0 ^1.1 “悩”, in 日本国語大辞典 [Nihon Kokugo Daijiten]‎^[1] (in Japanese), concise edition, Tokyo: Shogakukan, 2006

[DJS-2] Matsumura, Akira, editor (1995), 大辞泉 [Daijisen] (in Japanese), First edition, Tokyo: Shogakukan, →ISBN

[DJR-3] 3.0 ^3.1 Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN

[1]

[2]

[3]