恐懼

See also: 恐惧

Chinese

		afraid; frightened; to fear	to fear
trad. (恐懼)		恐	懼
simp. (恐惧)		恐	惧

Pronunciation

Mandarin
(Pinyin): kǒngjù

(Zhuyin): ㄎㄨㄥˇ ㄐㄩˋ
Cantonese (Jyutping): hung² geoi⁶
Southern Min
(Hokkien, POJ): khióng-kū / khióng-kī / khióng-khū

(Teochew, Peng'im): kiong² gu⁶
Wu (Shanghai, Wugniu): ⁵khon-jiu

Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)
  - Hanyu Pinyin: kǒngjù
  - Zhuyin: ㄎㄨㄥˇ ㄐㄩˋ
  - Tongyong Pinyin: kǒngjyù
  - Wade–Giles: kʻung³-chü⁴
  - Yale: kǔng-jyù
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: koongjiuh
  - Palladius: кунцзюй (kunczjuj)
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /kʰʊŋ²¹⁴⁻²¹ t͡ɕy⁵¹/
  - Homophones:
    ^edit
    ^edit
    孔鋸 / 孔锯
    恐懼 / 恐惧
Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)⁺
  - Jyutping: hung² geoi⁶
  - Yale: húng geuih
  - Cantonese Pinyin: hung² goey⁶
  - Guangdong Romanization: hung² gêu⁶
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /hʊŋ³⁵ kɵy̯²²/
Southern Min
- (Hokkien: Quanzhou, General Taiwanese, Xiamen)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: khióng-kū
  - Tâi-lô: khióng-kū
  - Phofsit Daibuun: qiofngku
  - Sinological IPA (Taipei): /kʰiɔŋ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ ku³³/
  - Sinological IPA (Quanzhou): /kʰiɔŋ⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ ku⁴¹/
  - Sinological IPA (Xiamen): /kʰiɔŋ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ ku²²/
  - Sinological IPA (Kaohsiung): /kʰiɔŋ⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ ku³³/
- (Hokkien: Zhangzhou)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: khióng-kī
  - Tâi-lô: khióng-kī
  - Phofsit Daibuun: qiofngki
  - Sinological IPA (Zhangzhou): /kʰiɔŋ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ ki²²/
- (Hokkien: variant in Taiwan)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: khióng-khū
  - Tâi-lô: khióng-khū
  - Phofsit Daibuun: qiofngqu
  - Sinological IPA (Kaohsiung): /kʰiɔŋ⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ kʰu³³/
  - Sinological IPA (Taipei): /kʰiɔŋ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ kʰu³³/
- (Teochew)
  - Peng'im: kiong² gu⁶
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: khióng kŭ
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /kʰioŋ⁵²⁻³⁵ ku³⁵/
Wu
- (Northern: Shanghai)
  - Wugniu: ⁵khon-jiu
  - MiniDict: khon^去 jiu
  - Wiktionary Romanisation (Shanghai): ²khon-jjy
  - Sinological IPA (Shanghai): /kʰoŋ³³ d͡ʑy⁴⁴/

Middle Chinese: khjowngX gjuH

Rime
Character	恐	懼
Reading #	1/2	1/1
Initial (聲)	溪 (29)	群 (30)
Final (韻)	鍾 (7)	虞 (24)
Tone (調)	Rising (X)	Departing (H)
Openness (開合)	Open	Closed
Division (等)	III	III
Fanqie	丘隴切	其遇切
Baxter	khjowngX	gjuH
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/kʰɨoŋ^X/	/ɡɨo^H/
Pan Wuyun	/kʰioŋ^X/	/ɡio^H/
Shao Rongfen	/kʰioŋ^X/	/ɡio^H/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/kʰuawŋ^X/	/guə̆^H/
Li Rong	/kʰioŋ^X/	/ɡio^H/
Wang Li	/kʰĭwoŋ^X/	/ɡĭu^H/
Bernhard Karlgren	/kʰi̯woŋ^X/	/gi̯u^H/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	qiǒng	jù
Expected Cantonese Reflex	hung²	geoi⁶

Old Chinese
(Baxter–Sagart): /*kʰ(r)oŋʔ [ɡ]ʷ(r)a(k)-s/

(Zhengzhang): /*kʰoŋʔ ɡʷas/

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	恐	懼
Reading #	1/1	1/1
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	kǒng	jù
Middle Chinese	‹ khjowng^X ›	‹ gju^H ›
Old Chinese	/*kʰ(r)oŋʔ/	/*[ɡ]ʷ(r)a(k)-s/
English	fear	fear (v.)
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. [t] as coda may in fact be -t or -p; Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	恐	懼
Reading #	1/2	1/1
No.	4071	7151
Phonetic component	工	瞿
Rime group	東	魚
Rime subdivision	0	0
Corresponding MC rime	恐	懼
Old Chinese	/*kʰoŋʔ/	/*ɡʷas/

Adjective

恐懼

frightened; terrified; scared

Synonyms

edit

刺促 (literary)
怖懼 / 怖惧 (bùjù) (literary)
恐慌 (kǒnghuāng)
惶恐 (huángkǒng)
慹 / 𰑔 (zhí)
遑急 (huángjí) (literary)
驚恐 / 惊恐 (jīngkǒng)
驚惶 / 惊惶 (jīnghuáng) (literary or Min Nan)
驚慌 / 惊慌 (jīnghuāng)
驚駭 / 惊骇 (jīnghài) (literary)

Verb

恐懼

to fear
- 諸侯恐懼，會盟而弱秦。 [Classical Chinese, trad.]
  诸侯恐惧，会盟而弱秦。 [Classical Chinese, simp.]
  From: The Records of the Grand Historian, by Sima Qian, c. 91 BCE
  Zhūhóu kǒngjù, huìméng ér ruò Qín. [Pinyin]
  (please add an English translation of this usage example)
- 林憶蓮首度談初戀男友　坦言不會恐懼再婚(組圖) [MSC, trad.]
  林忆莲首度谈初恋男友　坦言不会恐惧再婚(组图) [MSC, simp.]
  From: 2005, [1], 信息时报
  Lín Yìlián shǒudù tán chūliàn nányǒu, tǎnyán bùhuì kǒngjù zàihūn (zǔtú) [Pinyin]
  (please add an English translation of this usage example)
- 易卜生一直恐懼從高處向下或者從平地向深淵看 [MSC, trad.]
  易卜生一直恐惧从高处向下或者从平地向深渊看 [MSC, simp.]
  From: 2006, 林兆华心灵对话易卜生晚年作品《建筑大师》, 北京日报
  Yìbǔshēng yīzhí kǒngjù cóng gāochù xiàng xià huòzhě cóng píngdì xiàng shēnyuān kàn [Pinyin]
  (please add an English translation of this usage example)
- 使人恐懼死亡或重傷而進行勒索 [MSC, trad.]
  使人恐惧死亡或重伤而进行勒索 [MSC, simp.]
  From: 2019, 社媒流传警官涉勒索‧柔警展开调查, 星洲日报
  shǐ rén kǒngjù sǐwáng huò zhòngshāng ér jìnxíng lèsuǒ [Pinyin]
  (please add an English translation of this usage example)

Synonyms

edit

嚇 / 吓
害怕 (hàipà)
忌 (jì) (literary, or in compounds)
怕
怕懼 / 怕惧 (pàjù) (literary)
懼怕 / 惧怕 (jùpà)
深怕 (shēnpà)
生怕 (shēngpà)
生畏 (shēngwèi) (literary)
畏怯 (wèiqiè)
畏懼 / 畏惧 (wèijù)
驚 / 惊 (dialectal)
驚死 / 惊死 (Cantonese)

Noun

恐懼

fear
- 數字13：古老恐懼變成現代浪漫 [MSC, trad.]
  数字13：古老恐惧变成现代浪漫 [MSC, simp.]
  From: 2004, [2] 北京科技报
  shùzì 13: gǔlǎo kǒngjù biànchéng xiàndài làngmàn [Pinyin]
  (please add an English translation of this usage example)
- 我雖然非常好奇，但心中的恐懼卻在左右我的行為。 [MSC, trad.]
  我虽然非常好奇，但心中的恐惧却在左右我的行为。 [MSC, simp.]
  From: 2018, 含羞草的约定, 联合早报
  Wǒ suīrán fēicháng hàoqí, dàn xīnzhōng de kǒngjù què zài zuǒyòu wǒ de xíngwéi. [Pinyin]
  (please add an English translation of this usage example)
- 愛與求知，帶我打敗恐懼 [MSC, trad.]
  爱与求知，带我打败恐惧 [MSC, simp.]
  From: 2019, [3], 新浪健康
  ài yǔ qiúzhī, dài wǒ dǎbài kǒngjù [Pinyin]
  (please add an English translation of this usage example)

Derived terms

恐懼不安 / 恐惧不安 (kǒngjùbù'ān)
恐懼症 / 恐惧症 (kǒngjùzhèng)

Descendants

Sino-Xenic (恐懼):

→ Japanese: 恐(きょう)懼(く) (kyōku)
→ Korean: 공구(恐懼) (gonggu)

Japanese

Kanji in this term
恐	懼
きょう Grade: S	く Hyōgai
on'yomi

Noun

恐(きょう)懼(く) • (kyōku)

being struck with awe

Verb

恐(きょう)懼(く)する • (kyōku suru) suru (stem 恐(きょう)懼(く)し (kyōku shi), past 恐(きょう)懼(く)した (kyōku shita))

to be struck with awe

Conjugation

Conjugation of "恐懼する" (See Appendix:Japanese verbs)
Katsuyōkei ("stem forms")
Mizenkei ("imperfective")	恐懼し	きょうくし	kyōku shi
Ren’yōkei ("continuative")	恐懼し	きょうくし	kyōku shi
Shūshikei ("terminal")	恐懼する	きょうくする	kyōku suru
Rentaikei ("attributive")	恐懼する	きょうくする	kyōku suru
Kateikei ("hypothetical")	恐懼すれ	きょうくすれ	kyōku sure
Meireikei ("imperative")	恐懼せよ¹ 恐懼しろ²	きょうくせよ¹ きょうくしろ²	kyōku seyo¹ kyōku shiro²
Key constructions
Passive	恐懼される	きょうくされる	kyōku sareru
Causative	恐懼させる恐懼さす	きょうくさせるきょうくさす	kyōku saseru kyōku sasu
Potential	恐懼できる	きょうくできる	kyōku dekiru
Volitional	恐懼しよう	きょうくしよう	kyōku shiyō
Negative	恐懼しない	きょうくしない	kyōku shinai
Negative continuative	恐懼せず	きょうくせず	kyōku sezu
Formal	恐懼します	きょうくします	kyōku shimasu
Perfective	恐懼した	きょうくした	kyōku shita
Conjunctive	恐懼して	きょうくして	kyōku shite
Hypothetical conditional	恐懼すれば	きょうくすれば	kyōku sureba

¹ Written imperative
² Spoken imperative

References

“恐^▲懼”, in 漢字ぺディア [Kanjipedia]‎^[4] (in Japanese), The Japan Kanji Aptitude Testing Foundation, 2015–2026